Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of  theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments. L’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.

L’objectif de cet article consiste à identifier les pratiques de management stratégiques basées sur la stratégie de coopétition entre agriculteurs qui cohabitent dans les sociétés coopératives agricole (SCA) togolaises. Peu de recherches s'intéressent en effet, aux facteurs qui poussent les entreprises relevant de l’économie sociale et solidaire à recourir aux pratiques de coopétition. En outre, les travaux s'avèrent rares quant aux formes de coopétition adoptées par ce type d'organisations notamment agricoles dans les pays du sud. Il s’agit donc d’apporter un éclairage sur les pratiques de coopétition adoptées dans le contexte spécifique du Togo. La méthode de recherche qualitative a été adoptée. Cette approche a permis de rencontrer trente-deux agriculteurs. Les entretiens se sont déroulés auprès de treize SCA situées en région maritime. L’analyse thématique des discours met en exergue trois thèmes à partir des interventions recueillies. Les résultats montrent que la pratique de coopétition dans les SCA se traduit par une approche concurrentielle de différenciation et une approche de coopération fondée sur l’apprentissage organisationnel.

El comercio electrónico es una nueva forma de comercio en auge, constituida por transacciones comerciales que se llevan a cabo por medio de Internet. En este sentido, el contrato electrónico es un acuerdo de voluntad que se establece mediante el uso de herramientas electrónicas en donde las partes se comprometen a cumplir lo que se establezca, conservando las características básicas del contrato tradicional y su contenido surte efecto legal. Ahora bien, el conjunto de leyes regulatorias es fundamental  para garantizar la transparencia y la seguridad en las transacciones electrónicas, lo cual genera confianza entre las partes involucradas en las actividades de comercio electrónico. En consecuencia, y dada la importancia de la legislación en esta materia, el propósito de la presente investigación es plasmar las generalidades del sistema contractual del comercio electrónico en el Ecuador, específicamente su marco legal. El enfoque metodológico de la investigación es una revisión bibliográfico – documental. Las bases legales internacionales para el desarrollo de la normativa contractual en materia de comercio electrónico en Ecuador, tiene base en la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional (CNUDMI) y el conjunto de textos legislativos emanados de este ente. Especialmente la Ley Modelo, la cual tiene el propósito de colaborar con los Estados en la reforma y modernización de sus leyes acerca del procedimiento arbitral. Igualmente, estas normas especiales se complementan con normas comunes a los contratos con fundamentos tradicionales en la incursión de esta nueva forma de expresar la voluntad de las partes, tales como la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, el Código Civil, el Código de Comercio, el Código Orgánico General de Procesos (COGEP), la Ley Orgánica de Defensa del Consumidor y, más recientemente, la Ley Orgánica para la Transformación Digital y Audiovisual.

يتميز مجال العقود والالتزامات بأهم عنصر من وهو التقابل والتماثل في الحقوق والواجبات التي ترد على كل طرف، غير أنه من بين الحقوق التي يتمتع بها الطرف المتعاقد في حال تقاعس الطرف المتعاقد معه عن التنفيذ أو الامتناع عن ذلك، هو ممارسة الحق في الحبس سواءً كان الحابس بائعاً أو مشتري. يرد الحق في الحبس على كافة الأشياء التي تكون قابلة للحجز والتنفيذ، ولعل عدم قابليته للتجزئة يعد من أهم الخصائص التي تجعل منه ضمانة حقيقية للوفاء بالديون أو لأداء الالتزامات المتفق عليها بموجب العقد. يندرج الحق في الحبس ضمن الوسائل الدفاعية للدائن يلجأ إليها تجاه المدين، وفق ما نص عليها القانون من جهة، وما تم الاتفاق عليه في العقد من جهة أخرى، حيث يتطلب هذا الحق في وجوده توفر مجموعة من الشروط، ويترتب عن إعماله العديد من الآثار القانونية السارية على أطراف العلاقة التعاقدية، وينقضي بوسائل شتى تندرج من حيث الأهمية والأولوية في التطبيق بين الأصل والاستثناء.

