Bibliographie sélective OHADA

No abstract

L’affrètement est un élément incontournable du droit maritime. L’outil que représente le contrat d’affrètement, bien que légalement encadrée, a été notamment forgé et standardisé par les professionnels qui ont su tirer pleinement profit de la liberté contractuelle qu’offrait ce mode d’exploitation. C’est grâce à cette liberté accordé aux parties que l’affrètement a été choisi pour exploiter les navires de grande plaisance. Cependant, malgré que le régime d’affrètement soit adapté à ce type de navigation, la prestation découlant de la mise à disposition d’un yacht doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux fiscaux, juridiques et sociaux qui obligent l’industrie si particulière du yachting à réagir en conséquence et se tourner vers d’autres mode d’exploitation tel que le contrat de croisière.

The picture presented and often referred to in EU internal market law and legal scholarship is clear. Within the internal market private actors are the recipients of rights and public authorities are constrained in their (regulatory) powers. The notion of this new individualism is bound up with capacities, powers, and resources that empower private actors to engage in the internal market and cross-border situations; ultimately serving the objectives the internal market seeks to attain. Yet, within thinew individualism a conceptually different class of private actors has emerged that is constrained in economic freedoms, i.e. through obligations, rather than being empowered in the context of the internal market. This thesis will enquire the reasons that led to the development of this counter-culture. Why did it emerge? To what extent does this phenomenon affect the roles of private actors in the internal market? I will demonstrate that under the counter-culture private actors are responsibilized and transformed into ‘competent authorities’, i.e. alternative forms of regulatory authority, in the internal market. Private actors are placed into systems of shared responsibilities the relationships of which are coordinated by EU internal market law. In this regard, the concept of responsibility will serve as a tool to bridge the gap between the new positions EU internal market law allocates to private actors and the emerging legal consequences, i.e. allocation of obligations or tasks. The legal contexts of EU free movement law, EU discrimination law, EU food safety law and EU data protection law will serve as case studies against which the construed conceptual framework will be tested. Under the counter-culture the new individualism is no longer only about the exercise of self-interests. Rather, this form of the new individualism comes with a requirement to give account to the interests of other actors within the internal market.

"Açık Kambiyo Senetleri" başlıklı bu çalışmada, 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 680. maddesinde yer alan düzenlemeden hareketle Türk hukukunda açık kambiyo senetleri; yani açık bono, açık poliçe ve açık çek ele alınmıştır. Açık kambiyo senetleri, senedi verenin, ileride unsurları tamamlanarak geçerli bir kambiyo senedi şeklinde ortaya çıkmak üzere, karşı tarafa bir doldurma yetkisi ile birlikte vermiş olduğu, imza dışındaki unsurlarının tamamı ya da bir kısmı boş bırakılmış olan, unsurları tam kambiyo senetlerinin ön aşaması niteliğindeki senetlerdir. Açık kambiyo senetlerinde imza sahibi, senedin anlaşmaya aykırı doldurulması rizikosunu üstlenmektedir. Bu nedenle ortaya çıkan hukuki görünüşe güvenerek senedi devralan kötüniyeti veya ağır kusuru bulunmayan hamil iktisabında korunur. TTK'nın 680. maddesinde açık kambiyo senetleri yalnız def'i yönünden ele alınmıştır. Oysa konuya ilişkin olarak üzerinde durulması meseleler bundan ibaret değildir. Bu nedenle üç ana bölümden oluşan bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde açık kambiyo senetlerine ilişkin genel açıklamalara; ikinci bölümünde açık kambiyo senetlerinde doldurma hakkı, devri ve sona ermesine; üçüncü bölümünde ise açık kambiyo senetlerinin anlaşmaya aykırı doldurulmasının taraflar arası ilişkilerde ileri sürülmesi, ispatı ve cezai sonuçları konularına yer verilmiştir. In this study titled "The Blank Bills of Exchange", starting from Regulation in Article 680 of the Turkish Commercial Code no 6102, The Blank Bills of Exchanges; namely, blank bills, blank notes, and the blank cheques have been evaluated in Turkish law. The Blank Bills of Exchange are the preliminary notes of the full bill of exchange that the singer gave it to the opposing party with a filling entitlement to be revealed in the form of a valid bill of exchange in the future; all or some of the elements outside the signature are left blank. In the Blank Bills of Exchange, the owner of the signature undertakes the risk of filling the notes contrary to the agreement. For this reason, the person takes over the bill of exchange relying on the revealed legal appearance is protected as holder without bad faith or gross negligence. In the 680th article of the Turkish Commercial Code, the blank bills of exchange are dealt with only in terms of exceptions. However, this is not the only issue to focus on. For this reason, in the first part of this study, which consists of three main parts, general explanations about the Blank Bills of Exchange are given while the right to fill, turnover and termination in exchange notes are discussed in the second part. In the last chapter, the submission, prove and criminal consequences of the fulfilment of the Blank Bills of Exchange contrary to the agreement at the inter-party relations are introduced.

