Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are supposed to raise the value relevance of accounting information and thus ensure its usefulness for users. Most of the studies on the relevance of IFRS-based accounting information were conducted in countries that had previous accounting standards before the adoption of IFRS. However, the relevance of accounting information is influenced by the accounting traditions inherited from previous practices. This study provides distinctive evidence on the relevance of IFRS accounting information by examining the association between accounting information prepared by Palestinian companies and share prices. Palestine represents a pure IFRS environment since IFRS is its first financial reporting framework. The study estimates the impact of accounting information, including book value of equity per share, earnings per share, and operating cash flow per share, on the market value of the share. Totally, the results show that the accounting numbers prepared by Palestinian companies are relevant. Precisely, earnings per share and book value of equity per share are the important variables in determining the share market value. Notwithstanding, no significant impact of operating cash flow per share has been observed. Moreover, evidence supporting the existence of conformity and predictive relevance is obtained, but the overall predictive relevance is higher. To enhance the relevance of IFRS information, this paper recommends local regulators and policymakers to work on improving the readiness of the Palestinian environment to fully benefit from the adoption of IFRS. On the other hand, the International Accounting Standards Board should adequately consider the circumstances prevailing in underdeveloped countries when issuing its standards. For future research, larger samples from several countries with different prevailing factors should provide insights into the mechanisms of the relationship between book and market values.

Over the last decade, corporate governance has become crucial to solving agency problems and achieving objectives for organisational sustainability . At the heart of this governance, internal audit is recognised as an essential control mechanism for improving business performance. In the face of digitalisation, internal audit must adapt, presenting new challenges and opportunities. This paper explores the impact of digitalisation on the effectiveness of internal audit as a governance mechanism, developing a conceptual model through an extensive literature review.

Beyond the thorny, even insoluble question of the definition of a region and the definition of the criteria that should make it possible to apprehend the polymorphism of rio s, the raison d’être of these organizations, their mode of operation and their activities are at the heart of the debate on “international governance”. For many authors, the advent of RIO s has often been seen as a challenge to the state monopoly in the international legal order and a redefinition of the relationship between these particular organizations and states. It is this relational dynamic between the States and the RIO s that this contribution aims to describe and analyse. The aim is to examine the originality and specificity of the relationship between the RIO s and the States, compared to the latter’s relationship with the ‘classic/universal’ ios, which would reveal something about the very nature of regional organizations.

Mobile money is purported to promote financial inclusion. The growing number of studies have largely focused on transactions and related benefits with limited attention to emerging challenges, policies and initiatives that address the relative needs of different stakeholders. Consequently, little has been done to probe the ‘bottom-of-the-pyramid’ paradigm that underpins these assumptions. There has been inadequate endeavour to examine ways that empirical research could shed more light on these challenges and how to overcome them. To address these gaps, this study reviews the emerging literature on mobile money that explores both benefits and challenges. From our study three main themes emerge that suggest areas where challenges to the efficacy of the mobile money-financial inclusion link still appears not to have been adequately addressed by policymakers: ensuring integrity, privacy and security; addressing resource and infrastructure constraints; and integrating stakeholder benefits. Yet we suggest merely addressing these challenges does not go far enough in safeguarding the needs of local communities, as major stakeholders. Evidence from our study suggests little direct benefit to the poorer sections of local communities, only to the strata above and to elites and external stakeholders. This has implications for development and social change through technology adoption.

条约选购无论是从投资者的实践，还是从国际仲裁案件的数量来看，都已成为现代投资领域不可忽视的一个问题。文章第一部分对于条约选购的概念进行了界定，并总结了条约选购问题形成原因和不利影响，这是探究条约选购问题的前提。第二部分通过梳理国际仲裁中的各类案例，整理了影响国际仲裁庭识别条约选购问题的三个标准，根据这三个标准分析了仲裁庭对于条约选购的态度，总结得到条约选购问题并不是非法行为，国际仲裁庭甚至天然地会倾向于保护投资者，更多地会给国家造成损失。由此引出第三部分，即国家能够减少因条约选购问题带来的损失的三种主要的限制方法，并对三种方法进行利弊分析，以期给未来国家的条约缔结实践提供一定的建议。 Treaty shopping has become an issue that cannot be ignored in the modern investment field, both in terms of investors’ practice and the number of international arbitration cases. The first chapter of this article defines the concept of treaty shopping and summarizes the reasons for the formation of treaty shopping, which is the prerequisite for exploring the issue of treaty shopping. In the second chapter, by sorting out various cases in international arbitration, three criteria affecting the identification of treaty shopping by international arbitral tribunals are compiled, and the attitude of arbitral tribunals towards treaty shopping is analyzed according to these three criteria, concluding that treaty shopping is not an illegal act, and international arbitral tribunals are even naturally inclined to protect investors, which causes losses to states. The third chapter introduced the resulting three main methods of restriction that states can use to reduce losses caused by treaty shopping, and analyze the pros and cons of these three methods, with a view to providing some suggestions for future state treaty-making practice.

