Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A trop vouloir poser la loi étrangère en parfait symbole de la résolution des conflits de lois, les auteurs dressent une présentation manichéenne du droit international privé où la lex fori (loi du juge saisi) incarne l’indésirable. C’est oublier qu’elle est davantage utilisée que la loi étrangère en matière de litiges internationaux puisque de nombreux procédés lui octroient pleinement ou subsidiairement une position privilégiée. Prenant acte de ce constat, qu’il fonde sur des conditions sociologiques (ethnocentrisme) et pragmatiques (bonne administration de la justice), l’auteur entend réhabiliter la loi du for. Sans aller jusqu’à un legeforismo, dont la traduction pratique serait l’application systématique de la lex fori, un équilibre réaliste est proposé à partir d’un rapprochement des critères de rattachement et des chefs de compétence. Le vade-mecum de ce rapprochement offre alors les clés de la complémentarité qui doit exister entre la lex fori et la loi étrangère

Regulating telecommunications is complex: international experience indicates that there is no 'successful' regulatory framework due to the balancing of industry and regulatory interests (Laffont & Tirole, 2000, p. 13). The New Zealand 'light-handed' regulatory experiment failed and the 1999 General Election presented an opportunity for change in telecommunications. The Labour-led Government in implementing a policy of 'responsible re-regulation' enacted the Telecommunications Act 2001, signalling the passage of "landmark telecommunications legislation ..." (Swain, 2001d). Within the Telecommunications Act 2001, 'cost' assumed a central regulatory role. It is this move to cost that this thesis considers in identifying, developing, and critiquing the interface of law and accounting. The thesis examines the increasing call for accounting information in law and regulation by interrogating the use, presentation, and reception of accounting to examine the interface between law and cost in the regulation of telecommunications. The Telecommunications Act 2001 incorporates total service long run incremental costing as the 'costing technique' for interconnection access and annual net costing for the Telecommunications Service Obligation. Through interrogating 'cost' as an accounting technology, in contrast to the economic and legal conception of cost as a simple, objective concept, the thesis illustrates the role of cost at methodological, technical, and political levels, and the challenges that this poses for telecommunications regulation. The thesis articulates the relevance of discourse theory to the interface of law and accounting. Consequently, the thesis investigates the formation and discursive enunciation of standpoints of political identities characterised by antagonism and uncertainty. This includes identifying attempts by interested parties, including industry actors, stakeholders, and the Government and its agents, to articulate 'new' discourses centred on nodal points around 'cost'. The rhetorical analysis examines how actors articulate the metaphorical element of 'cost' in agitating for particular costing methods to be included in the legislation. The empirical analysis examines the process of rhetorical condensation as arguments for and against the incorporation of total service long run incremental costing and net costing came to signify the complete failure of the light-handed regulation. Then, by examining the politics following the enactment of legislation, this condensation is unpacked. The analysis of the contestation over interpreting and implementing the regulation illustrates displacement of the 'common' signifier resulting in confusion and disappointment in relation to the aims of the new regulatory regime.

La notion de siège social est fondamentale en ce sens qu’elle détermine la nationalité d’une société et fonde le rattachement juridique de cette dernière. Or, il n’existe pas de définition uniforme du siège social en droit international privé des sociétés. Au contraire, en matière de rattachement des personnes morales, le droit positif et prétorien se référent tantôt à la notion souple de siège statutaire, tantôt à celle de siège réel, plus contraignante. Les contours de la définition sont donc flous. Or, aborder le siège social semble désormais une nécessité pour répondre au besoin actuel de mobilité des sociétés. L’appréhension de la matière par le droit international privé s’avérant lacunaire, une clarification de ce concept établie par l’ordre juridique matériel et prétorien communautaire a semblée légitime. Or, celui-ci semble s’orienter vers une définition souple du siège statutaire, ce qui suscite un accroissement de mobilité des sociétés mais aussi un phénomène de law shopping, dont les effets néfastes sont dénoncés. Parallèlement, le rattachement au siège réel subsiste en droit communautaire, notamment à travers le règlement régissant la Société Européenne, cette dernière retenant la définition du siège réel. Ainsi, il apparaît un paradoxe puisque pour un même concept juridique, le droit communautaire retient deux définitions diamétralement opposées, lesquelles peuvent se compléter. En effet, la tendance, au sein de l’ordre juridique communautaire, confine à une domination du siège statutaire en qualité de rattachement principal des sociétés (Partie I). Néanmoins, dans un souci de protection des tiers et créanciers, le droit communautaire des affaires associe ces deux notions, en retenant, à titre subsidiaire, le rattachement au siège réel (Partie II).