East African Community Law provides a comprehensive and open-access text book on EAC law. Written by leading experts, including the president of the EACJ, national judges, academics and practitioners, it provides the most complete overview to date of this increasingly important field. Uniquely, the book also provides a systematic comparison with EU law. EU companion chapters provide concise overviews of EU law and its development, offering valuable inspiration for the application and further development of EAC law. The book has been written for all practitioners, judges, civil servants, academics and students faced with questions of EAC law. It discusses institutional, substantive and jurisdictional issues, including the nature of EAC law, free movement and competition law as well as the reception of EAC law in Partner States.

The study, entitled “Identification of the parties to the employment relationship: an appraisal of teleological interpretation of statutes”, is a legal-interdisciplinary doctrinal investigation situated within the fields of labour law and the interpretation of statutes. It concerns itself with the proper interpretation of labour legislation in general and the interpretive question as to who should be party to the employment relationship in particular, within the context of the advent of constitutionalism and the proliferation of and the increase in the importance of labour legislation. In law, meaning-generation is a function of statutory interpretation and every application of a text to particular circumstances entails interpretation. The protection extended by labour legislation is only extended to those persons who are defined as “employees”. The study describes the teleological model of statutory interpretation, which aims to give effect to the purpose of a legislative provision in light of constitutional values. The study explores the five elements of (teleological) interpretation that should be considered when interpreting concepts such as “employee”: the text, the context, the telos (or values), the history and the comparative dimension. The chief findings of the study includes: that legislation has become an indispensable source of contemporary labour law; that the courts have adopted a teleological approach to the interpretation of statutes; that the courts have, in interpreting the term “employee”, adopted a teleological approach to the interpretation of statutes; and that the interpretations advanced by the courts have not had the profound effect envisaged by the Constitution on the transformation of society.

The debate on business and human rights attracts the interest of many parties, and regularly makes the headlines. On 19 January 2017 De Morgen, for instance, ran the following headline: “These banks do business with companies that violate human rights and nature”. The discourse suggests that few question that business enterprises should respect human rights. The legal meaning and consequences of associating 'business' with 'human rights' remain contentious, however. By clarifying the existing legal framework this thesis seeks to rationalize the debate. Special attention is paid to enforcing the responsibility of business enterprises for human rights through domestic judicial remedies. The analysis is concretised through a case study on adverse human rights impacts of environmental degradation caused by mining in South Africa. Based on the findings of the study, the thesis reflects on how the international legal framework on business and human rights should be developed further.