Aujourd’hui, le marché financier est considéré comme le bouc émissaire du monde des affaires puisqu’il est toujours culpabilisé et pointé de doigt comme la source du malaise et la cause directe de l’effondrement des systèmes économiques. La finalité des marchés financiers est tragiquement déviée dans la perception du grand public. Ce marché qui est censé être l’emblème d’épanouissement, d’entraide et de coopération, est devenu un lieu où règne la mauvaise foi et les manœuvres frauduleuses. Cette stigmatisation n’est pas due au hasard. En effet, le délit d’initié, la publication de comptes inexacts, les crises financières etc. constituent quelques-unes des questions qui ont alimenté le débat actuel autour de crépuscule de la régulation massive du marché financier. La gestion des risques liés aux marchés financiers est devenue une préoccupation majeure afin de se prémunir contre les risques financiers, réputationnels et opérationnels. Today, the financial market is regarded as the scapegoat of the business world, since it is always blamed and pointed at as the source of malaise and the direct cause of the collapse of economic systems. The purpose of financial markets is tragically skewed in the public perception. This market, which is supposed to be the emblem of self-fulfillment, mutual aid and cooperation, has become a place where bad faith and fraudulent maneuvers reign supreme. This stigmatization is no accident. Indeed, insider trading, the publication of inaccurate accounts, financial crises etc. are just some of the issues that have fueled the current debate surrounding the twilight of massive financial market regulation. Financial market risk management has become a major preoccupation in order to guard against financial, reputational and operational risks.

L’entreprise constitue une source incroyable d’innovations, de progrès, de créativité et d’enthousiasme. En effet, elle est l’outil le plus efficace de création d’un changement positif. Or, le fossé entre les entreprises et la société reste encore flagrant ainsi que la relation entre les pouvoirs publics et les entreprises est caractérisée par le manque de confiance et de lucidité. Le droit de la compliance apparaît comme la panacée à ces nouveaux défis, et se présente comme l’outil le plus perfectionné de gouvernance pour l’entreprise et qui permet de concilier entre l’intérêt de l’entreprise et celui de la société.Les entreprises sont tenues de respecter les ordres publics nationaux et supranationaux dans lesquels ils s'inscrivent, Les principes de compliance désignent les lois qui imposent un objectif d’intérêt général à l’entreprise tout en la laissant libre des moyens pour atteindre cet objectif. Les pouvoirs et les régulateurs publics ne font que surveiller la manière dont les opérateurs privés se conforment par eux-mêmes (self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance et self-monitoring) et contrôler la stricte observance de leurs diligences, c’est-à-dire de leur « capacité à s’auto-policer». The enterprise constitutes an incredible source of innovations, progress, creativity as well as enthusiasm. Indeed, it is the most efficient tool of the creation of positive change. Yet, the gap between enterprises and society still remains obvious as well as the relation between the public powers and enterprises is characterized by the lack of confidence and clarity. The law of compliance seems to be the answer to these new challenges, it presents itself as the most ideal tool of governance for the enterprise and which allows to conciliate between the enterprise’s interests and those of society. Enterprises are required to respect the national and supranational public order which they are a part. The principles of compliance mean the laws that impose a goal of general interest for the enterprise while leaving it free the means to achieve this objective. Powers and public regulators only control the way in which private operators conform by themselves ( self-policing, self-reporting, self-compliance and self-monitoring) and control as well the strict observance of their diligence, that is to say, their self-policing ability.

