Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo abordar a questão do processo de integração econômica dos Estados da África, como estratégia para o desenvolvimento do continente africano. A integração de Estados em blocos econômicos teve seu marco com a criação das Comunidades Européias nos anos 50 do século XX. Países europeus decidiram depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial agrupar-se (em processos políticos e econômicos) para evitar possíveis novas guerras e fortalecer suas economias destruídas por tais conflitos. A integração européia passou a servir de exemplo e modelo para as experiências de cooperação nos outros continentes. Na África, os Estados começaram a se aproximar depois da sua independência política no final dos anos 50 e início da década de 60, como forma de conjugar esforços para a libertação dos territórios que ainda se encontravam sob o jugo colonial, buscando também a libertação econômica dos territórios independentes. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo confere ênfase ao tema dos blocos econômicos da África Ocidental, destacando a importância da fusão entre a Comunidade Econômica dos Estados da África Ocidental (CEDEAO) e a União Econômica e Monetária da África Ocidental (UEMOA), com a finalidade do estabelecimento da Comunidade Econômica Africana.

This paper examines the circumstances in which a party to an arbitration agreement may be deemed tohave waived its right to arbitrate a dispute comprehended by the agreement, by involvement in litigation concerning this dispute. The focus is on the law in common law jurisdictions, particularly Australia and theUnited States of America. United Kingdom law will also be briefly surveyed. The paper focuses on the 2006 decision of the Australian Federal Court in Comandate Marine Corp v Pan Australia Shipping Pty Ltd, whichafforded the topic significant treatment. The theoretical bases for sustaining waiver claims are analysed, includingwaiver as a discrete doctrine, abandonment, estoppel, election, repudiation of contract and variation of contract.The policies that underlie and inform the development of principles for testing waiver submissions are noted.

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the significance of economic thinking and arguments in the treatment of licence agreements in EC competition law. A central question is to what degree the concept of competition in EC law reflects an economically realistic approach to competition. The study also investigates to what degree the economic functioning of intellectual property is considered in competition regulation and how much the economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered. The investigation mainly consists of a comparative analysis of EC competition law and American antitrust law concerning the economic arguments and their importance. The treatment of territorial restrictions, field of use restrictions, quantity clauses, tie-outs, tie-ins, grant back, no-challenge clauses and price restrictions are of special interest here. This study shows that an economically realistic view of competition has influenced current EC competition law, especially in the Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER). Exceptions from this development in the EC law are mainly due to the goal of integration of the common market. Territorial restrictions are strictly regulated in the TTBER even when the parties’ market shares are below the market thresholds defined in the regulation. The function of intellectual property rights are not much considered in EC competition law but there are general remarks about the economic functioning of patents in the Guidelines for the TTBER. However, it is difficult to find evidence for economic reasoning about patents in the formation of concrete rules. On the contrary, patents are weakened by the widened concept of exhaustion presented in the Guidelines. The economic functioning of the licence agreement is considered in the rules of TTBER and the economic arguments for clauses which create incentives for making investments or give the possibility of control are acknowledged. However, the free riding argument has a weak position when applied to territorial restrictions, which are more formalistically regulated. The EC competition law has become more similar to American antitrust law. The decisive difference consists in the judicial treatment of territorial restrictions, where the goal of integration is still of central importance in EC law.

En el año 2004 este tema, si bien aún no era muy conocido en el Perú, había sido desarrollado por algunos abogados y profesores peruanos, e incluso a la fecha encontramos artículos importantes en revistas jurídicas acerca del levantamiento del velo societario y libros sobre el uso fraudulento de la persona jurídica. Por lo tanto, no puedo decir que el presente trabajo sea original en su totalidad, pero sí me permito afirmar que lo es en cuanto a la forma de abordarlo, su desarrollo y posición final asumida. El trabajo se ha desarrollado en once capítulos, debiendo desde ya precisarse que si bien hay una alusión general a las personas jurídicas, el tema central es la sociedad anónima ordinaria o clásica como se le denomina (ya que no han sido consideradas en el estudio las particularidades de sus dos modalidades: sociedad anónima cerrada y sociedad anónima abierta), la que además es reconocida como una conquista económica, jurídica y social, habiendo una notoria y gran diferencia con las “otras formas societarias” que también están reguladas en la Ley General de Sociedades, pero que sin embargo no cumplen un papel importante en la economía del país.

Publication Title: La responsabilité civile à l’épreuve des pollutions majeures résultant du transport maritime : Tome I et II Series Title: Droit maritime et des transports

In this paper we analyse the determinants of disclosure level in the accounting for financial instruments of Portuguese listed companies. Considering the mandatory adoption of International Accounting Standards after 2005, our ultimate objective is to analyse the characteristics of companies that are closest to the disclosure requirements of IAS 32 and IAS 39. We have constructed an index of disclosure comprising 54 items based on IAS 32 and 39 disclosure requirements and computed the index score for each Portuguese listed company based on the analysis of the companies’ annual reports. We tested the relation between the index score and several firm-specific characteristics: size, industry, auditor type, listing status, multinationality degree, relationship shareholders/creditors and importance of shareholders. We conclude that larger companies and companies listed in more than one exchange market show higher levels of disclosure, meaning that they are closer to IAS 32 and 39 requirements. We argue that the agency theory, the signalling theory and the political costs theory do not fully explain Portuguese reality, where there is a large degree of family ownership and bank-oriented financing policies. We therefore advocate that the introducing variables related to specific characteristics of Portuguese companies and managers, in the context of other theoretical frameworks, notably the contingency theory, brings important insights to this type of analysis.

