Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le juge est le maillon fort de la chaine judiciaire qui a reçu le pouvoir d’appliquer la règle de droit. En tant qu’érudit du droit, le juge connait diverses situations juridiques litigieuses qui font appel à l’interprétation d’un matériau assez vaste. Dans ce matériau, l’application du droit international demeure un enjeu majeur pour l’office du juge. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai en ce qui concerne le droit international humanitaire, qui est très spécifique. Au regard des circonstances politiques, économiques et des conditions professionnelles qui encadre l’office du juge africain, l’intérêt transparait à travers cette formule : quelles sont les postures du juge africain dans l’application du droit international humanitaire ? Une telle interrogation évoque la question de la réception des règles internationales dans les ordres juridiques internes, mais aussi leur appropriation par les acteurs chargés de leur mise en œuvre. Cette interrogation permet de relever les efforts au regard de la présence des facteurs inhibiteurs en Afrique surtout. Ces efforts, quoique toujours insuffisants, s’inscrivent indéniablement dans une dynamique de promotion et de consolidation du droit international humanitaire. Juge promoteur, juge consolidateur sont les postures observées en Afrique dans les affaires relatives à l’application du droit international humanitaire, mais toujours dans une camisole d’insuffisance. The judge is the strong link in the judicial chain, empowered to apply the rule of law. As a legal scholar, the judge is familiar with a variety of contentious legal situations that call for the interpretation of a vast body of rules. Within this legal corpus, the application of international law remains a major challenge for the judge’s office. This is all the more true in the case of international humanitarian law, which is highly specific. In view of the political and economic circumstances and the professional conditions that govern the office of the African judge, the question arises: what are the African judge’s attitudes to the application of international humanitarian law? Such a question raises the issue of how international rules are received by domestic legal systems, and how they are appropriated by the actors responsible for implementing them. This question helps to highlight the efforts being made in view of the presence of inhibiting factors, especially in Africa. These efforts, though still insufficient, are undeniably part of a dynamic to promote and consolidate international humanitarian law. Judge-promoter, judge-consolidator are the postures observed in Africa in cases relating to the application of international humanitarian law, but always in a straitjacket of inadequacy.

随着“去法院中心主义”的改革，司法实践中仲裁机构的重要性越来越突出，通过仲裁分流案件的需求日益迫切，仲裁法修改在即，有必要构建更包容开放的仲裁制度。在担保制度中，主合同与从合同往往会出现约定管辖不一致的情形，当主合同约定仲裁管辖而从合同约定法院管辖或者未作约定时，主合同的仲裁协议能否扩张至担保合同是一个值得研究的问题。实践中同案不同判的现象时有发生，现行立法对仲裁协议效力扩张持否定态度，由此会产生债权人先起诉保证人的案件无法审理等一系列问题。解决上述问题需要做出原则规定、例外规定以及补充规则，在尊重当事人意思自治的基础上兼顾诉讼效率。 With the reform of “de-court centralism”, the importance of arbitration institutions has become more and more prominent in judicial practice, the demand for diverting cases through arbitration has become increasingly urgent, and the arbitration law is about to be revised, so it is necessary to build a more inclusive and open arbitration system. In the guarantee system, the agreed jurisdiction between the master contract and the accessory contract is often inconsistent. When the master contract stipulates arbitration jurisdiction and the accessory contract stipulates court jurisdiction or fails to do so, whether the arbitration agreement of the master contract can be extended to the guarantee contract is a problem worthy of study. In practice, the phenomenon of different judgments in the same case occurs from time to time, and the current legislation holds a negative attitude towards the expansion of the effectiveness of the arbitration agreement, which will lead to a series of problems such as the case that the creditor sued the guarantor first and could not be tried. To solve the above problems, we need to make principles, exceptions and supplementary rules, and give consideration to litigation efficiency on the basis of respecting the autonomy of the parties.

The glaring lack of employment opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to the conclusion of special employment contracts, includin…

The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights recently published a general comment interpreting article 7(d) of the so-called Maputo Protocol.…

Based on bank-level data from 29 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2005 and 2019, we apply panel fixed effects (FE) and two-step system GMM estimators to investigate whether increased cross-border banking affects domestic banking sector stability. We find significant evidence that the stability of banks in host countries declines with an increased presence of foreign banks—and the impact is more pronounced on banks that are small and less efficient. The stability impact of foreign banks is also found to depend on the quality of governance institutional factors in the host country. The findings shed some important insights on the downside of financial liberalisation policy in developing countries and the need for increased cross-border collaboration between home and host supervisory authorities in the SSA region—especially in jurisdictions where the foreign bank affiliates are systemically important. The domestic supervisory authorities thus need to effectively manage the inherent trade-off between reaping the benefits from international financial integration while effectively safeguarding domestic banking systems against cross-border contagion and fragility.

