Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Resumo: Este artigo versa sobre a prática da mediação incidental no processo do trabalho e sua potencial contribuição para a efetiva solução de conflitos decorrentes da dispensa de trabalhadores dotados de garantia provisória do emprego. Acusa o uso desordenado da conciliação incidental, indiscriminadamente aplicada na solução de conflitos individuais situados no âmbito de relações trabalhistas, tanto circunstanciais quanto continuadas. Busca responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: a prática da mediação judicial incidental na Justiça do Trabalho pode contribuir para a efetiva solução de conflitos decorrentes da dispensa do trabalhador dotado de garantia provisória do emprego? Estabelece as bases do fenômeno da difusão dos métodos alternativos de solução de conflitos, no contexto do movimento universal de acesso à justiça. Desenvolve considerações sobre particularidades da conciliação e da mediação, destacando os aspectos principais de distinção entre elas. Finalmente, avalia a aplicação dos métodos autocompositivos, considerando as particularidades das controvérsias decorrentes da dispensa de trabalhadores dotados de garantia provisória no emprego. Conclui que, por objetivar a exploração aprofundada dos interesses em jogo, o fortalecimento do diálogo e da relação entre as partes, além do empoderamento dos envolvidos, a mediação judicial incidental seria a via mais adequada para a administração de conflitos decorrentes da dispensa de trabalhadores com garantia provisória do emprego. Além isso, evidencia uma proposição legislativa sobre o tema, já submetida à apreciação da Comissão de Juristas responsável pela elaboração do Anteprojeto de Lei de Arbitragem e Mediação, do Senado Federal.

Dans la présente étude, l’auteur expose l’évolution qu’a connue la pratique de l’arbitrage en droit espagnol depuis ses débuts. Il analyse, d’un point de vue pratique, les principales solutions dégagées par la jurisprudence espagnole, en ce qui concerne l’arbitrabilité d’un grand éventail de litiges, question qui s’est traditionnellement posée en droit espagnol. Il compare la situation avec celle d’autres systèmes juridiques européens culturellement proches.

Le juge de l’annulation de la sentence arbitrale internationale a la faculté de demander à la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (CJUE) de statuer sur une question d’interprétation du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union Européenne (TFUE) en vertu de son art. 267.

Ayant fait ressortir que les parties avaient eu la volonté de se soumettre à l’arbitrage, l’exigence de bonne foi pouvait leur être opposée et que les pouvoirs du cabinet d’avocats émirati étant apparents, la croyance de la société d’avocats londonienne mandatée à l’engagement des parties était légitime, la cour d’appel en a exactement déduit que le tribunal arbitral était compétent.

La figure de l’arbitre, comme celle du juge, paraît étrangère à la responsabilité tant domine l’image de la fonction recherchée par le justiciable : dénouer le conflit qui les oppose. Au-delà de la déception que peut susciter la décision rendue chacun admet que l’indépendance, l’impartialité et la compétence sont inhérents à cette fonction et justifient que l’arbitre bénéficie d’une immunité juridictionnelle de principe qui le met à l’abri du ressentiment d’une ou des parties.

Les litigants sollicitent les centres d’arbitrage pour diriger l’arbitrage dans toutes ses phases afin de donner une garantie supplémentaire qui assure la validité de la sentence arbitrale. Compte tenu du rôle important que les centres d’arbitrage jouent pendant l’instance arbitrale, les litigants mécontents de la sentence arbitrale ou du jugement annulant la sentence tentent d’engager la responsabilité du centre d’arbitrage dès lors qu’il a surveillé, dirigé et participé au rendu de la sentence.De plus en plus la responsabilité des centres d’arbitrage est mise en cause devant les juridictions étatiques différentes, les fonctions et les pouvoirs exercés par les centres d’arbitrage ainsi que le régime de responsabilité leur est applicable font l’objet d’une attention critique de la part de la doctrine dans plusieurs systèmes juridiques. On s’interroge sur l’origine des rapports qui lient les centres d’arbitrage aux autres acteurs de l’arbitrage, sur les obligations et les pouvoirs conférés aux centres d’arbitrage, et sur les fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage pour établir enfin un régime de responsabilité homogène et pertinent à l’égard des fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage qui a une vocation à s’appliquer dans la majorité des systèmes juridiques. Parties to arbitration seek arbitral institutions to administrate their arbitration in order to have an extra guarantee that ensures the validity of the arbitral award. Given the role that arbitral institutions play during the arbitral procedure, parties unsatisfied either by the arbitral award or the annulment of the award tend to claim the liability of arbitral institution for the awards it had supervised, administered and participated in.The more the allegations of liability raise against the arbitral institutions before courts, the more the issue of arbitral institutions’ functions, powers and liability becomes controversial in different jurisdictions. Therefore, the present study tends to clarify the origin of the relationship existing between arbitral institutions and other parties involved in the arbitration at issue, the duties and powers assigned to the arbitral institutions and the functions performed by the arbitral intuitions, which helps eventually in establishing a kind of liability that complies with the functions performed by the arbitral institutions and can be applied in many jurisdictions.

