Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Com a Crise Financeira Global (CFG), dos anos 2007 e 2008, há espaço para inflexões na política macroeconômica dos países e nota-se a emergência da utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais como meio para a limitação do risco sistêmico. Assim, forma-se um cenário onde a alta integração financeira e a atuação de bancos e outras instituições financeiras de forma transnacional se encontra com a crescente utilização de regulações financeiras em âmbitos nacionais, de forma descentralizada e não necessariamente harmonizada internacionalmente. Nesse sentido, esta tese busca investigar a ocorrência de externalidades, ou vazamentos financeiros internacionais que podem ocorrer a partir da implementação de medidas macroprudenciais em uma determinada economia. Assim, a pesquisa situa a temática no cenário do Sistema Monetário e Financeiro Internacional, identificando os movimentos que levaram à formação desse movimento regulatório. Uma análise exploratória acerca da experiência internacional com instrumentos macroprudenciais é conduzida de modo a identificar tendências temporais, continuidades, rupturas e diferenças entre grupos de países na condução da regulação financeira macroprudencial. Ademais, é realizada uma análise empírica que busca somar à literatura que investiga as externalidades internacionais associadas à implementação dessas regulações. Essa investigação é realizada utilizando técnicas de estimação de dados em painel para 40 países entre os anos de 2000 a 2018. Como principais resultados da tese destaca-se que: a) A partir da CFG há a emergência de uma agenda voltada para a estabilidade financeira que tem como pilar a utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais e, esses instrumentos são largamente utilizados pelas economias nacionais; b) As Economias Avançadas aumentaram proporcionalmente mais a utilização de instrumentos macroprudenciais e, também, diversificaram mais a sua estratégia regulatória que as Economias Emergentes ou em Desenvolvimento; c) O exercício empírico encontra evidências que sugerem a ocorrência de externalidades internacionais decorrentes da implementação de medidas macroprudenciais e que estes efeitos se mantém e até ganham significância estatística de acordo com a relevância sistêmica da economia que implementa a regulação.

Yapay zekâ teknolojileri, insan unsurunun egemen olduğu pek çok alanı etkisi altına almaya hazırlanmaktadır. Bu alanlar arasında tıp, hukuk, eğitim, mühendislik olduğu gibi ticaret de bulunmaktadır. Yapay zekâ teknolojileri, özellikle şirketler hukukunun geleneksel yapısını kökünden sarsacak yeni bir ticari düzen ve anlayış yaratma yolundadır. Karar alma süreçlerini otomatikleştiren yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin verimliliği ve hızı, şirketlerin bu sistemleri geliştirerek pazarlamalarının yanı sıra bizzat şirket bünyelerine katarak kullanma eğilimi göstermelerine de yol açmaktadır. Bu şekilde kendi kendini besleyen bu döngü, yapay zekâ alanına sermaye yapısı güçlü şirketlerin yönelmesini ve araştırma kapsamının gittikçe genişletilmesini sağlamaktadır. Şirketlerdeki bu yönelim neticesinde, hızla gelişen yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin geleneksel şirket yapılarını etkileyebilme potansiyelinin yükselmesi olgusu, şirketler hukukunun geleceği üzerine bir inceleme yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışmamızda şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanımına ve bunun hukuki sonuçlarına odaklanılmakta ve konu dört temel bölüme ayrılarak incelenmektedir. Giriş bölümünde kısaca çalışmanın konusu, önemi, amacı, kapsamı ve sistematiği açıklanmakta, yapay zekâ ve şirket yönetiminin kavramsal çerçevesine yer verilmektedir. Birinci bölümde şirketler hukuku ve yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin etkileşimi incelenmektedir. Bu bölümde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin ticaret hukuku ve şirketler hukuku ile etkileşimi incelenmekte, dijitalleşmenin şirketler hukukuna etkileri, özellikle şirket yapılarındaki ve menfaat çatışmalarındaki dönüşüm çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanılması bir süreç olarak incelenmektedir. Kullanım kararı alınmasından başlamak üzere, şirkete uygun yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin edinimi ve bu teknolojilerinin şirket yönetiminde kullanılma yöntemlerinin araştırıldığı bu bölümde, teknik, hukuki ve ticari başta olmak üzere ilgili beklenti ve belirsizlikler araştırılmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde şirket yönetiminde yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin kullanılmasının hukuki sonuçları ve hukukun bu dönüşümden nasıl etkileneceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son bölümde ise yönetimin geleceği üzerine düşüncelerin yer altığı bir karar ağacı tasarımı içeren interaktif bir bölüme yer verilmektedir. Artificial intelligence technologies are preparing to influence many human-dominated and human-related fields. These fields include medicine, law, education, engineering as well as commerce. Artificial intelligence technologies are on the way to create a new commercial order and understanding that will shake up the traditional structure of corporate law. In particular, the efficiency and speed of artificial intelligence technologies that automate decision-making processes have led companies to tend to use these systems both by developing and marketing them and by incorporating them. In this way, this self-sustaining cycle has led companies with strong capital structures to move towards the field of artificial intelligence, and the scope of research has been gradually expanded. This orientation in companies and the high potential of rapidly developing artificial intelligence technologies to affect traditional company structures have revealed the necessity of conducting an examination on the future of company law. Our study focuses on the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management and its legal consequences, and the subject is examined under four main sections. In the introduction, the subject, importance, purpose, scope and systematics of the study are briefly explained, and the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence and company management is given. In the first part, the interaction of corporate law and artificial intelligence technologies is examined. In this section, the interaction of artificial intelligence technologies with commercial law and company law is examined, the effects of digitalization on corporate law are discussed, especially within the framework of the transformation in company structures and conflicts of interest. In the second part, the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management is examined as a process. In this section, where the acquisition of artificial intelligence technologies suitable for the company and the methods of using these technologies in company management are investigated, starting from the decision to use, all technical, legal and commercial expectations and uncertainties are investigated. The third chapter focuses on the legal consequences of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in company management and how the law will be affected by this transformation. In the last part, there is an interactive section that includes a decision tree design with thoughts on the future of management.

