Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La contrainte économique fait l’objet en Droit d’une forte contradiction. Elle est très présente dans les relations contractuelles et à l’aune des relations contractuelles. Toutefois, la notion de contrainte économique n’a jamais été définie et il n’existe pas de régime propre à cette notion. De même, elle est traitée indirectement par de nombreux régimes mais ces régimes sont en pratique peu sollicités et lorsqu’ils sont appliqués, ils sont très décevants. Aussi, la contrainte économique est une problématique récurrente en Droit mais elle reste encore aujourd’hui une énigme pour la communauté juridique. Malgré l’inflation législative, son traitement reste un échec. La présente étude a pour objectif de comprendre et d’exposer les raisons de cet échec afin d’y apporter les aménagements nécessaires pour un traitement cohérent et efficace des situations de contrainte économique. L’analyse transversale des différents régimes connaissant indirectement de ces situations met en exergue les particularités et les incohérences du traitement et notamment l’impact négatif du particularisme des droits spéciaux sur le traitement de la contrainte économique. Les enseignements tirés de cette analyse dictent la nécessité d'un régime commun à la notion de contrainte économique et imposent de plaider pour une généralisation du traitement de ces situations. Economic duress is subject to strong contradictions in Law. The concept is prevalent in contractual relations and in pre-contractual relations. However, the concept of economic duress has never been defined and there is no specific regime for this term. Similarly, the concept is addressed indirectly by many regimes, but these regimes are in practice rarely used and when applied, they can be quite disappointing. As a result, economic duress is a recurring issue in law and remains to this day, a puzzler for the legal community. Despite the legislative inflation, the methods to address economic duress remains a failure. The aim of this study is to understand and explain the reasons for this failure in order to make the necessary adjustments for a consistent and effective tackling of economic duress cases. The cross-cutting analysis of the various regimes indirectly affected by these cases, highlights the peculiarities and the lack of consistency of the current approach and in particular the negative impact of the distinctive identity of special rights with regards to addressing economic duress.The lessons learned from this analysis indicate a need for a shared framework for economic duress and call for a broadening of the response to these cases.

Regional integration is a complex process of supranational relations in order to respond to the challenges of the national, regional and international conjuncture. It is understood that in order to respond to the challenges of regionalization in this case, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) must gradually move to multilevel governance, which therefore plays a crucial role in the development of regional integration policies. Based on the neofunctionalist theory, this paper has as main objective to understand the influence of multilevel governance in the development of regional integration policy in ECOWAS. This article is based on a qualitative analysis, using data collected through documents from secondary sources. This is a comprehensive analysis of multilevel governance and the challenges of regional integration policy in ECOWAS. The results, after a systematic analysis of the available data, show that multilevel governance in ECOWAS began with the structural and regulatory reforms of the Revised Treaty of 1993 and a number of other mechanisms which allowed the sharing of the objectives of the Community with the other institutions, in addition to the Conference of Heads of State and Government and non-state actors.

C’est avec une ambition modeste que la délégation de pouvoirs est admise dans les sociétés commerciales de droit OHADA. La société anonyme en est la structure d’accueil. Les u travailorganes sociaux en sont les acteurs. Elle est mise en œuvre pour faire face une urgence due à l’empêchement du président ou pour asseoir la rapidité d’une action relative à une opération financière. Or, étant aujourd’hui reconnue comme technique de bonne gouvernance, la délégation de pouvoirs pour remplir une telle fonction en droit OHADA, est à généraliser. Tout dirigeant social doit avoir la liberté d’y recourir et les salariés, plus proches des réalités du terrain, doivent y être associés. Une telle appréhension de la délégation de pouvoirs appelle la conception d’un régime juridique précis qui garantit son jeu loyal. It is with the modest ambition that the delegation of power is admitted in the trading companies of OHADA law. The limited company is the reception center and social organs are the actors. It is implemented to face an urgency due to the hindrance of the president or to establish the speed of a financial transaction. Yet, being now acknowledged as a good governance practice, the delegation of power should be generalized to satisfy such a function in OHADA law. Every social leader has to have the freedom to use it and employees, closer to realities of the ground, must be associated there. Such an apprehension of the delegation of power calls the conception of a precise legal regime which guarantees its loyal play.

