Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Os acadêmicos divergem desde sempre a respeito do objetivo da companhia: atender ao interesse dos acionistas e buscar a maximização dos resultados ou, alternativa ou sucessivamente, atender ao interesse de outras partes interessadas? Porém, as linhas entre uma e outra correntes não são mais nítidas como antes. Com o crescente interesse nas chamadas métricas de ESG a sigla para Environmental, Social and Governance, modelos híbridos de governança têm sido pensados a partir da combinação de lucro e propósito. Nesse sentido parece evidente a consolidação de uma tendência no direito societário que, por falta de um termo melhor, possa ser qualificada como preponderantemente social. Sem prejuízo dessa evidência, o objetivo do trabalho não é o de defender uma ou outra corrente sobre a função da companhia. Num olhar pretensamente original, o estudo propõe outro enfoque: traçar a disciplina legal dos atos societários de orientação social, como materialização do interesse que os precede. Academics have always disagreed about the company\'s objective: to serve the interests of shareholders and seek to maximize results or, alternatively or successively, to serve the interests of stakeholders as other interested parties? However, the lines between one theory and another are no longer as clear as before. With the growing interest in the so-called ESG metrics the acronym for Environmental, Social and Governance, hybrid governance models are being designed based on the combination of profit and purpose. The consolidation of a trend in corporate law that, for lack of a better term, can be qualified as predominantly social is now clear. Notwithstanding the before, the objective of the study is not to defend one or another theory of the corporate objective. In an allegedly original perspective, the study proposes another approach: tracing the legal discipline of socially oriented corporate acts, as the externalization of the interest that precedes them.

An array of governance initiatives has emerged to address forced labour and labour exploitation in global value chains (GVCs). Drawing on the transnational business governance interactions theoretical framework, as well as Timothy Bartley’s place-conscious transnational governance model, this thesis examines the interaction between two of these hybrid forms of governance: multi-stakeholder initiatives and corporate sustainability laws. I conduct a case study of the cocoa sector, and specifically of the multinational company, Nestlé, using multiple qualitative research methods including legal analysis, key informant interviews, and documentary analysis. My research suggests that the layering of corporate sustainability laws, and particularly the French Duty of Vigilance Law, on top of CSR and MSIs in the cocoa sector, is not addressing the governance gap that permits corporations to evade accountability for human rights abuses in their supply chain. I find that the introduction of corporate sustainability laws may have contributed to a decrease in Nestlé's efforts to address labor violations in certain areas, while in others, it appears to have supported the continuation of existing practices. This raises implications for the continuous efforts in various jurisdictions to introduce these laws as a solution to the shortcomings of private, voluntary rule-making systems. Further research is required to explore how these governance mechanisms are interacting in other sectors, in companies of different sizes, and within various types of MSIs. This will help identify the factors that influence interactions and shed further light on the path forward for policymakers.

L'État de la situation sur les impacts sociétaux de l'intelligence artificielle et du numérique fait état des connaissances actuelles sur les impacts sociétaux de l'IA et du numérique, structurées autour des sept axes de recherche de l'Obvia : santé, éducation, travail et emploi, éthique et gouvernance, droit, arts et médias, et transition socio-écologique. Hypertrucages, désinformation, empreinte environnementale, droit d'auteur, évolution des conditions de travail… Le document recense les grandes questions de recherche soulevées par le déploiement progressif de ces nouvelles technologies, auxquelles viennent s'ajouter des cas d'usages et de pistes d'action. Il s'impose ainsi comme un outil complet et indispensable pour accompagner la prise de décision dans tous les secteurs bouleversés par ces changements.