Ticari hayatın gerekleri, ticari işletmelerin faaliyetlerini devam ettiren bir organizasyon bütünü olarak devredilebilmesi ihtiyacını doğurmaktadır. Tüzel kişilik tanınmamış ve hukuk süjesi sayılmamış olan ticari işletmeyi ilgilendiren malvarlığının, hukuki işlemlere konu olması ve özellikle devri bakımından özel bir hukuki rejim öngörülmüştür. Bunun için, Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun 11/3 fıkrasında düzenlenen şekil ve koşullara uyularak, ticari işletmenin devri gerçekleştirilebilir. 1 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu 11. maddesi ile ticari işletmenin devri sözleşmesinin ve de ticari işletmeyi bir tütün halinde konu alan diğer sözleşmelerin yazılı olarak yapılacağı belirtilerek yazılı şekil şartı ilk kez hukukumuza getirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, yeni Ticaret Kanunumuz, ticari işletmenin devri prosedürünü kolaylaştırmak adına tescilsiz kazanım öngörmekte ve de aktif unsurların devri için genel hükümlerin gerektirdiği kurucu işlemlerin yapılmasına gerek olmadan devrin gerçekleşeceğini düzenlemektedir. Bu düzenlemenin sicile güven ilkesi açısından neticeleri ve doğura bileceği hukuki sakıncalar tezimizde incelenmiştir. [...] The requirements of commercial life may create the need to transfer the commercial enterprises as a whole organization that continues its activities. A special legal regime has been foreseen for assets of business, which is not recognised as a legal entity, to be subject to transactions, particularly to assignment. For this purpose, the transfer of a commercial enterprise is to be carried out in compliance with the forms and conditions set out in article 11/3 of the Turkish Commercial Code. The written form condition for the transfer of the commercial enterprise agreements and the other agreements in relation to the commercial enterprise has firstly regulated under the Article 11 of the Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102, has entered in to ferce on July 1, 2012. In addition to this, in order to facilitate the transfer of the commercial enterprise procedure, New Commercial Code stipulates the acquisition without registration officially and transfers of the assets without performing the transaction required by the general provision. The results and legal inconveniency of the said regulation with respect to the believe in registration principle will be discussed in our thesis.