在经济全球化背景下，社会经济快速发展的新时代，商事交易无处不在，致使商事纠纷比以往更加频繁。在现代法治国家，诉讼制度作为一种公共救济手段，虽然是最常见的纠纷解决机制，但是基于案件分流的实际需要和仲裁制度本身具有的速度、效率等优势，承认并支持仲裁协议效力扩张的做法逐渐为各国所接受。从支持仲裁的角度来看，将合同相对性原则的例外作为支持仲裁协议效力扩张的理论基础是必要的。随着交易的深入发展，必然会出现更多的仲裁协议效力的扩张情形，需要充分考虑和权衡具体案件的情况，在维护仲裁协议效力和仲裁第三人利益之间寻求最佳平衡点。 Under the background of economic globalization, in the new era of rapid social and economic development, commercial transactions are everywhere, resulting in commercial disputes more frequent than before. In modern countries ruled by law, litigation system, as a means of public relief, is the most common dispute resolution mechanism, but based on the actual needs of case diversion and the advantages of arbitration system itself such as speed and efficiency, the practice of recognizing and supporting the expansion of the effectiveness of arbitration agreements has gradually accepted by all countries. From the perspective of supporting arbitration, it is necessary to take the exception of the principle of contract relativity as the theoretical basis to support the expansion of the validity of arbitration agreements. With the further development of transactions, there will inevitably be more cases of expansion of the effectiveness of arbitration agreements. It is necessary to fully consider and weigh the circumstances of specific cases, and seek the best balance between maintaining the effectiveness of arbitration agreements and the interests of third parties.

The transformation of international trade from conventional to digital impacts several things, including resolving international trade disputes. In order to realize an efficient and effective dispute resolution process, many countries have implemented ODR to settle international trade disputes. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ODR in various countries and examine issues with unclear guidelines based on international law. This research observes the development of ODR in Indonesia and the urgency for its implementation in Indonesia. The research is normative juridical, with a statutory and comparative approach. The results obtained in this study are model law arrangements relating to the standardization of ODR Providers aimed to protect the personal data of the parties, unification of ODR dispute resolution clauses, and formulation of national legal instruments to create legal certainty regarding ODR, including ODR proceedings, permits, and monitoring,  as well as recognition and execution process of electronic ODR decisions.

Technology-based transactions are inseparable from the routine exchange of data. These exchanges may not pose privacy problems until the movement takes extra-territorial turns thereby facing multiple levels of cross-border regulations. In the 80 s, the frequency of transfer of personal data beyond geographical boundaries in Europe precipitated the regulation of transborder data flows (TDF) beginning with the enactment of the Organization for OECD Guidelines. In Africa, the concept of TDF is more complex than usually viewed by the stakeholders and this is partly because neither the African Union nor other regional bodies have introduced legislation on TDF. Like many concepts in data protection, TDF is bereft of a generally accepted meaning. Regardless of the uncertainty, this paper approaches TDF as the transmission of personal data from one country to another country or international entity for the purpose of processing. The paper discusses some definitions of TDF as understood under African regional and national data protection legislation. In a comparative and normative approach, the paper analyses the barriers to TDF in Africa vis a vis the European experience and then concludes with recommendations for workable TDF within and outside the continent from an African perspective beginning with the harmonization of existing regional framework.

The establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has opened new avenues of research interest in International Business and International Management. However, scholarly work in this fledgling area of research has been disparate and often lacking in the assessment of core international business implications of the emergence of the AfCFTA on member states as well as non-member states. This is because, as yet, no systematic attempt has been made to explore the AfCFTA in the context of IB research, or project future IB research directions. Hence, in this paper, using the PRISMA method we have systematically identified the current published research and scholarly work on the AfCFTA and provided a robust picture of the current state of knowledge and available literature on the AfCFTA while at the same time outlining potential areas for future international business research.

L’information du consommateur est l’une des obligations légales les plus accrues en matière contractuelle compte-tenu de l’expérience des parties en cause. Cette information est nécessaire aussi bien pour la formation du contrat projeté que pour sa bonne exécution. Elle est alors contractuelle ou extracontractuelle. Ainsi, la rétention de toute information est susceptible d’engager la responsabilité du professionnel vis-à-vis du consommateur. La mise en œuvre d’une telle responsabilité nécessite une action devant aboutir à des sanctions proprement dites à l’encontre du professionnel censé être le conseiller de son co-contractant. L’Etat doit y veiller à travers la lutte contre la fraude et les pratiques de concurrence déloyale. Le consommateur et ses ayants droits, l’association des consommateurs doivent pouvoir exercer leurs droits de recours devant les organismes de protection des consommateurs et juridictions compétents. Mieux, ces derniers doivent connaître leurs droits et obligations ainsi que les textes qui les protègent dans une langue accessible afin de leur permettre de prendre des décisions conformes à leurs intérêts légitimes dans la mesure où la mauvaise information peut non seulement les induire en erreur mais porter atteinte à leur sécurité.

The Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA) seeks to promote the achievement and maintenance of a fair, accessible, efficient, sustainable and responsible market place for consumer products and services in South Africa. Moreover, the CPA seeks to provide an accessible, consistent, harmonised, effective and efficient system of redress for consumers. Notably, the CPA provides that the supplier should not supply or enter into an agreement to supply any goods or services at a price that is unfair, unreasonable, or unjust. This is generally aimed at combating any problems that are suffered by consumers when accessing goods and services in South Africa. Accordingly, various regulatory bodies and related role-players were established to enforce consumer rights and provide redress mechanisms to vulnerable and affected consumers. These consumer protection bodies and related roleplayers include the National Consumer Commission (NCC), the National Consumer Tribunal (NCT), provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies. These bodies and role-players are statutorily obliged to resolve consumer disputes in South Africa. However, there are some uncertainty challenges regarding the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and consumer protection regulatory bodies in relation to disputes that relate to the consumers’ right to fair, just and reasonable prices, terms and conditions of goods and services. This article discusses the role of the NCC, the NCT, provincial consumer courts, ordinary courts and other alternative dispute resolution agencies in the regulation of prices for goods, services and access to redress for affected consumers under the CPA. This is done to provide some recommendations that could resolve jurisdictional and regulatory challenges in relation to the price and access to goods and services under the CPA.

Le présent article a pour objet d’apporter sa contribution à la doctrine sur la régulation du commerce international des ressources énergétiques à travers une étude sur la fixation des prix du pétrole. Sous l’angle du droit international, il répond principalement à la question de savoir quels sont les facteurs juridiques qui déterminent la valeur d’échange du pétrole sur les marchés internationaux. Tout en relevant les avancées et les faiblesses de la régulation y relative, la présente étude démontre que les prix pétroliers se révèlent déterminés par des marchés parfois spéculatifs suivant les variables d’une libre concurrence dont l’instauration tend à être favorisée par une règlementation incitative. Dans le même temps, l’évolution du niveau de ces prix subit pleinement l’influence des enjeux poursuivis par l’affirmation d’une souveraineté des États qui fait obstacle à l’établissement d’une concurrence parfaite. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the doctrine on the regulation of international trade in energy resources through a study on the setting of oil prices. From the perspective of international law, it mainly answers the question of what legal factors determine the exchange value of oil on international markets. While noting the advances and weaknesses of the related regulation, this study demonstrates that oil prices are determined by sometimes speculative markets depending on the variables of free competition, the establishment of which tends to be favored by an incentive regulation. At the same time, the evolution of the level of these prices is fully influenced by the issues pursued by the assertion of State sovereignty which obstructs the establishment of perfect competition.

Efficiency is generally defined as the capacity to deliver desirable results with little effort or input. A bank cannot afford to allocate limited resources at random in a competitive market. Only once the efficiency factors have been identified can resources be allocated in a conscious and effective manner. The study investigates the determinants of technical efficiency of banks in the SADC region. The study is significant in the SADC region as the block is trying to create a robust and stable banking system. This is driven by the desire to stay away from the current global financial system volatility and the region is working to develop an integrated banking system. The results show that the banks are relatively inefficient with the level of inefficiency around 40 percent. The efficiency of the banks is determined by the level of capitalisation, size of the bank, research costs and automation of the banks. The results of the study imply that that there is great scope for the banks in the SADC region to increase their efficiency. Improved efficiency will ensure banks provide services at a lower cost to clients. The study recommends adequately capitalizing banks, increasing the asset base of the banks, investing in research and the automation of the banking systems.

This study primarily aims to identify the social responsibility of Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies and their contributions to addressing the negative effects resulting from COVID-19. The study focuses on the companies’ efforts to alleviate the burden on the state and citizens, exploring the most significant social contributions made by these companies in response to the pandemic. To answer the research questions and test the hypotheses, the researchers employed a descriptive and analytical approach. After obtaining the necessary data, a validated and evaluated questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 53 individuals, including financial managers, internal auditors, financial analysts, and accountants working in Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies. The results of the study indicated that Libyan telecom companies did not contribute significantly to mitigating the negative effects of COVID-19 by activating their social responsibility roles. This conclusion is supported by the respondents' answers, which reflected a moderate degree of contribution, with a mean value of 3.08 and a relative weight of 61.69%, along with a standard deviation of 0.85 and a significance level (Sig) of 0.686. Similarly, Palestinian telecom companies also did not significantly contribute to mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through their social responsibility roles. Respondents’ answers indicated a moderate level of contribution, with a mean value of 3.24, a relative weight of 64.85%, a standard deviation of 0.849, and a significance level (Sig) of 0.256. The study recommends that Libyan and Palestinian telecommunications companies should enhance their social roles in mitigating the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by actively implementing social responsibility initiatives.