Le concept de responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE) a une histoire longue et variée associée à l'évolution du concept et à la définition de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises (RSE). Par ailleurs, bien qu'il soit possible de voir les empreintes de la RSE dans le monde, les écrits formels ont été les plus évidents aux États-Unis, où un nombre considérable de publications s'est accumulé. Ce mouvement de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises a connu naissance dès les années 1950 aux Etats-Unis avant qu’il ne soit apparu en Europe lors des années 1990. En effet à partir de l’apparition de de l’ouvrage « Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (SRB) » de Howard R. Bowen qui est identifié comme le père fondateur de la notion de Responsabilité Sociale de l’entreprise, différentes définitions ont été rédigées par rapport à ce concept, et à ce jour aucune définition ne semble avoir le consentement dans le monde entier pour aboutir à une pensée universelle. Notre objectif à travers ce document est de mettre en évidence l'évolution conceptuel de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises et nous présentons également les différentes définitions les plus largement utilisées qui sont de caractère exhaustif. The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a long and varied history associated with the evolution of the concept and the definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). on the other hand, although it is possible to see CSR fingerprints around the world, formal writings have been most evident in the united states, where a considerable number of publications have accumulated. this movement of corporate social responsibility began in the 1950s in the United States before it appeared in Europe in the 1990s. indeed, from the appearance of the book «Social Responsibilities of the Businessman (SRB) » of Howard R. Bowen who is identified as the founding father of the concept of corporate social responsibility, different definitions have been written in relation to this concept, and to this day no definition seems to have the consent around the world to achieve universal thinking. our objective through this document is to highlight the conceptual evolution of corporate social responsibility and we also present the various most widely used definitions that are exhaustive in nature.

The energy industry is a key source of growth stimulation for developing states. This is true not only in terms of economic growth, but also in terms of the transfer of knowledge and skills as well as the provision of employment opportunities. Understandably, developing states are well-disposed towards international investors, and are eager to enter into petroleum investment contracts with the expectation that this will bring the aforementioned benefits to their countries particularly where the host state is less able to act as a provider of such resources autonomously. On a global scale, regardless of their type, all investments face risks. These risks are volatile in nature and reach as the world economy globalises. It is, of course, true that political risk phenomena per se are potentially destructive to all industries. However, it is fair to say that due to its high stakes, the energy industry is more acutely exposed and subject to political risk than most sectors. The purpose of this article is to examine political risk, particularly direct expropriation risk, in long-term energy investment projects. This paper will refer to arbitral decisions with regard to expropriation cases, as well as the valuation techniques applied by the investment arbitration tribunals in unlawful expropriation cases.