The paper deals with arbitration law in Ivory Coast and is mainly based on interviews with the most important authorities in this field. After a short introduction into the OHADA legal system the two main arbitration centres of Ivory Coast are presented. First, the paper treats the internationally known OHADA arbitration centre of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration, hereinafter known as CCJA. It explains the bodies and the organisation of the CCJA, the arbitration procedure in detail, the enforcement of the arbitral award, the interim measures and the legal remedies against decisions of the CCJA. Second, the functioning of the Court of Arbitration of Côte d'Ivoire, hereinafter known as CACI, is explained. It is the second arbitration centre of Ivory Coast and it was created by the Ivorian Chamber of Industry and Commerce and settles mainly disputes between nationals. The analysis treats the same topics as mentioned for the CCJA centre, but is restricted to point out the differences or peculiarities of the CACI procedure, in order to prevent repetitions. Third, the paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the two arbitration centres and compares them to the proceedings of the Commercial Court of Abidjan. It avoids the comparison of yet well-known arguments such as confidentiality of arbitration proceedings or the parties' free choice in regard to the place of arbitration and the language, etc. The work rather limits itself to concretely address the problems or the advantages of each dispute solution considering the latest developments in the judicial system. The purpose of the report is to give a practical introduction into the Ivorian arbitration law, in particular to foreign lawyers. It should provide them with solid theoretical knowledge of the different dispute solutions. With the help of concrete comparisons and explanations of the actual situation regarding the civil and commercial judicial system it should enable them to find the most suitable dispute solution for their clients.

En France et en Iran, le droit de l’arbitrage est le fruit d’une longue maturation historique. L’arbitrage en Iran plonge ses racines dans l’Antiquité. En raison de la culture du règlement pacifique des différends qui dominait alors, l’arbitrage s’est imposé comme le mode privilégié des règlements des différends. Dans le domaine de l’arbitrage commercial international, l’Iran s’est inspiré de la loi-type de la CNUDCI de 1997. Ce pays a également adhéré en 2001 à la Convention de New York. Le point de convergence entre les deux ordres juridiques français et iranien : ils ont cherché à instaurer des règles plus favorables pour la reconnaissance et l’exécution des sentences arbitrales, chacun ayant adopté une démarche différente. La première partie de cette étude est consacrée à la réception de la sentence arbitrale dans les deux systèmes. Seule la sentence définitive peut faire l’objet du contrôle et de l’exécution. Plus concrètement, la qualification en sentence internationale ou étrangère déterminera les règles applicables à la reconnaissance et l’exécution de celle-ci. La sentence arbitrale identifiée et reconnue est susceptible d'être contrôlée par le juge qui déterminera le sort de la sentence. La deuxième partie de notre analyse décrit ce contrôle qui peut être direct à l’occasion du recours en annulation ou indirect lors de la demande de reconnaissance et d’exécution. Ce mécanisme conduit in fine à protéger les droits de la partie gagnante et à empêcher l’abus, par la partie condamnée, des voies de recours. In France and Iran, the law of arbitration is the result of a long historical development. Arbitration in Iran finds its roots in the Antiquity. Because of a culture favoring the pacific settlement of disputes, which was prevailing at that period, arbitration imposed itself as the privileged mode in resolving disputes. In the field of international commercial arbitration, Iranian legal system has been inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law in the promulgation of its LICA in 1997. This country has also adhered to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in 2001. The converging point between the Iranian and French legal systems is the following: they have tried to establish the rules favoring the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, any of them adopting a different approach. The First Part of this study is allocated to the reception of the arbitral award in the two legal systems. Solely the final award could be subject to control and enforcement. More concretely, the qualification of the arbitral award as international or foreign award will determine the applicable rules in the matters of recognition and enforcement. The arbitral award, identified and recognized, could possibly be controlled by the judge who will determine its fate. The Second Part of our analysis describes the said control that could be direct, on the occasion of the action for setting aside the award, or indirect, when requesting the recognition and enforcement of the award. This mechanism will lead in fine to protecting the winning party’s rights and avoiding any abuse of the means of recourse by the losing party.

La intención de esta investigación, es realizar un breve análisis de las ventajas y desventajas que representa, la inclusión en los contratos comerciales, de una cláusula contractual que prevea la resolución de los posibles conflictos que pudiera suscitarse entre las partes, con la interpretación o el cumplimiento del contrato, a través de un ADR, que vincule en un solo proceso a la mediación y al arbitraje (Cláusula Med-Arb). Lo anterior, se pretende verificar a la luz de las disposiciones emitidas por los principales organismos en el comercio internacional, y su perspectiva de aplicación en el Derecho Español.

