Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis examines the emergence of transnational regulatory cooperation between public and private actors. It inquires why a private regulator and an international organisation may enter into a cooperation agreement in order to regulate particular issues, and what this tells us about the relationship between ‘expertise,’ ‘authority’ and ‘legitimacy’ in particular domains of global governance. The argument put forward in the thesis is that different types of regulators cooperate because, in an unsettled global space with no hierarchical framework, it is necessary for them to acquire sufficient authority to secure compliance with their regulatory agenda. In order to acquire and maintain such authority, regulators must be perceived as legitimate and their regulation as effective. Cooperation can open venues for participation and deliberation and for the exchange of necessary competences (particularly expertise); and thus ultimately can help regulators establish and strengthen their authority. Another important finding of this research is that cooperation can develop into more long-lasting network structures. These networks are often of a multi-level nature. As such, they traverse local, national, and international spaces. The thesis then develops the idea of ‘networks of constitutionalization’ to describe the observation that bilateral arrangements as examined here generate ordering effects which extend beyond the two parties. Consequently they become the basis for norm creation and adoption for different types of actors located in the networks formed around the issue area. Thus, even in pluralistic structures, eventually a certain kind of constitutionalization can emerge putting into question sharp divisions between ‘pluralist’ and ‘constitutionalist’ interpretations of a developing global (legal) order. This work also encompasses two case studies: the ISO 26000 process, whereby the ‘private’ technical standard setter ISO concluded separate cooperation agreements with the ILO, the OECD and the UN Global Compact; and a case study on ‘Sport and Environment’ that focuses on the long-standing cooperation between the IOC and the UN Environmental Programme.

The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has proved popular, particularly outside Africa. However, only a few States have adopted it in Africa, with only two in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Taking into account the role that African countries have played in the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the creation of the CISG, it has always been pertinent to look at whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG as an instrument for harmonising the law of international sales in the region. Since it came into force, only two SADC Member States (Lesotho and Zambia) have ratified the convention. There is apparent reluctance from the rest of SADC Member States to ratify the convention despite calls to that effect and the genuine need for legal harmonisation. The article revisits the call for the ratification of the CISG in SADC and considers other realistic alternatives to ratification.

La réflexion sur l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique révèle la présence du numérique à travers plusieurs règles. Certaines conditions de validité du contrat, tout comme certaines règles générales relatives à l'exécution des contrats sont concernées par l'adaptation au numérique. Cette adaptation vise aussi certaines règles spéciales du droit des contrats. L'Avant-projet de loi sur les transactions électroniques au Mali envisage d'importantes mesures allant, en particulier, dans le sens de l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique, un domaine qui continue d'attirer l'attention. The reflection on the adaptation of contract law to the digital reveals the presence of the digital through several rules. Certain conditions of validity of the contract, and some general rules on contract enforcement are involved in the digital adaptation. This adaptation also concerns some special rules of contract law. The proposed draft law on electronic transactions in Mali is planning major steps up, especially in the sense of adaptation of contract law in the digital domain, an area that continues to attract attention

Depuis plusieurs années, on remarque une ruée sur les terres cultivables en Afrique. Ce déferlement peut s’expliquer par diverses raisons, telles que la recherche de nouvelles rentabilités à la suite de la crise financière actuelle, l’accroissement de l’investissement agricole pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire, l’encouragement de l’agrocarburant, etc. Toutefois, le phénomène n’est pas sans conséquence sur le bien-être des paysans locaux. Ces derniers, généralement réunis autour de sociétés coopératives, peuvent défendre leurs intérêts à travers diverses formes d’actions. À cet effet, le mouvement coopératif peut jouer un rôle important dans la lutte contre le phénomène de l’accaparement des terres en Afrique. For several years, an important rush for farmland is noticeable in Africa. This surge can be explained by various reasons, such as the search for new profits as a result of the current financial crisis, the increasing of investment in agriculture to ensure food security, the promotion of agro-fuel etc. However, the phenomenon is not without consequences for the well-being of local farmers. These latter, usually gathered around cooperative societies, can defend their interests through various forms of action. To this end, the cooperative movement can play an important role in the fight against the phenomenon of land grabbing in Africa.