L'eau représente un besoin vital pour l'homme. Sous l'effet du changement climatique et en raison de sa mauvaise utilisation, sa disponibilité pour l'utilisation humaine est gravement menacée. En outre, mobiliser les moyens techniques pour en assurer l'accès est coûteux. En conséquence, l'accès à l'eau constitue un enjeu largement investi par les programmes de développement mis en avant par les institutions internationales, à l'instar des Objectifs du Millénaire définis en 2000 et des Objectifs de développement durable de 2015. Les partenariats y sont proposés comme des moyens adaptés pour pallier les déficits d'infrastructures, notamment dans des États en développement. Solution particulièrement encouragée par la Banque mondiale et d'autres institutions financières internationales, la participation privée par le biais de partenariats internationaux est prônée comme une solution de nature à associer les entités publiques généralement chargées des services de l'eau et de l'assainissement avec les entreprises du secteur ayant un savoir-faire reconnu en vue de développer l'accès à l'eau potable. Alors que les partenariats internationaux ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'agenda de développement pour favoriser l'accès à l'eau, sont-ils des instruments adaptés pour réaliser le droit à l'eau ? Le droit à l'eau n'a été reconnu que de manière progressive dans le système onusien de protection des droits de l'homme. L'étude met en perspective l'originalité des partenariats internationaux dans le secteur de l'eau et souligne la difficulté à les inscrire dans le cadre normatif qui s'impose pour la réalisation du droit à l'eau. Les partenariats internationaux constituent des ensembles complexes d'instruments juridiques mis en place pour l'accès à l'eau. Malgré des avancées récentes en faveur de la consolidation de la responsabilité des entreprises en matière de de droits de l'homme, la pratique témoigne de ce qu'ils sont insuffisants pour mettre en œuvre pleinement le droit à l'eau.

Le devoir de transparence environnementale et sociale des grandes entreprises, dispositif phare de la Responsabilité Sociale d’Entreprise (RSE), se caractérise par la dualité de sa fonction. Ce devoir consiste pour l’entreprise à apporter une information à ses parties prenantes quant aux impacts environnementaux et sociaux de son activité. Au regard des risques de pratiques de greenwashing ou socialwashing de la part des entreprises, la qualité de l’information apportée est déterminante. Un enchevêtrement de mécanismes de droit dur et de droit souple est ainsi mis en œuvre au service de la pertinence et de la fiabilité des informations. En outre de sa fonction informative, le devoir de transparence environnementale et sociale revêt une fonction régulatrice. L’instauration d’un tel devoir par les pouvoirs publics a pour objectif de guider les entreprises vers une prise en compte effective des impacts décrits dans les documents d’information. En d’autres termes, le devoir de transparence invite l’entreprise à concrétiser son discours en actes tangibles. A cet effet, des mécanismes juridiques et extra-juridiques sont mobilisés, reposant sur les rétributions du marché (sanction réputationnelle notamment) et sur les mutations de la place de l’entreprise dans la société. En définitive, tout l’enjeu du droit de la RSE réside dans sa capacité à élaborer une norme juridique (l’obligation d’information en matière environnementale et sociale) qui soit de nature à susciter le respect par les entreprises d’une norme sociale non sanctionnée juridiquement (la prise en compte effective des enjeux environnementaux et sociaux).

This reprint covers 27 papers published in the Special Issue entitled Corporate Finance, Governance, and Social Responsibility, which examines several topics related to corporate finance, financial modeling, corporate governance, and corporate social responsibility. Corporate finance-related articles (Anton and Afloarei Nucu, 2021; Bae et al., 2023; Kedzior et al., 2020; Lts and Lukason, 2022; Miglo, 2020; Mihail et al., 2021; Mota and Moreira, 2023; Tsolas, 2021; Tudose et al., 2021; and Wen et al., 2021) focus on the drivers of the capital structure and firm performance, the effect of working capital management on profitability, and the link between derivative use and profitability. Regarding financial modeling, stock market volatility was explored during COVID-19 (Gherghina et al., 2021). Corporate governance studies (Aluchna and Kuszewski, 2020; Ararat et al., 2021; Ding and Chea, 2021; Kjrland et al., 2020; Loureno et al., 2021; Lukason and Camacho-Miano, 2020; Maier and Yurtoglu, 2022; Mihail and Dumitrescu, 2021; Mihail et al., 2022; Mihail and Micu, 2021; and Pourmansouri et al., 2022) examine the effect of corporate governance compliance practices, board attributes, or employee stock option plans on bankruptcy risk, performance, firm value, or earnings management. Regarding CSR (Bozos et al., 2022; Rossi et al., 2021; Saeed and Sroufe, 2021; Singh and Hong, 2023; and Tseng and Shih, 2022), the research focuses on how CSR affects financial performance, risk management, or analyst profits estimates.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and green marketing adoption is a twin trend that is fast becoming a global tendency amongst world economies, irrespective of socio-economic outlook. This paper pedagogically links the two concepts in the Nigeria business climes and explores, through a panoramic view the rate of adoption of CSR and green marketing in Nigeria. This study adopted an exploratory research design vis-à-vis a qualitative research approach. Based on the findings, this paper posits that corporate social responsibility in the Nigerian context is highly “localized” to reflect realities in the Nigerian socio-cultural space. However, green marketing adoption is near impossible for the average Nigerian organization; this is due in part to the enormous funds necessary for implementation of green marketing strategies in their businesses. This study therefore recommends the setting up of trust fund for companies (especially, small scale business) by government; this would give the companies the opportunity to fully develop and adopt green marketing strategy