L’Objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre la portée de la mutation comptable sur la production d’une information financière de qualité. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour une posture épistémologique interpretativiste adossée sur une démarche qualitative inductive. A l’aide d’un guide d’entretien, nous avons réalisé les entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dix (10) gestionnaires financiers des entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Les données collectées, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu et automatisée à l’aide du logiciel Nvivo 10. Il ressort de ces analyses que la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA contribuerait à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’information financière dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Ce qui interpelle les gestionnaires des entreprises publiques d’une part et le conseil permanent de la comptabilité au Congo d’autre part de veiller véritablement à l’applicabilité stricte du SYSCOHADA pour une information financière de qualité. Car la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA s’implémente avec beaucoup des difficultés dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo surtout lors des travaux d’inventaires.  

Si la sécurité de l'emploi reste forte, la stabilité de l'emploi, elle, continue à être un sujet de préoccupation. Il n'y a qu'une faible relation entre l'indicateur objectif de la sécurité de l'emploi qu'est la durabilité et la perception qu'en ont les gens à travers les pays. Ainsi, « il existe une relation positive entre le travail décent et la sécurité de l'emploi ». La sécurité de l'emploi peut être générée par son caractère stable, mais quand se profile une récession ou que s'accélèrent les changements structurels, la stabilité de l'emploi risque d'être mise en péril. Dans ces situations, les salariés ont besoin de compter sur leurs systèmes de protection sociale. Mais c’est de toute évidence dans l’optique de sécuriser l’emploi que le législateur prévoit des techniques conciliantes entre l’employeur et les employés afin de stabiliser l’emploi. De ce fait, on observe une redynamisation des conditions de travail par la modification des dispositions contractuelles. En outre, même en cas de changement dans la situation juridique de l’employeur le principe reste celui de la subsistance du contrat en cours. If job security remain strong, job stability continues to be a subject of concern. There is only a weak relationship between the objective indicator of job security and this is sustainability and the perception of it by people accross the country. Thus, « there is a positive relationship between decent work and job security ». Job security can be generated by its stable nature, but when a recession looms or structural changes accelerate, job stability risks being jeopardized. In these situations, employees have need to rely on their social protection systems. But, it is obviously with a view to securing employment that the legislator provides conciliatory techniques between the employer and employees in order to stabilize employment. As a result, we are considering a revitalization of working conditions by modifying contractual provisions. Furthermore, even in the event of a change in the legal situation of the employer, the principle remains that of the continuation of the current contract.

This article explores the terms “BRI dispute” and “BRI jurisprudence”. It undertakes a practical and theoretical analysis that considers whether “BRI disputes” have distinct and visible characteristics and are capable of being identified in a legal sense. This is important since practitioners – arbitration centres and law firms – use the term broadly and without specific criteria. By exploring the customary usage and the approach of legal scholars to the term, presenting examples of “BRI disputes” and examining their unique features, and constructing a theoretical approach (utilizing the concepts of ratione materiae, ratione loci, ratione temporis, and ratione personae; and considering the jurisprudence of the ICSID), this article moves from a broad to a narrow analysis to develop both a definition and a system of registration of “BRI disputes” for use by academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

The purpose of the Competition Act 89 of 1998 as amended (the Competition Act) is, among others, to promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy as well as to provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices. In line with this purpose, the Competition Act provides that a dominant firm is prohibited from engaging in price discrimination if such conduct will likely substantially prevent or lessen competition, which would be to the detriment of consumers. Notably, the Competition Act has established various bodies to regulate competition and act against any conduct prohibited by this Act in South Africa. These bodies include the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. Notwithstanding the prohibition of price discrimination, the Competition Act does not expressly provide adequate enforcement tools for competition authorities to combat uncompetitive practices in the digital era. Moreover, the Competition Act does not expressly grant these statutory bodies clear roles and mandates on providing consumers with adequate and suitable redress when they have been victims of algorithmic price discrimination. With recent technological developments, electronic commerce (e-commerce), and digital transformation, consumers have become vulnerable to various challenges such as excessive pricing, data breaches and algorithmic pricing. The online and digital markets are characterised by complex transactions, innovative technologies and business practices which expose all consumers, including vulnerable consumers, to different risks. As such, the role of the competition authorities needs to be recalibrated to enhance consumer protection on the pricing of goods and services. To this end this paper seeks to investigate the role and ambit of the powers of these competition authorities in the regulation of price discrimination in the context of digital transformation and the digital economy. This is done to assess whether the competition authorities have the necessary tools of enforcement to ensure that markets are competitive and to combat uncompetitive conduct in the digital economy and online markets.