İnternet, bünyesi gereği pek çok temel hak ve özgürlükle bağlantılıdır. Bu da İnternet'i pek çok açıdan incelemeyi gerektirmektedir. Bu yönüyle de İnternet'e erişim hakkının kendine özgü (sui generis) niteliğe sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmamızda, İnternet'e erişim yasakları temel hak ve özgürlükler ışığında incelenirken, hakkın kendine özgü yapısı Anayasa'daki düşünceyi ifade, bilim ve sanat, basın, bilgi edinme ve bilgiye ulaşma, haberleşme ve eğitim özgürlükleri açısından konuya ilişkin AİHM, ABD-YM, AYM, Yargıtay kararları da analiz edilerek, İnternet sitelerinin nitelik farkları da gözetilerek, ceza, anayasa, idare hukuku; MK 24 ve 25'teki kişiliğin korunması, 5651 Sayılı Kanun, ihtiyati tedbirler, Ticaret Hukuku boyutlarıyla ve devletin genel kuramı ışığında, istatistiki veriler ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk düzenlemeleriyle bilrikte detaylıca incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca İnternet üzerinde denetim ve yaptırım yetkisi olan Telekominikasyon İletişim Başkanlığı (TİB), Erişim Sağlayıcıları Birliği (ESB) de karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki örnekleriyle kıyaslamalı olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: 5651 Sayılı Kanun, erişim yasakları, erişim yasağı, TİB, ESB. Due to the structure of the internet, is related to many basic rights and freedoms. In many ways the internet requires this review. In this respect, the distinctive right of access to the internet (sui generis), it can be said that the character has. In our study, the prohibition of access to the internet is examined in the light of fundamental rights and freedoms, while the peculiar expression of the right in the Constitution, structure, science and art, press, information, and access to information, in terms of freedom of communication and education on the issue, the court in U.S.-YM, the Constitutional Court, the decisions of the Supreme Court by analyzing the quality of the internet site considering the differences, criminal, constitutional, and administrative law; MK 24 and 25 on protection of personality, Law No. 5651, the precautionary measures, in the light of general theory of law and state commercial, statistical data have been studied in detail and Comparative Law in conjunction with the Regulations. The study also who has the authority to control and sanction over the Internet, the telecommunication communication presidency (TIB), Access providers Association (ESB) was investigated also in comparison with the examples in Comparative Law. Keywords : Law No. 5651, access bans, ban access, TIB, ESB

At the heart of this thesis is the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), an innovative concept deep-rooted in the globalisation phenomenon. The notion of CSR entails the much-debated duty of businesses, not only to comply with international and local standards in terms of, inter alia, labour rights and working conditions, human rights and environmental protection, but also to be at the forefront of voluntary and uplifting actions geared toward addressing societal issues and concerns. For corporations, it is about moving from the traditional approach of business as an activity with the sole purpose of realising profit towards acknowledging the need to integrate societal and environmental issues and concerns into their business purposes. The thesis examines selected multinational corporations’ (MNC) approaches to CSR as contained in their codes of conduct, in an effort to reach a comprehensive understanding of the purpose, interest and practices of businesses engaging in CSR activities. Particular attention is given to the analysis of labour orientated measures implemented by selected MNCs as they undertake to voluntarily act as proponents of the theory of the necessity of socially responsible businesses. The aim is to comparatively assess the legal dimension and the relevance, in different countries, of these MNC CSR commitments. The first part of the thesis is theoretical and has the purpose to present a comprehensive analysis of CSR against the current legal framework, at a global scale and within the context of selected countries. The thesis will explore the notion of CSR in order to present its definition and characteristics, briefly retrace its history, differentiate it from related and/or similar concepts, and finally assess the extent of its introduction and adaptation into various national and international institutional frameworks. Even though initially addressing the issue of CSR in the current legal framework as a whole, the scope of the thesis will ultimately be reduced to focus only on labour-related aspects of CSR. The aim of the thesis is to assess MNC’s CSR commitments, and subsequently highlight the interaction between CSR, labour and employment legal frameworks (at national and international level) and the effective implementation of labour rights and working conditions as observed in the context of different countries. More importantly, the thesis will also include a comparative analysis of CSR principles included in selected MNC codes of conduct, in order to assess the extent of their compliance with national labour legislation, international labour standards, as well as the standards and principles set by national and international CSR instruments and institutions. The purpose of such an exercise is to thoroughly assess the impact of a national context - in terms of national legal, economic, social and industrial framework - on the legal dimension, and the relevance of MNCs CSR commitments. A crucial argument developed in the thesis refers to the fact that MNC codes of conduct may have the potential to impact on labour rights and working conditions of a MNC across the different countries into which the MNC operates. Finally, considering the fact that as a topic CSR is a potentially controversial subject, it is necessary to point out, from the onset, that the thesis engages with the subject from a critical perspective. The approach therefore entails critically analysing and discussing MNC commitments and practices as observed in different countries, so as to be able to ascertain and comprehend the impact of a national context on the content, the relevance and the legal dimension of MNC codes of conducts

Le juriste a coutume de dire que lorsque la chose est jugée, la vérité est dite. Le juge doit néanmoins crédibiliser sa décision en usant des moyens de droit mis à sa disposition non seulement pour objectivement révéler cette vérité, mais aussi pour imposer l’exécution de la décision rendue. Encore faudrait-il cependant distinguer selon que cette vérité est provisoire ou définitive. Le premier cas concerne la décision ayant acquis une simple autorité de chose jugée. Il suffit alors d’exercer la voie de recours appropriée pour que la décision soit contestée et son exécution éventuellement suspendue. Désormais, ce qui tenait lieu de vérité est mis entre parenthèse. La vérité est plutôt définitive dans le cas où, au-delà d’une simple autorité, la chose jugée a acquis une véritable force. Si cette affirmation ne peut être contestée, elle doit cependant être nuancée dans la mesure où même une décision investie de la force de chose jugée peut encore être remise en cause. Finalement, la décision du juge est une vérité judiciaire qui, pourquoi pas, est peut-être loin d’être la vérité. The legal person usually says that when a thing is judged, the truth is said. The judge should nevertheless give credibility to his decision using the law tools put at his disposal, not only to objectively reveal this truth, but also to enforce the implementation of the decision. But it should be necessary however to distinguish if this truth is temporary or final. The first case concerns a decision which has acquired the single authority of res judicata. Simply applying the appropriate way of appeal can cause that decision to be challenged and possibly suspended. Henceforth, what was truth is put in brackets. The truth is rather final where, beyond a single authority, res judicata has acquired a real force. If this assertion cannot be challenged, it must however be qualified insofar as even a decision appointing the force of res judicata may still be questioned. Finally, the decision of the judge is a judicial truth which, why not, is perhaps far from the truth.