The dynamics of our globalised world open the way for international trade and transactions between different countries; this may lead to conflicts in laws where transactions and trade may be subject to different legal systems. One of the biggest issues in international commercial law is disputes over the charging of interest, for example with regard to late payment, interest-based loans, or compensation for damages. Interest disputes are considered to be a complex area of law and even more complex in the international field. At the international level, interest claims may be connected to many areas of commerce and thus governed by various laws, which are different from one country to another; moreover, each country has its own interest rate and such rates are changeable according to the nature of law and economics under some jurisdictions. Furthermore, the concept of interest itself is affected by influences such as religious beliefs and economic, political and cultural trends. Interest can be treated as a substantive or a procedural matter. The settlement of these disputes therefore faces difficulties. Arbitration, as a method for settlement of disputes, is characterised by special features that assist in resolving these issues; but it faces some obstructions, especially in international commercial arbitration. The practices of arbitral tribunals and national courts in this regard are different. The results of different interpretations, approaches, and theories with regard to arbitration, at the pre-arbitration, during arbitration and post-arbitration stages, may also differ widely due to the diversity of financial and legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law and the Islamic legal system – Sharia Law – across different countries. Each legal system has a different methodology and theories, even within an individual country under one legal system, and a state within a federal system has its own laws, which may have different interpretations in this respect. The New York Convention of 1958 on enforcing foreign arbitral awards was established in favour of arbitral awards and for the purpose of unifying international rules of arbitration. This Convention provides some procedural and substantive rules for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, but also provides some grounds for refusal. These rules have been affected by different interpretations under different jurisdictions and legal systems, which lead to different perspectives on the matter of charging interest and settlement by arbitration. The outcome of applying the NYC under these interpretations often has the opposite of its intended effect: the rejection of foreign arbitral awards. Due to such ambiguities, courts occasionally intervene in arbitration in all its stages. The interventions of national courts occur in three stages: enforcement of the arbitration agreement, enforcement of the contract under the applicable law to the agreement, and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The confusion between substantive and procedural laws also creates confusion with respect to public policy, non-arbitrability and enforceability. In addition, there may be a lack of clarity on the scope of arbitration with respect to the parties’ agreement, whether or not the parties have agreed to the interest rates and periods and whether or not they have agreed to the authority of the arbitrator. These issues affect the enforceability of an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the disputed contract, the freedom of parties, the authority of the arbitrators and the enforceability of the awarded interest. The thesis studies how arbitral awards containing interest have been interpreted across the three aforementioned legal systems under the NYC 1958 in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, England, France, and the US and the enforceability of such awards.

An emerging question in U.S. business law is how the organizational documents of a business entity set the rules for resolving internal disputes. This practice is routine in commercial contracts, which may specify where or how disputes must be resolved. Recent use of litigation provisions in corporation charters and bylaws have sparked controversy, ultimately leading to legislative action to preserve shareholder suits from contractual waiver. Yet despite accounting for the majority of business organizations and sharing features with corporations, non-corporate business entities and their internal dispute resolution process have been largely ignored. How do these non-corporate entities set ex ante rules for resolving disputes among their constituents? This paper begins to map this uncharted area with an empirical study of the practice of limited liability companies (LLCs). We find widespread use of contract to alter the default dispute resolution practices. This study helps not only to inform the evolving statutory and judicial framework for LLC regulation, but also to predict how corporations may respond in the future to recent judicial and legislative changes.

Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, l'arbitrage commercial international a connu un développement phénoménal et acquis une importance significative dans le monde des transactions commerciales internationales. Il est effectivement devenu la juridiction mondiale la plus acceptable, la plus fiable et la plus usuelle pour résoudre les différends relatifs au commerce et aux investissements internationaux. Toutefois, il a rencontré des difficultés en ce qui concerne les mesures provisoires et conservatoires ce qui explique la tendance des parties à éviter d’y avoir recours devant les arbitres, au profit des juridictions étatiques pour obtenir les mesures d’urgence dont ils avaient immédiatement besoin. L’inexistence d’un régime procédural capable de bien régir cette matière était la raison principale qui a réduit l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. Pourtant, ce fait a changé grâce aux modifications majeures qui ont été apportées à la Loi type de la CNUDCI en 2006. Cette loi a établi un régime arbitral spécifique aux mesures provisoires et conservatoires. À un stade ultérieur, les règlements modifiés récemment par les centres d’arbitrage qui agissent sur la scène internationale ont beaucoup développé ce régime en le mettant en pratique. Maintenant, en présence d’un régime arbitral particulier régissant les mesures provisoires et conservatoires, il est opportun d’en évaluer en profondeur l’efficacité par rapport à celle du régime étatique classique régissant la même matière. Voilà l’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat qui présente nombre des propositions doctrinales et normatives dans le but d’améliorer autant que possible ce régime arbitral récent.