O Brasil nem sempre permaneceu alheio ao debate sobre insolvência transnacional, porém desde 1973 carece de normativa específica. A lacuna da lei, no entanto, não impede que os casos cheguem ao Poder Judiciário. Nos últimos anos, o número de processos desta natureza aumentou de forma considerável e apesar de terem atingido certo consenso quanto à solução encontrada pelos tribunais, a fundamentação das decisões expõe a fragilidade do sistema e a necessidade de reforma legislativa. A prevalência da UNCITRAL entre as demais organizações internacionais e o limitado escopo e estrutura da Lei Modelo sobre Insolvência Transnacional, permitiram que este instrumento de Soft Law fosse aceito como o padrão normativo mais adequado e internacionalmente reconhecido. A Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL contribui para segurança jurídica e previsibilidade no comércio internacional, por meio da harmonização do procedimento de insolvência transnacional em países oriundos de diferentes tradições jurídicas - Civil Law e Common Law - e que estão em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. A harmonização se restringe a regras comuns para o reconhecimento de um processo estrangeiro, medidas de assistência e cooperação entre tribunais, sem, contudo, avançar em questões de direito material que, como sabido, são sensíveis e refletem políticas internas de cada Estado. Assim, uma das principais vantagens da Lei Modelo é promover a cooperação direta entre tribunais e com os representantes da insolvência, a fim de eliminar a dependência dos países no princípio de cortesia internacional ou concessão de exequatur aos procedimentos de homologação de sentença estrangeira ou carta rogatória. Apesar dos benefícios proporcionados pela Lei Modelo, muitos países resistem a sua adoção e, entre aqueles que a incorporaram, há diversidade na sua interpretação e aplicação, o que pode colocar em risco o objetivo de harmonização. A fratura entre o texto da lei e sua prática foi objeto da investigação. Inobstante, o Brasil poderia se beneficiar da adoção da Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL, tanto para ampliar os meios de cooperação jurídica internacional, como para promover uma solução estável aos processos transnacionais. Contudo, é preciso entender o alcance deste instrumento e, via de consequência, suas limitações enquanto norma regente, uma vez que as contribuições esperadas da Lei Modelo estão proporcionalmente vinculadas aos seus restritos escopos. A tese questiona, por fim, se existe um sistema internacional de insolvência transnacional fundado no universalismo modificado ou qual o papel que pode ser atribuído a este na solução dos processos judiciais. Brazil has not always been disconnected from the debate on transnational insolvency, but since 1973 it lacks specific regulations. The gap in legislation, however, does not prevent cases from reaching the courts. In recent years, the number of cases of this nature has increased considerably and although some consensus has been reached on the solution found by the courts, the reasoning of the rulings exposes the fragility of the system and the need for legislative reform. The predominance of UNCITRAL in relation to other international organizations and the limited scope and structure of the Model Law on Transnational Insolvency allowed this Soft Law instrument to be accepted as the most appropriate and as an internationally recognized standard of cross-border regulation. The UNCITRAL Model Law contributes to legal certainty and predictability in the international trade by harmonizing the transnational insolvency proceedings in countries from different legal systems - Civil Law and Common Law - that are at different stages of development. Legal harmonization is restricted to common rules for the recognition of a foreign proceeding, assistance and cooperation between courts, without, however, advancing in matters of substantive law which, as it is well known, are sensitive and reflect public policies of each State. Thus, one of the main advantages of the Model Law is to promote direct cooperation between courts and insolvency representatives in order to eliminate the countries' reliance on international courtesy or the granting of exequatur to the procedures for ratification of a foreign judgment or letters rogatory. Despite the benefits provided by the Model Law, many countries resist their adoption, and among those who incorporate it, there is diversity in their interpretation and application, which may jeopardize the goal of harmonization. The fracture between the law on the books and its practice was the object of this investigation. In spite of this, Brazil could benefit from the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law, both to expand the means of international judicial cooperation and to promote a stable solution to transnational processes. However, it is necessary to understand the scope of this instrument and, consequently, its limitations as a governing norm, since the expected contributions of the Model Law are proportionally linked to its restricted scopes. The thesis finally poses the question of whether there is an international system of transnational insolvency based on the modified universalism or the role that can be attributed to it in the resolution of legal proceedings.

O atual direito brasileiro admite a intervenção estatal em relações contratuais nas hipóteses previstas em lei ou por vontade das partes. Uma das possíveis vias para essa intervenção é a judicial, por meio da qual o juiz pode revisar contratos, ou seja, garantir sua conservação mediante a modificação de elementos do conteúdo pactuado pelas partes contratantes (revisão em sentido lato) - seja pela alteração superveniente de circunstâncias, por nulidade parcial ou por anulabilidade parcial. Apesar de comum na prática forense, identificou-se não haver uma clara definição de modelo uniforme de critérios limitadores do cabimento, extensão e profundidade dos poderes do juiz em demandas revisionais de contratos. Partindo-se de uma seleção mais ampla dos poderes (-deveres) judiciais em poderes de decisão, de direção e de instrução processual, propõe-se que, em demandas revisionais de contratos, tais poderes - nos de direção, em parte - sejam exercidos conforme a limitação imposta, cumulativamente, pelos parâmetros (1) da natureza da relação contratual e do tipo contratual, bem como das disposições legais a eles aplicáveis, (2) da vulnerabilidade das partes impactadas pelos efeitos do contrato, (3) da lógica econômica do contrato à luz do mercado em que se insere a contratação e (4) do impacto da contratação ao interesse público. Em resumo, quanto maior for o interesse estatal em tutelar determinado modelo de relação contratual (seja por sua importância jurídica, social, econômica ou política), menor deve ser a limitação dos poderes do juiz em demandas revisionais de contratos. Tais parâmetros estão intimamente atrelados aos escopos da jurisdição e do próprio processo enquanto viabilizador do direito material e se mostram em conformidade com o contemporâneo papel do 'juiz cooperativo' em nossa sociedade. The current Brazilian law admits State intervention in contractual relationships in the hypotheses provided for by law or by the will of the parties. One of the possible ways for such intervention is the judicial pathway, whereby the judge may adjust agreements, i.e., ensure their preservation by means of modification of elements of the agreed content agreed between the contracting parties (review lato sensu) - whether by the supervening change of circumstances, partial nullity, or partial voidability. Despite its common use in court practice, it was identified that there is no clear definition of uniform model of criteria that limit the admissibility, extension and depth of the powers of the judge in claims for review of agreements. Based on a broader selection of the judicial powers (-duties) in powers of decision, of guidance and of evidentiary stage, it is proposed that, in claims for review of agreements, said powers - partially, in guidance - be exercised in accordance with the limitation cumulatively imposed by the parameters (1) of the nature of the contractual relationship and the type of agreement, and the legal provisions applicable to them, (2) of the vulnerability of the parties affected by the effects of the agreement, (3) of the economic logic of the agreement in the light of the market in which the contracting is inserted, and (4) of the impact of such contracting on the public interest. In summary, the greater the State interest to protect a given model of contractual relationship (due to its legal, social, economic or political relevance), the smaller the limitation of the powers of the judge in claims for review of agreements should be. Said parameters are closely attached to the scopes of the jurisdiction and of the due process itself as enabling the substantive law, and are shown to be in compliance with the contemporary role of the 'cooperative judge' in our society.