Transnational labour law scholarship has emerged over the past three decades. However, relatively limited scholarship has explored the role of actors from emerging market economies and the challenges and opportunities they have brought for achieving decent work in a globalized economy. This thesis addresses the research gap through an in-depth investigation into the role of actors from China in the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in a globalized economy. Building on a multi-level, actor-centred and processual approach, this thesis argues that China and Chinese enterprises are playing a rising role in developing and shaping the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in the global cobalt supply chain. Furthermore, the thesis suggests that actors from China have started challenging some unequal patterns of existing labour governance in the global cobalt supply chain and have demonstrated the potential to form a counterbalancing force to challenge the dominant role of actors from the global North. A multi-level governance framework has recently emerged and rapidly evolved in the global cobalt supply chain to eliminate child labour in the artisanal copper-cobalt mining sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This framework is complex, pluralistic, and decentred. A wide range of state and non-state actors are developing various governance initiatives and shaping the dynamics of multi-level governance. Actors from China are playing a rising role in the global cobalt supply chain alongside a few other actors that have also provided proposals from the global South. Over the past decade, Chinese state agencies, nationwide industry associations and mining enterprises have proactively engaged in developing and shaping the multi-level governance framework to address governance deficits on decent work in the global cobalt supply chain. State agencies have developed various regulatory documents to enhance the social dimension of the Chinese regulatory framework for outward foreign direct investment. Nationwide industry associations have further conceptualized the term “corporate social responsibility” and have taken labour rights as key to the social responsibilities of Chinese enterprises operating overseas. Specifically, a Chinese nationwide industry association for the mining industry has developed comprehensive guidelines and initiatives to clarify and operationalize the labour component of social responsibilities in Chinese outward mining investment. The changing dynamics of multi-level governance have played a crucial role in shaping the private labour governance initiatives that Chinese mining enterprises are developing in the global cobalt supply chain. The contributions of this thesis are original, significant, and timely, given the notable research gaps on China and Chinese enterprises’ engagement with the dynamics of multi-level governance of labour rights in a globalized economy and the ongoing development of a multi-level governance framework in the global cobalt supply chain

In the international arena, there is a strong rhetoric against a type of industrial policy measure called local content requirements (LCRs). They are often characterised, especially by developed countries, as protectionist measures. However, under certain circumstances, LCRs can have a central role in a country’s development process. Indeed, both developed and developing countries use them to boost their economies. Despite this developmental aspect of LCRs, WTO (World Trade Organization) rules restrict their use. The WTO Agreement, however, has a development dimension and WTO law is supposed to be read in light of the wider corpus of international law. The right to development, in turn, is a principle rooted in core human rights treaties, is consolidated in several instruments of soft law nature and could potentially play a role in the interpretation of WTO provisions. In this scenario, the thesis investigates if it is possible to further a development-oriented interpretation of WTO rules affecting LCRs so that those measures that incorporate genuine development goals are not considered a violation of WTO rules.

En 1993, quatorze États africains de tradition juridique civiliste fondent l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (« Ohada »). Elle a pour mission de moderniser et d’unifier le droit des affaires de ses États membres et ce, afin de contribuer au développement économique sur le continent africain et d’y faciliter l’activité des entreprises. Les entreprises faisant des affaires dans les États membres de l’organisation comptent dans leurs rangs des milliers des commerces de petite ou de très petite taille exploités pour nombre de ceux-ci par des femmes. Ils sont essentiels à la distribution quotidienne de biens et de services dans leurs milieux. Pourtant, celles qui les exploitent travaillent souvent dans des conditions précaires.Cette thèse examine l’interaction entre le régime de droit commercial régional que l’Ohada met en place dans ses États membres et l’activité micro-entrepreneuriale féminine au Bénin, au Cameroun et en Côte d’Ivoire. Me fondant sur l’analyse de données recueillies auprès de femmes commerçantes, de hauts-fonctionnaires de l’Ohada, de juristes et de praticiens du droit des affaires dans ces pays, je démontre que cette interaction se caractérise par des conceptions radicalement différentes du droit. À cet effet, je montre que le régime de l’Ohada instaure une version positiviste et formaliste du droit des affaires, laquelle trouve ses fondements et origines dans la pensée européenne « moderne » qui connît son essor depuis le siècle des Lumières. Le droit que développe l’organisation est instrumental. Sa mission première est le développement des affaires via l’attrait d’investissements et d’entreprises d’envergure. Pour atteindre cette mission, l’Ohada met en place un système de droit uniforme, supranational et orienté vers l’extérieur. Ceci se constate à l’analyse des méthodes de réforme qu’emploie l’organisation, des règles et mécanismes qu’elle adopte et des propos de ceux qui participent à formuler et à mettre en œuvre le droit Ohada.En marge du régime de l’Ohada se trouve le droit commercial qui régit l’activité économique des commerçantes comme celles que j’ai rencontrées. Quant à celui-ci, je montre qu’il s’est notamment forgé sur l’enclume des exclusions dont les femmes ont et continuent de faire l’objet de la part du système juridique et économique officiel. Ce droit qui régit l’activité commerciale micro-entrepreneuriale féminine se distingue par son hybridité, son caractère relationnel et son fondement sur une éthique de la bienveillance. Ces attributs et ce fondement apparaissent à l’analyse de pratiques et d’institutions juridiques typiquement employées par les femmes dans le cadre de l’exploitation de leur entreprise. L’une de ces institutions est la tontine, un mécanisme d’épargne et de crédit remplissant également des fonctions d’entraide et de sécurité sociale. Je soutiens que l’Ohada entretient l’exclusion économique, juridique et politique des femmes commerçantes et des petites et micro-entreprises qu’elles exploitent. Ceci découle de la version de la « modernité » juridique qu’elle met en oeuvre, de sa vocation à attirer en priorité des investissements et des entreprises d’envergure, et des procédés qu’elle emploie pour ce faire. Pour favoriser le développement socio-économique en Afrique et y faciliter l’exploitation des entreprises (y compris les petites entreprises), l’Ohada est appelée à pluraliser son approche au droit et à sa réforme. Elle est appelée à reformuler un droit commercial plus inclusif, bienveillant et attentif au contexte et institutions juridiques locales. Cette thèse se veut une proposition en ce sens