La loi Spinetta du 4 janvier 1978, est la loi fondamentale en matière de construction immobilière. Elle régit à la fois la responsabilité des constructeurs ainsi que les assurances obligatoires (responsabilité et assurance dommages ouvrage). En raison de ses lacunes et ses imperfections, elle offre au juge judiciaire une marge d’interprétation prépondérante, le conduisant ainsi à faire une oeuvre jurisprudentielle très créatrice, dérogeant parfois au Code civil et au Code des assurances. Dans le souci de parvenir à la protection efficace des maîtres d’ouvrage, commandée par la philosophie de cette loi, le juge s’appuie sur les capacités financières des assureurs pour atteindre cet objectif, au point, finalement, d’élargir l’objet de la responsabilité des constructeurs et de l’assurance construction. Cette action dynamique du juge a ainsi pour résultat de perturber l’équilibre du système d’assurance construction, notamment en ce qui concerne le mécanisme de préfinancement des dommages et le mécanisme de la subrogation. L’assureur dommages ouvrage ne parvient pas toujours à récupérer les fonds qu’il a avancés. En dépit de ces dysfonctionnements, ce système d’assurance reste selon les professionnels de la construction globalement satisfaisant et de loin le plus protecteur au niveau européen. Reste à savoir si ce système pourra servir de modèle, s’il est un jour question d’harmonisation

La escisión es una herramienta de mucha utilidad e importancia para la reorganización de empresas, con el fin de alcanzar objetivos económicos y societarios de gran trascendencia para las personas jurídicas y naturales involucradas; permitiéndole al empresario, disponer de mecanismos para la reinserción en el mercado local y exterior de condiciones competitivas de precio, calidad, cantidad y oportunidad; logrando así una mejor utilización de su patrimonio en la creación de riqueza. Cabe señalar que al legislador le interesa que las empresas produzcan más y mejor, razón por la cual en todos los países el ordenamiento jurídico no sólo evita poner trabas a la reorganización empresarial, sino que provee de los medios necesarios para estimularla y facilitar su ejecución. Al Derecho le cabe desempeñar un rol fundamental, el de ordenar, guiar a las demás disciplinas aplicables y organizar las relaciones jurídicas que emanan de los diferentes procedimientos de reorganización, otorgando la debida seguridad jurídica para preservar los derechos de todas las personas intervinientes. Vemos pues como el Derecho no es ajeno a esta exigencia de adaptación de la estructura de la empresa. El ordenamiento jurídico y la doctrina han ido definiendo el marco normativo que sirva de sustento a los procesos generados en la práctica empresarial procurando fundamentalmente una simplificación de su formulación jurídica. A esta finalidad responde nuestro Derecho Comercial a través de mecanismos como la transformación, fusión, escisión, reorganización simple y figuras combinadas y múltiples, que inciden tanto en su estructura económica como en la jurídica.

No abstract available

At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy. Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS.

Codes, laws and guidelines governing international commercial arbitration developed by such organizations as the International Court of Arbitration, the International Bar Association and the International Chamber of Commerce have been drafted against the background of Common Law and Civil Law values. In balancing these two great legal traditions, it was assumed that together they represent a composite legal tradition governing international commercial arbitration. The result of that assumption was decades of fine work enshrining international arbitration doctrines, principles, and rules of law and procedures that blend these two important legal traditions. More recent concerns have begun to raise such questions as: How pervasive are the Common and Civil Law traditions? Part I of this article asks: What is a legal tradition and how should it be distinguished from a legal culture in relation to international commercial arbitration? Part II reflects on the influence of legal culture on international commercial arbitration. Parts III, IV and V investigate the Common and Civil legal traditions in relation to national, regional and international commercial arbitration. Part VI evaluates the public traditions that surround international commercial arbitration. Part VII considers whether change in the traditions of international commercial arbitration represent culture change or culture shock. Part VIII emphasizes the value of building an inclusive international arbitration tradition. Part IX suggests ways in which international commercial arbitration can accommodate diffuse and changing local, regional and global influences upon it. Codes, laws and guidelines governing international commercial arbitration developed by such organizations as the International Court of Arbitration (ICA), the International Bar Association (IBA) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) have been drafted against the background of Common Law and Civil Law values. In balancing these two great legal traditions, it was assumed that together they represent a composite legal tradition governing international commercial arbitration. The result of that assumption was decades of fine work enshrining international arbitration doctrines, principles, and rules of law and procedures that blend these two important legal traditions. From the doctrine of freedom of contract to specific rules of evidence and procedures that govern arbitral hearings, the international arbitration community has sought to maintain the respected legal traditions that lawyer-arbitrators and counsel find familiar and comfortable. More recent concerns, partly expressed by William K. Slate II, President of the American Arbitration Association, have begun to raise such questions as: How pervasive are the Common and Civil Law traditions? Are they sufficiently uniform in nature and operation to justify their dominant status in formulating codes, laws and rules governing international commercial arbitration? And has international commercial arbitration become unduly reliant upon both the Common and Civil Law traditions at the expense of other legal traditions that operate against the background of different and changing legal cultures? Part I of this article asks: What is a legal tradition and how should it be distinguished from a legal culture in relation to international commercial arbitration? Part II reflects on the influence of legal culture on international commercial arbitration. Parts III, IV and V investigate the Common and Civil legal traditions in relation to national, regional and international commercial arbitration. Part VI evaluates the public traditions that surround international commercial arbitration. Part VII considers whether change in the traditions of international commercial arbitration represent culture change or culture shock. Part VIII emphasizes the value of building an inclusive international arbitration tradition. Part IX suggests ways in which international commercial arbitration can accommodate diffuse and changing local, regional and global influences upon it.