This study investigates the influence of remuneration on organizational performance in cooperative banks in Kiambu County, Kenya. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research explores how compensation packages, salary reviews, and employee recognition impact performance. The study utilizes a descriptive research design with structured questionnaires to gather data from 94 participants. Findings indicate a significant correlation between competitive remuneration and enhanced organizational performance. The majority ofemployees are satisfied with salary increments and recognize the positive effects of frequent salary reviews on their motivation and job satisfaction. The study also highlights the importance of recognition and praise in boosting employee morale and engagement, contributing to overall organizational success. This research is grounded in Equity Theory, which posits that fair treatment in compensation leads to higher motivation and productivity. The conclusions drawn suggest that cooperative banks should implement equitable and competitive remuneration strategies, along with regular salary reviews and robust recognition programs, to enhance performance. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers andbank managers aiming to improve organizational effectiveness through strategic human resource practices.

This research consists of verifying whether CIT has an effect on capital given the financing risk incurred. A review of several capital theories has shown that CIT is one of the main determinants of a firm's capital structure. The inclusion of CIT in capital structure models continues to divide the world of corporate finance. Debt interest deduction in computing CIT reinforces the controversy over the question of the capital structure that optimizes the tax savings provided by this deduction. The consequence is the existence of two opposing groups on the optimum capital structure: on the one hand, the group of those who believe that there is one and only one optimal capital structure, and on the other, the group of those who reject out of hand any possibility of an optimal capital structure. The sample starts with a case study of two hypothetical identical firms, one indebted and the other non-indebted, with the same profitable investment project over a period of time, and ends with 101 pairs of identical firms belonging to different classes of financing risk. The hypothesis of non-gratuity of cost and income is used, and capital markets are assumed to be pure and perfect. The results confirm that CIT has no effect on the structure, value, cost and return of capital for a given financing risk, and reveal the existence of a third source of financing called "public capital", whose cost is the corporate capital tax rate (CCTR). There is no longer any question of thinking about the optimum capital structure, which is a pure financial illusion. This paper is one of the first to show that CIT does not affect capital, and to propose a model that explains capital structure behavior in the presence of CIT. Paper type: Empirical Research  Stanislas Théodule Médard Dèwanou Comlan AGOSSADOU, (Researcher) Laboratory for Research on Performance and Development of Organizations (LARPEDO)  Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) - Benin,

La question de l’effectivité du droit du travail s’inscrit, dans une certaine mesure, dans la réalisation de l’un des objectifs de développement durable que se sont assignés les États membres de l’OIT, en l’occurrence celui d’un travail décent pour tous. Plus généralement, elle se rattache à la problématique générale de l’effectivité du droit. La République de Djibouti, jeune nation africaine qui n’a pas une longue tradition dans l’expérience du droit étatique se trouve confrontée, comme c’est le cas singulièrement en Afrique, à une situation d’ineffectivité du droit du travail. Cet article analyse les principaux symptômes de cette ineffectivité, en identifie les causes et explore les facteurs d’une meilleure application du droit du travail djiboutien.

仲裁的优势之一是它的一裁终局性，但随着国际交易规模和金额的日益扩大，许多境外仲裁机构由此衍生出内部选择性上诉制度，深圳国际仲裁院借鉴知名境外仲裁机构引进此制度。但其中的许多规定与我国仲裁法以及民事诉讼法的规定存在冲突，并且可能导致当事人滥诉以及裁决在我国的承认与执行还存在问题。上述限制了复裁在我国的适用范围，在现行制度下，只能采取措施避免复裁制度与《仲裁法》的诸多规定相冲突。但随着国际贸易的发展，我国的《仲裁法》有必要作出调整，采取在部分地区尤其是高新技术产区进行试点以及制定符合仲裁制度特点的监督机制的方式来完善仲裁制度的发展。 One of the advantages of arbitration is its finality, but with the increasing scale and amount of international transactions, many overseas arbitration institutions have derived an internal optional appellate system, and the Shenzhen Court of International Arbitration has introduced this system by drawing on well-known overseas arbitration institutions. However, many of these provisions conflict with the provisions of China’s Arbitration Law and Civil Procedure Law, and may lead to abusive litigation by the parties and problems in the recognition and enforcement of awards in China. The above limits the scope of application of the review in China, and under the current system, measures can only be taken to avoid conflicts between the review system and many provisions of the Arbitration Law. However, with the development of international trade, it is necessary to adjust China’s Arbitration Law, and improve the development of the arbitration system by carrying out pilot projects in some areas, especially in high-tech production areas, and formulating supervision mechanisms that are in line with the characteristics of the arbitration system.