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The global financial crisis led to the introduction of special resolution regimes for financial institutions. The most prominent innovation of these resolution regimes is the so-called bail-in tool, which allows regulators to recapitalise financial institutions by expropriating shareholders and creditors. This thesis analyses the conditions under which a hypothetical bail-in of a financial institution would constitute a compensable breach of international investment law. It identifies the issues that are most likely to be relevant if a bail-in were to be litigated before an investment arbitration tribunal. The thesis first addresses jurisdictional issues, in particular the question of whether bail-inable instruments can even be considered an investment in procedural terms. The analysis then continues to substantive standards of protection. It deals comprehensively with the question of expropriation and related issues such as compensation, the right to regulate, and causation. It concludes with possible violations of the fair and equitable treatment standard.

Cette ébauche est une contribution au développement économique des Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier ceux membres de l’OHADA. Elle répond à une problématique qui nuit au développement économique de ces États par la voie de l’investissement : celle de la mise en place d’un système juridique africain permettant d’asseoir des règles juridiques pertinentes, fondamentales à l’encadrement du champ des investissements en Afrique. Quoiqu’il existe déjà au niveau national et communautaire africain, des législations applicables en la matière, cette étude démontre l’insuffisance de ces règles, trop promotrices des investissements, et peu protectrices de leurs enjeux, à régir comme il se doit le domaine des investissements. Cette étude est de ce fait révélatrice d’une nécessité, d’une opportunité : celle de la réforme du système juridique africain des investissements par l’instauration d’un Acte uniforme OHADA relatif aux investissements (AUI). Le dispositif normatif de cet Acte uniforme se voudra à la fois préventif et curatif des irrégularités pouvant être commises par les acteurs publics africains et leurs partenaires occidentaux dans les phases de négociation des conventions d’investissement, d’admission de l’investissement, d’exécution et d’extinction de l’activité d’investissement mais aussi protecteur des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux liés à l’exécution des projets d’investissement en Afrique. Cette réforme est également le lieu de veiller aux intérêts économiques des États africains lors des partenariats économiques conclus avec les États occidentaux et entreprises occidentales, au respect par leurs partenaires du droit interne et communautaire africain objet de la réforme mais également de protéger les investisseurs étrangers face aux actes préjudiciables émanant des acteurs publics africains. L’effectivité de telles mesures n’est possible que par l’institution d’un organe communautaire africain (la CARICI : Cour Africaine de Répression des Infractions Commises en matière d’Investissement) qui aura pour mission le suivi de l’exécution des projets d’investissements conformément aux programmes ou plans d’investissements agréés et aux dispositions juridiques qui seront établies par ledit Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements. Telles sont les suggestions émises lors de la rédaction de ce travail de recherche, qui nous l’espérons concourras à une grande avancée du droit des investissements africains et par voie de conséquence à une croissance économique fulgurante de ce continent.