Les droits de jouissance à temps partagé ont connu un essor exponentiel au sein d'un mécanisme juridique original. Leurs caractéristiques propres se rattachent à de multiples qualifications. La mouvance de leur nature juridique conduit inévitablement à une difficulté de conception et d'appréhension du phénomène. La situation du cocontractant démontre, dans cette hyptohèse, une précarité juridique de ses garanties. La compréhension des droits de jouissance à temps partagé, par une réflexion plus avancée de ceux-ci, permettrait une cohérence entre la nature juridique intrinsèque de ces droits et la qualification effectivement retenue. La difficulté de la démarche procède de l'extranéité du système de Common Law. Après la directive 94/47/CE " concernant la protection des acquéreurs pour certains aspects des contrats portant sur l'acquisition d'un droit d'utilisation de biens immobiliers ", ayant évité de légiférer sur la nature juridique de ces droits, les Etats membres de l'Union européenne ont transposé cette norme et ont opéré des rattachements divers sans donner lieu à des prémices de consensus sur ce point. En ce sens, l'approche internationale est indispensable. L'expérience de certains Etats membres de l'Union européenne tend à légitimer le droit de propriété au sein d'un immeuble en jouissance à temps partagé. Il est également permis de s'interroger sur l'existence d'une acception différente du droit de propriété. La détermination d'une qualification juridique, en adéquation avec le mécanisme des droits de jouissance à temps partagé, permettrait, ainsi, une plus grande lisibilité du régime juridique applicable et plus largement, des règles applicables, lorsqu'un tel litige est porté devant les tribunaux. L'objet de cette étude est plus que jamais d'actualité. En effet, suite à la procédure de révision de la directive engagée par la Commission européenne depuis le mois de juillet 2006, une proposition de directive a été rendue publique au mois de juin 2007.

Les promesses d'achat ou de vente de droits sociaux à prix garanti heurtent la prohibition des clauses léonines dès lors que leur prix est indépendant des résultats sociaux. Les clauses convenues par les parties et tendant à adapter le prix des droits sociaux à la valeur de la société dont les parts sociales ou actions sont cédées exposent par ailleurs le contrat à différents risques, notamment de nullité. Il conviendrait dès lors, afin de résoudre les difficultés pratiques résultant de l'application de ces règles, d'évincer sélectivement le droit de la vente et la prohibition des clauses léonines. On pourrait considérer, lorsque le cessionnaire des droits est animé par l'affectio societatis et lorsque le cédant connaît cette intention, que le contrat est un contrat innomé. Par ailleurs, une distinction au regard de la prohibition des clauses léonines entre les cédants qui en raison de leur affectio sicietatis peuvent être considérés comme partie au contrat de société, et les autres, pourrait être adoptée

This paper is premised upon acceptance of the view that some form of harmonisation of laws in Africa is a desirable objective and that comparative legal research is a tool that might effectively be applied in order to further the objective of harmonisation. That said, the time has come for comparatists in Africa to think afresh on the issues of globalisation and the need for harmonisation of laws in Africa, with a view to promoting peace, stability and scope for increased development in the region through greater regional economic co-operation.