The financial development of many Sub-Saharan African countries over the years has not been able to match up with other regions like the Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and Pacific, and Europe and central Asia (IMF, 2016). Trade openness has been argued in several empirical literature as a factor that could spur up the level of financial development, although the high levels of trade openness in Sub-Saharan Africa is not contributing much to the desired levels of financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is an indication in literature that trade openness will be more relevant to financial development of economies that have a strong institutional quality. Thus, by using system General Method of Moment estimation technique, this study examined how institutional quality moderates the relationship between trade openness and financial development of Sub-Saharan African economies. The study found that institutional quality enhances the effect of trade openness on financial development of Sub-Saharan African economies. It is therefore recommended that, Sub-Saharan African economies should put in measures to strength their institutional quality so that the high levels of trade openness will better enhance financial development. Specifically, trade openness can better enhance financial development by improving government effectiveness, reducing corruption, enhancing regulatory quality, abiding by the rule of law, and allowing voice and accountability. As an extra benefit, the improvements in institutional quality on their own too will yield positive impact on financial development.

This study evaluated the extent to which value relevance of financial information in Nigerian manufacturing firms has improved after the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Specifically, the study intended to: Ascertain the extent the adoption of IFRS has significantly improved the book value per share of manufacturing companies in Nigeria; Determine the extent the adoption of IFRS has significantly improved the Earnings Per Share of manufacturing companies in Nigeria and Examine the extent the adoption of IFRS has significantly improved the cash flow of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 54 manufacturing companies was randomly selected from manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the periods of 2008-2015. Data for the study were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled companies. Specifically, a modified price model for detecting value relevance of accounting data for two different periods was employed. Regression Analysis and Chow test statistical tools were used to analyze and validate the data with aid of SPSS version 20.0. The study found that the adoption of IFRS has improved the book value per share, market share price, Earnings Per Share and cash flow of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The implication of findings is that the value relevance of accounting information of manufacturing companies is more sensitive during Post-IFRS era than the Pre-IFRS era. The findings also imply that the book value per share, market price, earnings and cash flow have become informative to equity investors in determining the value of firms following IFRS adoption. The study recommends among other things that the accounting information for book value per share should be communicated to the investing public; and such information should be of high quality to avoid negative consequences on the part of investors.