This study aims to understand the accounting effects of the Corona pandemic in more depth and clarity, where the study explores the accounting choices during the pandemic period and the impact of the firm's strategic orientation and its social responsibility performance on those choices. Using data from non-financial Saudi companies, the accounting choices divided into aggressive accounting strategy and conservative accounting strategy, and regression models used to examine the study hypotheses. The results of the study provide a clearer and in-depth vision about the nature of accounting practices during the pandemic and indicated that business strategy affects accounting choices, while corporate social responsibility does not affect. The results can imply useful information for the market regulators that help them in controlling and stabilizing the market, as well as for professional accounting organizations to help them issue guidelines for accounting work during crises.

Since the earlier indirect Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) provisions failed to hold investors responsible for human rights abuses, the recent hardening process of direct CSR clauses has resulted in incorporating CSR clauses under sections or chapters entitled “investors obligations” and tying CSR obligations to binding human rights and environmental prohibitions, as well as to human rights obligations established by the host state's legislation. This paper provides a non-exhaustive analysis of recent developments in treaty practice based on research primarily sourced from investment agreements concluded between 2012 and 2021, doctrinal input, and normative analysis. As shown in this paper the hardening process has not yet been completed, and reformations are necessary. Specifically, new investment agreements should enshrine investor human rights obligations as legally binding obligations, consider violations of these CSR obligations as part of investment disputes and provide direct remedies to victims. This study contributes to the literature on the international responsibility of TNCs with regard to human rights by examining the process of hardening up the CSR obligations within investment agreements as an approach that could lead to effective human rights protection.

This thesis investigates the relationship between cross-country mandatory environmental, social and governance (ESG) regulations and firm-level outcomes, such as ESG performance, corporate finance, and investment, for both developing and developed countries. ESG performance is initially examined to determine whether mandatory ESG regulations affect it and to what extent. Second, the study investigates the impact of mandatory ESG on corporate finance and investment. Lastly, the study explores whether mandatory ESG regulations affect firm-level outcomes based on countries' governance and economic systems, and industries. The study uses a large sample of 69,010 firm-years across 73 countries, over the period 2005 – 2020 to address the foregoing issues. In addressing the impact of mandatory ESG regulations on ESG performance, the study employs a difference-in-differences (DiD) design. The DiD technique can isolate the effect of regulatory shocks to firm-level outcomes. According to the DiD analysis conducted, cross-country mandatory ESG improves firm-level ESG performance in developed countries, but not in developing countries. The study also concludes that mandatory ESG regulations have a positive impact only on ESG components in developed countries and have a more dominant impact on environmental (E) component. The findings are robust to a range of checks and test cases, including a triple DiD design set-up and propensity score-matched sample. The study employs an investment Euler equation framework and generalised method of moments (GMM) estimators to explore how mandatory ESG impacts corporate finance and investment. Euler frameworks account for the dynamic nature of investment, whereas GMMs account for endogenous dynamics in dynamic models. The study demonstrates that mandatory ESG increases corporate investment by increasing firms' access to external funds. The findings are robust to a battery of tests, including a triple DiD design set-up, propensity score-matched sample and the parallel trends assumption. Using an investment Euler equation framework and the GMM estimators, the study explores whether the impact of mandatory ESG on corporate finance and investment is dependent on a country's governance and economic system. When mandatory ESG is affected by country factors such as governance systems and economic well-being, the effect of mandatory ESG on investment via internal finance channel persists, according to the study. However, while consistent results are found in developed countries, inconsistent results are found in developing countries. According to the study, oil, gas, and mining firms are likely to respond effectively to mandatory ESG regulations because of increased scrutiny and pressure. Overall, the findings from the study imply that cross-country mandatory ESG has had a positive impact on corporate ESG performance, finance, and investment. For firms located in developed countries, these findings hold consistently, while for those located in developing countries, the opposite holds true. Also, the study reveals that firms in the oil, gas, and mining industries effectively respond to regulatory requirements. As a result, this study provides policy makers and accountants with an understanding of how mandatory ESG impacts firm ESG activities and performance, which is crucial for regulatory reforms.