Milletlerarası Özel Hukukta Kambiyo Senetleri başlığını taşıyan çalışmamız, üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bu konuyu seçmemizin başlıca nedeni, kambiyo senetleri alanında yapılan (veya yapılacak olan) yeknesaklaştırma çalışmalarının milletlerarası özel hukuk alanına etkilerini ortaya çıkarmaktır.Tezimizin Birinci Bölümünde, kambiyo senetleri (ticarî senetler) başlığı altında, öncelikle kanunlar ihtilâfı hukuku açısından önem arz eden kıymetli evrak ve kambiyo senetlerinin bazı konuları üzerinde genel hatlarıyla durulmuştur. Daha sonra, yabancılık unsuru, vasıflandırma, atıf, bağlama noktaları gibi kambiyo senetlerine ilişkin olarak ortaya çıkan kanunlar ihtilâfı hukukunun genel problemleri incelenmiştir. Son olarak, kambiyo senetlerine uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin olarak Cenevre Konvansiyonları sistemi ile Anglo-sakson hukuk sistemi genel olarak incelenmiştir.Tezimizin İkinci Bölümünde, milletlerarası özel hukuk düzenlemelerinde kambiyo senetleri başlığı altında, öncelikle kambiyo senetlerine ilişkin uyuşmazlıklarda milletlerarası yetki üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu konuya ilişkin olarak, Brüksel Konvansiyonu, Brüksel I Tüzüğü ve La Haye Konvansiyon taslağı gibi milletlerarası sözleşmeler incelenmiştir. Sonra, uygulanacak hukukun tespitinde faydalanılan taahhütlerin birliği ve taahhütlerin bağımsızlığı esasları ele alınmıştır. Anglo-sakson hukuk sisteminde kambiyo senetlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler incelendikten sonra, diğer sistem içinde kalan Cenevre konvansiyonları üzerinde durulmuştur.Tezimizin Üçüncü Bölümünde, Türk milletlerarası özel hukukunda kambiyo senetleri başlığı altında, yine öncelikle milletlerarası yetki konusu ele alınmıştır. Uygulanacak hukuk kısmında vasıflandırma üzerinde durulduktan sonra, önce poliçe ve bonolara uygulanacak hukuk, daha sonra çeke uygulanacak hukuk inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. Uygulanacak hukuka ilişkin incelemelerimizde önce ehliyet, şekil gibi kambiyo senedinin geçerlik şartlarına ilişkin konuları, sonra sırasıyla kambiyo taahhüdünün hükümlerine ve kambiyo taahhüdünün icrasına uygulanacak hukuk ile ilgili konular ele alınmıştır. Our study, under the title of Commercial Papers in Private International Law comprises three chapters. The main reason in choosing this subject is that reveal effects of unification works in the commercial papers on the field of private international law.In the first chapter of the thesis, under the title of commercial papers, first some subjects of negotiable instruments law and commercial papers which critically important for conflict of laws have been mentioned. Next, general matters of conflict of laws such as foreign element, classification, renvoi and connecting factors have been examined respectively. Lastly the system of Geneva Conventions and Anglo-sakson law system have been examined generally relating to applicable law.In the second chapter of the thesis, under the title of commercial papers in arrangements of private international law, first international jurisdiction dealing with the conflicts of commercial papers have been dwelled upon. International conventions such as Brussel Convention, Council Regulation (EC) No. 44/2001 and Draft of Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters regarding this subject have been examined. Next, the principle of combination of stipulations and the principle of independency of stipulations are used in determination of law applicable have been handled. After the arrangements of Anglo-sakson law were examined, the other system, Geneva Conventions? rules have been dwelled upon.In the third chapter of the thesis, under the title of commercial papers in Turkish private international law, first international jurisdiction has been handled. First the classification, then applicable law to bills of exchange and promissory note and applicable law to cheque has been examined. In this part, terms of validity of commercial papers such as capacity, form, applicable law to obligations arising out of a commercial paper and applicable law to subjects regarding discharge of a commercial paper have been handled respectively.

Performance requirements are part of a system of policy measures implemented by states to advance their economic, social and political objectives. A universally agreed upon definition of performance requirements is not available. Rather they are defined by the applicable legal norms and their assessment is dependent upon their effect on the parties of each individual case. The scope of legal protection these regulations provide must be measured separately for each norm within the scope of the specific legal framework. This dissertation has two objectives: First, the implementation and legal effect of performance requirements in international investment and trade law are investigated. Secondly, a legal test will be developed, that allows for an assessment of performance requirements. In a first step, the legal treatment of performance requirements will be analyzed from a theoretical perspective. Subsequently, the legal practices relating performance requirements and the relevant provisions in international investment and trade law will be identified. The developed legal test does not only do justice to the economic, social and political framework within which each performance requirement must be looked at but is also adaptable in a way that it can be applied to a variety of situations and legal traditions. It satisfies both the demands of legal certainty and clarity as well as facilitating the finding of justice on an individual basis. Understanding the advantages of foreign direct investment, the analysis performed aims promote the usage of performance requirements in a way that foreign direct investment will push the global economy forward.

This thesis examines the structure of enquiry that arbitral tribunals use to distinguish between regulatory expropriation and legitimate non-compensable regulation in international investment law. The thesis proposes a new taxonomy of the possible structures of enquiry: the enquiry could look exclusively to the effects of the measure on the protected property; exclusively to the characteristics of the impugned measure; or to both the effects on the property and the characteristics of the measure. The application of this taxonomy shows that there is no agreed structure of enquiry in decisions on regulatory expropriation in international investment law. However, various threads of jurisprudence do show some degree of internal consistency. The thesis identifies six approaches in the decisions of arbitral tribunals: two that look exclusively to the effects of the measure; one that looks exclusively to the characteristics of the measure; and three that consider both the effects and the characteristics of the measure. Of the three approaches that consider both the effects and the characteristics of a measure, one is a direct adoption of US 5th Amendment jurisprudence and another is a direct adoption of ECHR Article 1 – Protocol 1 jurisprudence. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the jurisprudence of the US and ECHR in detail. These chapters show that, unlike international investment law, each of these jurisdictions has an established structure of enquiry in cases of regulatory expropriation. All six approaches to regulatory expropriation are sketched as models. These model approaches are applied to the case study of Piero Foresti. The case study demonstrates the most significant conclusion of this thesis: that different structures of enquiry, and different approaches within those structures, necessarily entail different legal outcomes on the same facts.