Birlikte satma hakkı ve birlikte satışa zorlama hakkı pay sahipleri sözleşmesinde yer alan iki haktır. Bu hakların kaynağı Amerikan hukukudur. Bu haklar ülkemizde anonim şirket esas sözleşmelerinde sıklıkla yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Amerikan hukukundan gelen bu haklar Türk Ticaret Hukuku kuralları açısından incelenmiştir. İnceleme yöntemi ilk olarak hakların tanıtılması ikinci olarak ortaya çıkardığı hukukî ilişkinin niteliğinin tespiti ve son olarak hukukumuza ait yasal düzenlemeler karşısında ne derece geçerli kabul edilebileceğinin belirlenmesi şeklindedir. Çalışmada, hakların karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki yeri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda yabancı mahkeme kararları ve yasal düzenlemeler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Akabinde hakların hukukî niteliği ve haklardan doğan borçlar incelenmiştir. Son olarak hakların anonim ve limited şirket sözleşmelerinde yer alması durumunda meydana gelebilecek hukukî sorunlar tartışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda hakların yarattığı pay devir sınırlandırmasının anonim şirketler hukukunda yer alan kurallar karşısındaki durumu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca hakların limited şirketlerde pay devri ile ilgili düzenlemeler açısından geçerliliği tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Birlikte Satma Hakkı, Birlikte Satışa Zorlama Hakkı, Pay Devrinin Sınırlandırılması, Pay Sahipleri Sözleşmesi, Anonim Şirket Esas Sözleşmesi. Tag along right and drag along right are two rights in shareholders' agreement. The source of these rights is American Law. These rights are frequently found in the articles of association of the joint stock company in our country. In this study, these rights coming from American law were examined in the terms of Turkish Commercial Law. The examination method is firstly the identification of the rights, secondly the determination of the nature of the legal relationship that emerges from the rights and finally the determination of the extent to which they can be regarded as valid under the legal regulations of our law. In the study, the position of the rights in comparative law were examined. In this context, information is given about the foreign court decisions and legal regulations. Then the legal nature of the rights and the obligations arising from the rights were examined. Finally, the legal issues that may arise in case of the rights are included in joint stock company and limited company contracts are discussed. In this context, the situation of the share transfer restrictions created by the rights against the rules in the corporation law has been examined. Furthermore, the validity of the rights in terms of the share transfer regulations in limited companies has been discussed. Keywords: Tag Along Right, Drag Along Right, Share Transfer Restriction, Shareholders' Agreement, Article Of Association.

تم تناول الحماية القضائية للعلامة التجارية كدراسة مقارنة في بابين، تناولت في الباب الأول الحماية الموضوعية للعلامة التجارية، حيث وقفت فيه على الإطار القانوني العام لحماية العلامة التجارية في الفصل الأول، وذلك بالقيام بتعريف العلامة التجارية في مبحث أول، كما تم تحديد الشروط الموضوعية والشكلية اللازم توافرها لصحة العلامة التجارية في مبحث ثاني، ثم عرجت في الفصل الثاني على مضمون حماية العلامة التجارية حيث حاولت فيه إعطاء صورة متكاملة عن أهمية التدخل التشريعي في حماية العلامة التجارية في مبحث أول، أما المبحث الثاني فقد خصصته لدور الاتفاقيات الدولية في تحقيق الحماية للعلامة التجارية. أما الباب الثاني من هذه الدراسة فقد تناولت فيه الحماية الإجرائية للعلامة التجارية، بالوقوف على الحماية المدنية للعلامة التجارية في الفصل الأول ، والذي وضحت فيه الأساس القانوني لدعوى المنافسة غير المشروعة في المبحث الأول، أما المبحث الثاني فقد حددت فيه الشروط الواجب توافرها لقيام لدعوى المنافسة غير المشروعة، وكيفية مباشرة دعوى المنافسة غير المشروعة في المبحث الثالث، كما بينت في الفصل الثاني من هذا الباب الحماية الجنائية للعلامة التجارية، بتحديد نطاق الحماية الجزائية للعلامة التجارية في المبحث الأول، ثم عرجت على الجرائم الواقعة على العلامة التجارية في المبحث الثاني، أما المبحث الثالث فقد ناقشت فيه موضوع القواعد الإجرائية الخاصة بالدعوى الناشئة عن جرائم التعدي على العلامة التجارية، وخلصت من خلال هذه الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج والتوصيات.