The contemporary international system is dominated by international trade. Therefore, it is the fundamental and critical aspect of international economic relations. The study investigated the how African states participate in common bilateral and multilateral trade relations. Its core objective is to study whether trade barriers have been made less cumbersome among the participating countries in African continental region. Common trade and international trade justify the essence of globalization. The wave of globalization has necessitated the flux of multilateralism and bilateralism among the participating nations in the international trade. Methodologically, the study adopted comparative theory of international trade. Its method of data collection is documentary method and analyzed through interpretive studies. As the international trade continues to take the centre stage in the international economic relations; States continue to engage in multilateral and bilateral trade relations. The operations of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) as non-state actors also engage in multilateral and bilateral agreements with the host states. Several agreements led to the establishment of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) remains conspicuous products of multilateralism and bilateralism in the international trade in the recent time. African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) is a multilateral agreement enacted by fifty-four members of the African Union (AU) in 2019 to boost trade relations among them. Its core benefit is to facilitate free trade and removal of trade barriers in the region Therefore, this study is set to examine the advantages and impacts of AFCFTA and other multilateral and bilateral agreements in Africa and the world at large.

The Uniform Act relating to General Commercial Law of the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (hereinafter referred to as the OHADA Uniform Act) establishes a commercial sale regime applicable to any trader (natural or legal person), including any commercial companies whose place of business or registered office is located in the territory of a party to the Treaty on the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa. In this study we propose to analyse the non-performance of commercial sale agreements, focused on its termination regime, by reflecting on the right of termination, the termination by judicial means, its grounds, exemption from liability and the effects of termination. The economic and legal relevance of the commercial sale contract justifies the opportunity to reflect on how legal standardisation process has been achieved overall, particularly with regard to termination regimes. Both OHADA Uniform Act and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG) were conceived as unification mechanisms to circumvent the constraints and legal uncertainty associated with cross-border trade. Therefore, this analysis aims to assess how OHADA rules embody the long process of evolution in French law, as well as the influence of the CISG.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee pilferage of pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The study is anchored on the rational choice theory in order to understand the connection between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The researcher adopted a mixed research method involving survey research and historical research designs. The population of this study is 8,595 staff. This comprises all employees of Promasidor Nigeria Ltd, Nigeria Bottling Company (Coca Cola), Cadbury Nigeria Plc, and Guiness Nigeria Plc. The sample size of the study was 400 determined using Rakesh Sample size formula. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, while secondary data were collected from related works on pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies. Data collected from questionnaire were analyzed using absolute frequencies and simple percentages, while data from secondary sources were analyzed using relational-content analysis. Among other things, it was found that the higher the level of pilferage, the lower the level of security of employees in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. Among other things, it was recommended that given that there is relationship between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State, beverage manufacturing companies in the state should ensure that stealing is drastically reduced in their various organizations through employment, training and proper motivation of staff who must be full-time staff. This would largely make the employees committed to work and shun pilferage.

This research empirically examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1994-2021. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates long-run and short-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally showed that both company income tax and value added tax were statistically significant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both shot-run and long-run periods; whereas personal income tax was statistically insignificant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both short-run and long-run. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended tax authorities responsible for tax administration should upgrade the tax database to capture all potential tax-payers in order to broaden tax income.

The study investigated the impact of exchange rate depreciation on import demand in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021. The data used was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates short-run and long-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally found that exchange rate depreciation is statistically not significant and negatively impacted on import demand in Nigeria in the short-run. However, in the long-run, exchange rate depreciation is negatively impacted to import demand and statistically significant. Causal relationship does exist between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria with causation running from import demand to exchange rate depreciation. On the basis of the findings, the researcher made the following recommendations among others: Government should consider inward looking to strengthen the imports substitution policies that ensure massive production of goods and services.

This work explored the dynamics of Nigeria-China relations from the political and economic points of view between 1999-2023. The primary concern of this paper is to discern the extent Nigeria-China relations is mutually beneficial and how Nigeria can stand to gain more if the relationship is properly aligned to Nigeria’s national interest. The central argument of this work is that Nigeria stands to gain more from China than from the West bearing in mind the fact that over one hundred years of Africa’s relationship with the West has been largely exploitative and disadvantageous. In this regard, the research employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary sources relied on first-hand information gathered from the Chinese Embassy as well as key actors within the Nigeria External Affairs Ministry and Key Informant Interviews on experts in Nigeria-China relations. The secondary sources relied on already existing information from libraries, text books, journals and the internet. The theoretical framework employed is the Complex Interdependence Theory. The conclusion drawn from this work is that Nigeria-China relations have not fully developed to the extent of being more beneficial to Nigeria economically and politically. What currently subsists is that China is gaining economically more in terms of trade to Nigeria’s disadvantage. However, politically and socio-culturally, the two countries are mutually benefiting due to various diplomatic protocols and cultural exchanges. The study recommended among others that Nigeria must strive to develop her techno-industrial export-oriented base to ensure more symmetric beneficial relationship with China.