Aux termes de l’article 41.4 alinéa 2 du code du travail ivoirien, tout salarié ou groupe de salariés en présence d’une situation de travail dont il a un motif raisonnable de penser qu’elle représente un danger grave et imminent pour sa vie ou sa santé, ou celles d’autrui, doit, après s’en être retiré, en informer le comité de santé et de sécurité au travail. Tel est le sens de la disposition majeure qui consacre, dans cet ordre juridique, le droit de retrait du salarié. L’objectif de cette étude est de démontrer, qu’en dépit de sa nouveauté, le droit de retrait du salarié est un droit mal dimensionné. Se pose alors le problème de son caractère absolu ou non. Aux arguments qui poussent à croire à un droit de retrait absolu en droit du travail ivoirien, l’on peut objecter qu’il s’agit en réalité d’une prérogative mitigée. Under the terms of article 41.4 paragraph 2 of the Ivorian labor code, any employee or group of employees in the presence of a work situation which he has reasonable grounds to believe represents a serious and imminent danger for his life or his health, or those of others, must, after withdrawing, inform the workplace health and safety committee. This is the meaning of the major provision which establishes in this legal order the employee’s right of withdrawal. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that, despite its novelty, the employee’s right of withdrawal is a poorly dimensioned right. The problem then arises of its absolute character or not. To the arguments which lead one to believe in an absolute right of withdrawal in Ivorian labor law, one can object that it is in reality a mixed prerogative.

自WTO上诉机构停摆危机出现，WTO和成员一直在探索缓解僵局之法。其中利用《关于争端解决规则和程序的谅解》(DSU)第25条“速效仲裁”进行上诉替代的方案备受瞩目。2020年，欧盟、中国等WTO成员据此建立了《多方临时上诉仲裁安排》(MPIA)。事实上，DSU第25条在MPIA建立之前鲜有人注意，MPIA的建立使人们开始注意到这一条款。MPIA运行至今，取得了一些成果，但也有缺陷浮现，需要我们多加关注，及时调整。 Since the emergence of the WTO Appellate Body suspension crisis, the WTO and its members have been exploring ways to ease the deadlock. Among them, the option of using Article 25 of the Understanding on Dispute Settlement Rules and Procedures (DSU) on “quick-impact arbitration” for appellate substitution has attracted a lot of attention, and in 2020, the European Union, China and other WTO members established the Multi-party Interim Appellate Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA) on the basis of the Arrangement. As a matter of fact, little attention was paid to Article 25 of the DSU before the establishment of the MPIA, but the establishment of the MPIA has drawn people’s attention to this provision. The operation of the MPIA has achieved some results so far, but there are also shortcomings emerging, which require us to pay more attention to and make timely adjustments.

The revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of  theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments. L’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.

L’objectif de cet article consiste à identifier les pratiques de management stratégiques basées sur la stratégie de coopétition entre agriculteurs qui cohabitent dans les sociétés coopératives agricole (SCA) togolaises. Peu de recherches s'intéressent en effet, aux facteurs qui poussent les entreprises relevant de l’économie sociale et solidaire à recourir aux pratiques de coopétition. En outre, les travaux s'avèrent rares quant aux formes de coopétition adoptées par ce type d'organisations notamment agricoles dans les pays du sud. Il s’agit donc d’apporter un éclairage sur les pratiques de coopétition adoptées dans le contexte spécifique du Togo. La méthode de recherche qualitative a été adoptée. Cette approche a permis de rencontrer trente-deux agriculteurs. Les entretiens se sont déroulés auprès de treize SCA situées en région maritime. L’analyse thématique des discours met en exergue trois thèmes à partir des interventions recueillies. Les résultats montrent que la pratique de coopétition dans les SCA se traduit par une approche concurrentielle de différenciation et une approche de coopération fondée sur l’apprentissage organisationnel.