A contract involves s a promise between two persons for the exchange of either good or services. A contract signifies the free consent of the parties to the contract to be bound by law. For a contract to be valid, it must have these basic elements: mutual assent, consideration, capacity, and legality. Mutual assent is characterized by offer and acceptance through mutual accent; "consideration," on the other hand denotes any form of compensation with something of value for the goods or services traded. A contract between persons, either natural persons or legal persons, who have no capacity to contract can either be voidable or void depending on the case. Legality gives the condition that should be satisfied for a contract to be excised by the law. Illegal contracts are for example those involving illegal activities. For example one can't bring a plea of damages to a court of law for breach of a contract entered into to kill another person.The possible remedies for breach of contract are; general damages, consequential damages, reliance damages, and specific performance. This paper will examine the capacity to contract as pertains to contracts entered by minors minor's.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise do direito internacional privado enquanto disciplina metodológica que regula conflitos pluriconectados, isto é, conflitos ligados a mais de uma jurisdição, à luz do processo de internacionalização do direito, ocorrido, sobretudo, na segunda metade do século XX. Por internacionalização do direito compreende-se o fenômeno descrito por Mireille Delmas-Marty2 e identificado por André Jean Arnaud3 como o direito nascido não apenas da globalização econômica, mas também aquele evocado por conta da universalização dos direitos do homem e da consagração de sua autonomia da vontade. No primeiro capítulo, são destacadas as bases do direito internacional privado, como sua definição como matéria, seu objeto de estudo, as fontes de onde emerge e principalmente seu método conflitual clássico, baseado em normas de conflitos (regras de conexão) promovidas por elementos de conexão entre os ordenamentos em contato. No segundo capítulo, analisa-se especificamente o fenômeno da internacionalização do direito e como esse processo levantou a hipótese de uma possível insuficiência do método conflitual clássico de Direito Internacional Privado. Para isso, são analisados alguns fenômenos privados de construção normativa, que evidenciaram um pluralismo jurídico de fontes e um recuo do Estado por meio da normalização e de uma intensa mimetização do setor privado com o poder público na produção do Direito. Segundo o conceito de direito transnacional proposto por Jessup, nesse capítulo pretende-se demonstrar que essas novas fontes normativas são criadas por processos de interação entre agentes e relações transnacionais, e revelam um modo diferente de internacionalização do direito com impacto sobre o direito internacional privado. Como exemplo desse novo plexo normativo, são analisados os aportes teóricos da nova Lex Mercatoria, da Lex Sportiva e da Lex Eletronica, como autênticas fontes transnacionais - ou soft norms - que concorrem com o método de direito internacional privado na solução de conflitos pluriconectados. No terceiro e último capítulo, é proposta uma análise e levantadas algumas hipóteses do por que esse pluralismo jurídico, emergido da internacionalização do direito, vir ganhando proeminência, de onde emerge sua legitimidade e por que ele estaria concorrendo com o método clássico de conflitos de normas quando da ocorrência de conflitos multilocalizados. Finalmente, o trabalho trata de algumas possibilidades de conjugar e harmonizar o aporte teórico desse novo plexo normativo transnacional com o método conflitual clássico por meio do diálogo das fontes e de um pluralismo ordenado.

Le contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel constitue l’un des marqueurs du droit des contrats contemporain. Plusieurs fondements président à l’instauration d’un tel contrôle. Certains auteurs évoquent la morale, d’autres la justice contractuelle et d’autres enfin son utilité économique. Appliqués aux déséquilibres entre professionnels, les outils mis en œuvre pour assurer ce contrôle trahissent l’existence d’un contrôle objectif de l’équilibre attendu du contrat. L’équilibre subjectif voulu par les parties n’est pas écarté, mais il se trouve concurrencé par la détermination d’une forme d’équilibre objectif motivé tant par la volonté de protéger la partie faible que par celle de promouvoir une certaine vision de l’économie, et des échanges commerciaux. Le droit des pratiques restrictives se présente à cet égard comme une discipline intégratrice permettant d’allier protection de la partie faible et protection du marché. L’influence que cette discipline exerce sur le droit commun des contrats, et la « civilisation », à l’inverse, du droit de la concurrence sous l’influence du droit commun, permettent d’éclairer les rouages de ce contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel. Cette étude propose de décrire l’objectivation des critères d’identification du déséquilibre contractuel et celle des remèdes qui lui sont réservés. Pour ce faire, le droit commun des contrats et celui des pratiques restrictives de concurrence seront mis en miroir afin d’éclairer les implications de ce contrôle sur l’une et l’autre des matières. Plus exactement, cette thèse propose de déjouer les phénomènes de superposition et de concurrence des dispositifs de contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel existant dans ces deux disciplines par une identification précise de leurs champs d’applications et de leurs objectifs respectifs. Elle tend enfin à décrire les fonctions de ce contrôle objectif tant à l’égard des parties qu’à celui du marché, en insistant sur la nécessité d’envisager conjointement les dimensions micro et macro-économiques des contrats étudiés.

This article analyses the regulation of cross-border insolvency under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act 42 of 20001 in order to examine the adequacy of such regulation as regards to the enforcement of insolvency proceedings in South Africa and other relevant jurisdictions. To this end, the paper provides an overview analysis of the regulation and/or enforcement of insolvency proceedings under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act. Moreover, where possible, the paper also provides a comparative analysis of selected aspects of the regulation and/or enforcement of insolvency proceedings under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act and those that are provided under the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 and other related international instruments. This is done to expose the challenges and future prospects of the regulatory and enforcement framework under the Cross-Border Insolvency Act in South Africa.