This paper discusses the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main purpose is to highlight and clarify the gaps between CSR regulations and human rights abuses caused by business organizations.

Left alone, economic integration initiatives, which aim to promote growth through investment and trade liberalization, do not automatically generate win-win outcomes for all stakeholders, or lead to the inclusive economic growth and sustainable development of participating countries. This situation which is due among others to possible market failures and externalities of corporations’ activities, has increasingly become a matter of concern with the numerous corruption scandals; human rights violations and environmental degradation involving corporations observed in a recent past. How therefore to continue promoting economic integration while ensuring socially responsible conducts from businesses in societies where they operate? One approach that has recently gained traction is the institutionalization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) clauses in trade and investment agreements. This paper analyses 10 African regional trade and investment agreements concluded between 2000 and 2020 to determine the extent to which they converge with this trend and the approach adopted in regulating CSR. The research complements the literature on the nexus between international law and CSR in the African context. Laissées à elles-mêmes, les initiatives d'intégration économique, qui visent à promouvoir la croissance par la libéralisation commerciale et économique, ne génèrent pas automatiquement des résultats gagnant-gagnant pour toutes les parties prenantes, ou ne conduisent pas à la croissance économique inclusive et au développement durable des pays participants. Cette situation, qui est due entre autres à d’éventuelles défaillances du marché et à des externalités des activités des entreprises, est devenue de plus en plus préoccupante avec les nombreux scandales de corruption, de violation des droits de l’homme et de dégradation de l’environnement impliquant des entreprises. Comment donc continuer à promouvoir l'intégration économique tout en garantissant des comportements socialement responsables des entreprises dans les sociétés où elles opèrent ? Une approche qui a récemment gagné du terrain est l'institutionnalisation des clauses de responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) dans les accords de commerce et d'investissement. Cet article analyse 10 accords régionaux africains de commerce et d'investissement conclus entre 2000 et 2020 pour déterminer dans quelle mesure ils convergent avec cette tendance à l’institutionnalisation des clauses sur la RSE, et l'approche adoptée dans la réglementation de la RSE. La recherche complète la littérature sur le lien entre le droit international et la RSE dans le contexte africain.

L’objet de cet article est de révéler un modèle de RSE issu du discours des entrepreneurs en contexte africain. Les concepts de justification et de légitimation, associés à l’approche du mécanisme conciliateur sont mobilisés pour analyser le contenu des entretiens menés auprès de dix entrepreneurs de TPE implantées au Cameroun. Il apparait que, dans ce contexte, l’entrepreneur perçoit sa responsabilité en se situant à la fois dans des mondes domestique, marchand et spirituel. Le modèle de la RSE qui émerge est tridimensionnel. Il correspond à une agrégation des responsabilités généalogique, géo-économique et spirituelle, chacune étant ancrée respectivement dans un des mondes suscités. Les discours et pratiques de RSE à promouvoir sur ce continent pourraient s’en inspirer.

Globally, companies pursue profitability; they want lower prices for the goods they buy and for the services they use. To gain profit and keep their prices low, they contribute to human rights violations and/or the devastation of the environment. The UNGP is the UN unanimously endorsed instrument that encourages states to pass legislation to compel companies to exercise human rights due diligence and to report on their efforts. The United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGP) impose a duty on companies to conduct human rights due diligence that apprises them of possible human rights or environmental risk exposure in their international operations. States have a responsibility to assist those harmed by a company’s activities to seek judicial relief. The UNGP is a soft law instrument but has had a major effect in the field of business and human rights. Though a voluntary obligation, the UNGP has become the reference document and is used by Civil Society Organisations (CSO) to pressure states into passing regulations on business and human rights. In 2016 Germany passed a National Action Plan (NAP) and the Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtgesetz (Supply Chain Due Diligence Act) in 2021. France passed a Vigilance Law (Loi de Vigilance) in 2017. Additionally, a UN resolution has initiated a treaty-making process, which might lead to an internationally legally binding instrument that will articulate companies’ responsibilities to avoid, mitigate and remedy human rights violations that their activities cause. The South African government’s response to the UNGP has focused on negotiating a legally binding instrument at an intergovernmental level. This research examines three countries’ varying responses to the UNGP, a soft law instrument. In February 2022 the EU Commission published a proposed directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. The proposed EU legislation aims to advance respect for human rights and environmental protection. The goal is to create a level playing field within the European Union which leads to the exploration of the role China plays in a globalised world. China aims to be more than the world's factory and to become a leader in innovation and high-end manufacturing.