El comercio electrónico es una nueva forma de comercio en auge, constituida por transacciones comerciales que se llevan a cabo por medio de Internet. En este sentido, el contrato electrónico es un acuerdo de voluntad que se establece mediante el uso de herramientas electrónicas en donde las partes se comprometen a cumplir lo que se establezca, conservando las características básicas del contrato tradicional y su contenido surte efecto legal. Ahora bien, el conjunto de leyes regulatorias es fundamental  para garantizar la transparencia y la seguridad en las transacciones electrónicas, lo cual genera confianza entre las partes involucradas en las actividades de comercio electrónico. En consecuencia, y dada la importancia de la legislación en esta materia, el propósito de la presente investigación es plasmar las generalidades del sistema contractual del comercio electrónico en el Ecuador, específicamente su marco legal. El enfoque metodológico de la investigación es una revisión bibliográfico – documental. Las bases legales internacionales para el desarrollo de la normativa contractual en materia de comercio electrónico en Ecuador, tiene base en la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (CNUDMI) y el conjunto de textos legislativos emanados de este ente. Especialmente la Ley Modelo, la cual tiene el propósito de colaborar con los Estados en la reforma y modernización de sus leyes acerca del procedimiento arbitral. Igualmente, estas normas especiales se complementan con normas comunes a los contratos con fundamentos tradicionales en la incursión de esta nueva forma de expresar la voluntad de las partes, tales como la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, el Código Civil, el Código de Comercio, el Código Orgánico General de Procesos (COGEP), la Ley Orgánica de Defensa del Consumidor y, más recientemente, la Ley Orgánica para la Transformación Digital y Audiovisual.

The contemporary international system is dominated by international trade. Therefore, it is the fundamental and critical aspect of international economic relations. The study investigated the how African states participate in common bilateral and multilateral trade relations. Its core objective is to study whether trade barriers have been made less cumbersome among the participating countries in African continental region. Common trade and international trade justify the essence of globalization. The wave of globalization has necessitated the flux of multilateralism and bilateralism among the participating nations in the international trade. Methodologically, the study adopted comparative theory of international trade. Its method of data collection is documentary method and analyzed through interpretive studies. As the international trade continues to take the centre stage in the international economic relations; States continue to engage in multilateral and bilateral trade relations. The operations of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) as non-state actors also engage in multilateral and bilateral agreements with the host states. Several agreements led to the establishment of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) remains conspicuous products of multilateralism and bilateralism in the international trade in the recent time. African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) is a multilateral agreement enacted by fifty-four members of the African Union (AU) in 2019 to boost trade relations among them. Its core benefit is to facilitate free trade and removal of trade barriers in the region Therefore, this study is set to examine the advantages and impacts of AFCFTA and other multilateral and bilateral agreements in Africa and the world at large.

The Uniform Act relating to General Commercial Law of the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (hereinafter referred to as the OHADA Uniform Act) establishes a commercial sale regime applicable to any trader (natural or legal person), including any commercial companies whose place of business or registered office is located in the territory of a party to the Treaty on the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa. In this study we propose to analyse the non-performance of commercial sale agreements, focused on its termination regime, by reflecting on the right of termination, the termination by judicial means, its grounds, exemption from liability and the effects of termination. The economic and legal relevance of the commercial sale contract justifies the opportunity to reflect on how legal standardisation process has been achieved overall, particularly with regard to termination regimes. Both OHADA Uniform Act and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG) were conceived as unification mechanisms to circumvent the constraints and legal uncertainty associated with cross-border trade. Therefore, this analysis aims to assess how OHADA rules embody the long process of evolution in French law, as well as the influence of the CISG.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee pilferage of pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The study is anchored on the rational choice theory in order to understand the connection between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The researcher adopted a mixed research method involving survey research and historical research designs. The population of this study is 8,595 staff. This comprises all employees of Promasidor Nigeria Ltd, Nigeria Bottling Company (Coca Cola), Cadbury Nigeria Plc, and Guiness Nigeria Plc. The sample size of the study was 400 determined using Rakesh Sample size formula. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, while secondary data were collected from related works on pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies. Data collected from questionnaire were analyzed using absolute frequencies and simple percentages, while data from secondary sources were analyzed using relational-content analysis. Among other things, it was found that the higher the level of pilferage, the lower the level of security of employees in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. Among other things, it was recommended that given that there is relationship between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State, beverage manufacturing companies in the state should ensure that stealing is drastically reduced in their various organizations through employment, training and proper motivation of staff who must be full-time staff. This would largely make the employees committed to work and shun pilferage.