The economic growth in Indonesia is thrive. The Economic growth can not be separate of the role of investment in Indonesia. The population in Indonesia very much and also the location of the Indonesian state strategic pretty much made Indonesia enjoyed by citizens of Indonesia itself and also foreign nationals who wish to also invest in Indonesia. In Indonesia there is a domestic investment and foreign investment. In this paper will be devoted to foreign investment. Foreign investment that currently exist in Indonesia has a sizeable amount and spread from Sabang to Merauke, and also has sometimes caused the dispute. Dispute occurs either the foreign investment by government or also foreign investment with other parties outside the government well with other foreign investment, and also in the company itself. Foreign investment dispute settlement is not only done through the court owned by the government, but there are also ways of alternative dispute resolution outside the court . One of the alternative dispute resolution outside the court is Arbitration. Arbitration carried out as part of efforts to achieve settlement of the problem in terms of investment activity . Arbitration itself is set in the legislation applicable investment in Indonesia . The parties in capital investment may create a separate section in the agreement governing the settlement of disputes in the case of investments completed by Arbitration. In the event that the parties have arranged to settle the case with Arbitration, then the court is not allowed to try again or to interfere in the decision Arbitration. Arbitration is one of the solutions if justice denial occur in the settlement of foreign direct investment issue.

Securing fast, inexpensive and enforceable redress is vital for the development of international commerce. In a changing international commercial dispute resolution landscape, the combined use of mediation and arbitration, and particularly a combination where the same neutral acts as a mediator and an arbitrator (same neutral (arb)-med-arb), has emerged as a dispute resolution approach offering these benefits. However, to date there has been little agreement on several aspects of the combined use of processes, which the literature often explains by reference to the practitioner’s legal culture. There is a heated debate in the international dispute resolution community as to whether it is appropriate for the same neutral to conduct both mediation and arbitration. When the same neutral acts as a mediator and an arbitrator, caucuses become a primary concern. This is largely due to the danger that an arbitrator will appear to be, or actually be biased, and the risk that the process may offend the principles of due process.A review of the literature shows that the combined use of mediation and arbitration raises more questions and concerns than it offers answers and solutions. This thesis proposes remedies for this situation. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. First, to investigate ways to address concerns associated with the same neutral (arb)-med-arb, which should allow parties to benefit from time and cost efficiencies of the process and the ability to obtain an internationally enforceable result. Second, to examine whether the perception and use of the same neutral (arb)-med-arb varies depending on the practitioner’s legal culture. The research involved an analysis of legal sources complemented by a two stage empirical study conducted through questionnaire and interview.The thesis identifies three major ways to address concerns associated with the same neutral (arb)-med-arb: 1) the involvement of different neutrals in combinations, 2) procedural modifications of the same neutral (arb)-med-arb, and 3) the implementation of safeguards for using the same neutral (arb)-med-arb. It demonstrates that not all of these ways will achieve the goals of fast, inexpensive and enforceable dispute resolution. The results support the conclusion that the perception and use of the same neutral (arb)-med-arb varies throughout the world depending on the practitioner’s legal culture. This and other factors ultimately affect the choice of ways to address concerns associated with the same neutral (arb)-med-arb. Further to these significant results, the thesis argues that the same neutral (arb)-med-arb is not a ‘one-size-fits-all’ process. Other combinations discussed in the thesis require more attention from practitioners and academics.This thesis makes a substantial and original contribution to the understanding of combinations in international commercial dispute resolution in four ways. First, the empirical study is the first study to investigate specifically the use of combinations in international commercial dispute resolution. Its results shed light on the use of combinations in international commercial dispute resolution, their common triggers, the way in which the processes are combined most frequently, and the most common forms of recording the outcome of combinations. Second, the thesis synthesises existing ways of addressing concerns associated with the same neutral (arb)-med-arb in international commercial dispute resolution and groups them into the three major categories mentioned above. Third, having identified that there is scope for a more widespread use of combinations in international commercial dispute resolution, the thesis provides recommendations on how to enhance the use of combinations. Finally, the thesis highlights several areas where future research is needed.

Arbitration provides speedy mode of settlement of disputes between the parties. In the course of arbitration, the arbitration tribunal has an obligation to give a fair opportunity to the parties to present their case. The fair hearing or due process of law in arbitration requires that both parties must be treated equally and given opportunity to be heard, which include a party may request the other party for production of documents, which are relevant to the case. Hence, the international arbitration rules contained the provisions to order a party, on its own or on the request of a party, to produce the documents relevant to the outcome of the case. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, any denial of this opportunity may be considered as a violation of due process of law, consequently a party may challenge the enforcement of the award.