Le rapport vise à analyser les développements normatifs et les politiques menées par la France sur la thématique Entreprises et droits de l’Homme depuis l’adoption de son plan national d’action, aux niveaux international (première partie), régional (deuxième partie) et national (troisième partie). La CNCDH formule 145 recommandations, dont 20 prioritaires, afin d’encourager la France à redoubler d’ambition pour le respect et la protection des droits de l’Homme dans le contexte des activités des entreprises. Il s’agit d’améliorer la mise en œuvre des cadres normatifs et mécanismes existants, de soutenir de futurs développements normatifs qui constituent un nivellement par le haut et de lever les obstacles à l’accès aux voies de recours et à la réparation, pour s’assurer qu’en cas de violations des droits de l’Homme commises, directement ou indirectement, par les entreprises, leur responsabi­lité puisse être engagée.

Qu’il soit de substance, issu des textes internationaux, le principe de précaution ne définit aucune règle d’incrimination précise en droit interne ; ce qui contraste avec le principe de légalité qui dispose qu’on ne peut être condamné pénalement qu’en vertu d’un texte pénal précis et clair. Ce qui rend, en principe, le principe de précaution inopérant sur le terrain de la responsabilité pénale. Cependant, le juge peut, dans une certaine mesure, insinuer le principe de précaution dans certaines incriminations afin d’accorder une meilleure protection aux victimes d’accidents, tel que celui de la médecine, suite à l’incertitude que contiennent les innovations de la science et de la technologie.

Du fait de son pouvoir de régulation, la Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE) est foncièrement un instrument au service du développement durable. Ainsi, l’émergence et la diffusion de cet instrument en Afrique subsaharienne doit répondre à plusieurs besoins, au premier rang desquels figurent la réalisation des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD) et la contribution à l’atteinte des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). C’est dans cette perspective que les entreprises multinationales trouvent leur place et sont visées par le champ normatif de la RSE. Le questionnement éthique et social des entreprises multinationales en Afrique subsaharienne conduit inéluctablement à rechercher différents leviers de régulation sous les trois (3) aspects, à savoir environnemental, social et économique, pour la mise en œuvre opérationnelle de la RSE. Sans occulter le foisonnement d’initiatives RSE, y compris les démarches volontaires des entreprises multinationales souvent matérialisées par les codes de conduite, un système de régulation contraignant semble se configurer à l’échelle internationale sous l’impulsion des organisations internationales, la pression des ONG et des parties prenantes dont les investisseurs. Par conséquent, les entreprises multinationales, soucieuses de préserver leur image, leur légitimité ainsi que l’ancrage dans les territoires d’implantation, doivent garantir la transparence et la cohérence des pratiques, face au manque d’effectivité souvent constaté des discours RSE qui ne répondent qu’aux finalités marketing et commerciale. Cette instrumentalisation justifie l’immixtion du droit et la construction progressive d’un véritable droit de la RSE, avec une approche à la fois réglementaire tendant à favoriser la production de normes à caractère contraignant, du moins exemptes de toute instrumentalisation et stratégique en procurant un avantage compétitif aux entreprises engagées en RSE par la voie de la consommation responsable et pour que celles-ci apportent une contribution au développement collectif durable des territoires d’implantation.