Çalışmamız, 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ilk kez düzenlenen anonim ortaklıkta şirkete borçlanma yasağını konu edinmektedir. Anılan yasak, pay sahipleri için TTK m. 358'de, pay sahibi olmayan yönetim kurulu üyeleri içinse TTK m. 395'te düzenlenmiştir. Her iki hüküm de Türk hukukuna özgüdür ve Kanun'da yalnızca ana hatları ile düzenlenmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, düzenlemelerin kapsamı, istisnaların sınırı ve yasağa aykırılığın sonuçları incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. [...] The subject matter of this thesis is the prohibition to be indebted to the company in the form of a joint stock partnership, which has been regulated in the Turkish Commercial Code for the first time. Said prohibition is regulated in the article 358 of TCC for shareholders and in the article 395 for the board of directors who are not a shareholder. Both provisions are unique to Turkish law and introduced with their essential points only. Therefore in this thesis, the scope, limitation of exceptions and the consequences of the breach of the prohibition are analysed and assessed.

IRep - Nottingham Trent University's open access institutional research repository

The objective of this thesis is to critically analyse synthetic securitisation schemes in South African law as synthetic collateralised debt obligations using primarily credit default swaps (CDSs). This transpires from the perspective of primarily company law, and secondarily securities law and the law of contract. It includes a contextualised study of these schemes with regards to their origins, their significance regarding the recent financial crisis, and their rationales micro-economic influence and Basel capital requirements. Not only are the participants, such as parties acting in a primary role and secondary role and special-purpose institutions, studied, but also the obligations between these parties, such as the CDS contract, and the meaning of commercial paper, the legal nature of credit-linked notes, the business of a bank, and the influence of recent case law. It also includes a consideration of synthetic securitisation schemes in terms of the Collective Investment Schemes Control Act 45 of 2002. Furthermore, the role of systemic risk and moral hazard is explained, as well as the interaction between synthetic securitisation schemes, credit rating agencies and the function of risk management. The CDS is compared with insurance contracts, and a discussion of the 2014 International Swaps and Derivatives Association Credit Derivative Definitions is incorporated. For legal comparison, the South African model is compared with Canadian law and its unfunded credit derivatives in the light of recent regulation, and compared to German law and its prevalence of funded credit derivatives. Finally, suggestions are made as to the future of synthetic securitisation schemes.

The paper will be focused on examining the debt relief options available for consumer debtors in South Africa. This paper will look at the relationship between the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. Further, it will examine the relationship between the provisions of section 74 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944. The paper will conclude by looking at debt relief options available for consumer debtors in the United States of America and in England and Wales and will make comparative comments and recommendations on how we can adopt some provisions into our own insolvency system.

“Banks are neither private attorneys general nor bounty hunters, armed with a roving commission to seek out defaulting homeowners and take away their homes in satisfaction of some other bank’s deed of trust.” This Article examines the judicial treatment of mortgage assignments across various jurisdictions in the foreclosure context. Although some courts do permit debtors to challenge suspicious or problematic assignments, most have ignored such problems and denied standing to debtors attempting to assert assignment-based defenses. This is particularly surprising given the widespread and well-documented problems with foreclosure “robo-litigation,” including backdated documents, fraudulent notarizations, and unauthorized signatures. Despite the abuse of process by foreclosing entities, courts have permitted foreclosures to continue unabated and, in some instances, have even precluded the possibility of discovery to debtors seeking to ensure that title and assignments are legally valid. Judicial ambivalence about formal compliance by mortgage assignors and assignees in the foreclosure context is somewhat ironic given most courts’ routine enforcement of instruments against debtors who do not formally comply with all contractual terms. Current adjudicative approaches to mortgage assignment are seemingly disconnected from the devastating reality of the home mortgage crisis and its causes. Moreover, there are several rationales that would support a more robust enforcement of technical compliance with assignment procedures, including the need for procedural equity, title certainty, and public records integrity. Thus, as evidence exists that banks are still making many of the same problematic mistakes regarding transfer documentation, courts can perform an essential monitoring role as an important spur towards reform. Although it would not address all of the underlying causes of the housing crisis, an adjudicative approach that liberally permits challenges to mortgage assignments would encourage lenders and servicers to be more circumspect in their foreclosure processes.