L’étude de la protection des entreprises à l’aune de l’approche socialement responsable a permis de définir le contenu de cette approche et de montrer son importance pour les entreprises. D’origine anglo-américaine, l’approche socialement responsable est un ensemble de normes éthiques et juridiques visant à intégrer les critères extra-financiers (Environnement, Social et Gouvernance) dans la gestion de l’entreprise. Cette approche fait l’objet de controverses doctrinales. D’aucuns estiment qu’elle est inutile et n’est qu’un instrument de marketing pour les entreprises. D’autres évoquent un outil pertinent de protection des entreprises. En effet, la présente étude démontre que l’approche socialement responsable permet aux entreprises d’identifier les risques extra-financiers liés à leurs activités qui pourraient compromettre leur existence. Une fois les risques identifiés, les entreprises doivent élaborer un plan de prévoyance qui permet de les réduire et de les traiter en cas de réalisations. En outre, l’intérêt social étant l’instrument juridique de protection par excellence des entreprises, l’approche socialement responsable oblige les entreprises à agir dans leur intérêt social en considération des critères extra-financiers. L’approche socialement responsable permet également aux entreprises de diversifier leurs sources de financement par l’investissement socialement responsable. Si la protection des entreprises à travers l’approche socialement responsable est certaine, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’elle est perfectible notamment sur les modalités de contrôle des critères extra-financiers. Les contrôleurs de l’approche socialement responsable doivent être indépendants par rapport aux entreprises contrôlées. Au surplus, les législateurs français et européens doivent préciser les modalités de contrôle de la destination réelle des fonds récoltés par les entreprises sur les marchés financiers. Ce contrôle permettra de renforcer la confiance des investisseurs socialement responsables à l’égard des émetteurs. La fiabilité du contrôle des critères extra-financiers est gage de sécurité financière pour les entreprises. The study of business protection in the light of the socially responsible approach has made it possible to define the content of such approach and to show its importance for companies. Originated from Anglo-Saxons, the socially responsible approach is a set of ethical and legal standards aimed at integrating extra-financial criteria (Environment, Social and Governance) in the management of a company. This approach is subject to many doctrinal controversies. Some believe that it is useless and is only a marketing tool for companies. Others refer to a relevant business protection tool. Indeed, this study demonstrates that the socially responsible approach allows companies to identify the extra-financial risks related to their activities that could compromise their existence. Once the risks have been identified, companies must develop a contingency plan that allows them to reduce such risks and to deal with their occurrence. Moreover, since the social interest is the legal instrument of protection par excellence for companies, the socially responsible approach constrains companies to act in their social interest considering the extra-financial criteria. The socially responsible approach also allows companies to diversify their sources of financing through socially responsible investment. If the protection of companies through the socially responsible approach is certain, the fact remains that the approach can be improved particularly on the methods of control of extra-financial criteria. Controllers of the socially responsible approach must be independent of the companies inspected. In addition, French and European legislators must specify the methods of control of the real destination of the funds collected by companies on the financial markets. This control will strengthen the confidence of socially responsible investors in issuers. The reliability of the control of extra-financial criteria is a guarantee of financial security for companies.

The main objective of this thesis is to explore and describe the possibilities for legal operationalization of CSR in contract law, sales law and consumer sales law, marketing law and company law. A supplementary aim is to identify regulation on and illustrate the regulatory context of CSR. The illustration provides a background and a framework for the main objective of the study, as well as confirms the legal relevance of CSR. Legal operationalization of CSR requires that CSR is anchored in law and that there are mechanisms for enforcement available. In contract law, CSR is legally anchored when a CSR condition follows from a contract. In a Swedish sales law context, legal anchoring takes place when a buyer’s expectation regarding CSR is not met and this is considered a defect, fel. From a marketing law point of view, the possibilities to consider a CSR statement an unfair commercial practice are relevant. In a company law context, CSR is legally anchored when included in the articles of association, in an instruction from the general meeting or the board, in the board’s internal guidelines or in the remuneration guidelines of the company. In all, contract parties, shareholders and the board are “strong” legal subjects, in that they are able to proactively formulate and anchor CSR norms in law. In company law, the understanding of the company’s interest and purpose, as well as the business case for CSR and the understanding of profit create borders within which the company law operationalization of CSR functions. Sales law and marketing law offer retroactive tools to market actors. The possibilities to anchor CSR in marketing law are vast, whereas the applicability of the sales law rules to a large extent is dependent on the connection between the (failed) CSR expectation and the sold goods. The remedies in the explored areas of law typically do not protect the CSR interest in question directly.