This study investigates the impact of the arbitration cases under the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) scheme on cross-border direct investment in the form of merger and acquisition deals. The initiation of ISDS claims has significant and negative effects on direct investment from the claimant home country to the developing or weak-institution responding country. Indirect expropriation claims often have stronger effects than direct expropriation claims. The investor-win arbitration cases produce a significant substantiation effect by reducing merger flows, while the state-win cases produce an acquittal effect that encourages the subsequent capital inflow to the respondent state. Both effects are more striking in weak-institution or less developed target countries. We also detect some spillover effects of ISDS arbitration.

This study extensively explored the potential of digitalization in The Gambia Revenue Authority's tax administration, amidst concerns over the practical application of digital tools and their underutilization, which have hindered the realization of improved revenue mobilization and efficient tax processes in The Gambia. The research, adopting a mixed method design, aimed to understand the intricate relationship between digitalization and tax administration in The Gambia. With specific objectives, including identifying driving factors, examining effects, and evaluating the correlation with GRA's performance, the study adopted quantitative and qualitative analyses. Similarly, the study population is two thousand, one hundred and eighty-eight (2188). Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula, out of 2188 population of the study, three hundred and twenty seven (327) were selected as the sample size. This encompassed individuals drawn from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, GRA staff, and corporate taxpayers using a stratified and proportionate-to-size sampling approach. Hypotheses analysis revealed a statistically significant and positive effect of digitalization on tax administration, indicating improved efficiency and GRA effectiveness. Also, Spearman's rank-order correlation affirmed a positive relationship between digitalization and tax administration. Furthermore, qualitative insights from stakeholder interviews highlighted drivers such as international financial body stipulations, modernization imperatives, trust-building, accurate record-keeping, and alignment with global standards. Recommendations include training programs for GRA staff, public awareness campaigns, and enhancing user experiences for e-payment systems, among others.

Most transactions that leave an imprint on the environment and communities are organized by commercial contracts. However, little is known about the way in which parties reflect sustainable development in contractual clauses. How can parties to international contracts commit to respect sustainable development goals? What are the possible degrees of commitment? Which contractual mechanisms can apply to the monitoring of compliance? How does one establish a link between the failure to meet sustainable development goals and the contractual liability or termination of contract? This article identifies contractual clauses relating to sustainable development and analyses these clauses through the lens of the 2016 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Drawing inspiration from open access contracts, the analysis will demonstrate that Article 1.8 of the PICC, precluding inconsistent behaviour, and Articles 5.1.4 and 5.1.5, on the duty of best efforts and the obligation to achieve a specific result, as well as the provisions on liability, can assist contract drafters, judges, and arbitrators in drafting and interpreting such clauses.

Although the forging of an efficient system for enforcement of security interest is one of the central expectations of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems, the results hardly give reason for satisfaction. As the reforms tend to be supported and influenced by various international organizations’ projects (especially the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), most out-of-court methods of enforcement of security interests have played a central role. Yet due to civil law’s general hostility towards self-help as such, either the introduction of the concept has been rejected or the local limited-reach kin have been merely ‘paper tigers’. Similarly, although security interests on several types of collateral (accounts, investment property) or on the workhorse of the English financial system—the floating charge—have also been enforced extrajudicially (save the exceptions), little attention has been attributed to these enforcement modalities. The same applies to strict foreclosure in civil law systems still being prohibited, or restricted, and thus rarely resorted to, due to the inherited hostility towards the doctrine of lex commissoria. Rethinking local laws on preliminary and temporary court orders to match them with such globally known ex parte preliminary measures as the English Mareva Injunction or the French Saisie Conservatoire, which allow creditors to swiftly freeze debtors’ assets and thus substitute self-help repossession, has also been given short shrift. The enforcement segment, consequently, remains the Achilles’ heel of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems. This article desires to contribute to reform literature by addressing these deficiencies and by offering tested, fully or partially fitting, functional equivalents of self-help repossession.

Le secteur informel, qualifié souvent de véritable moteur de la construction des villes et de l’animation de la vie urbaine en Afrique, a fait l’objet de nombreuses études dans lesquelles était décriée sa principale caractéristique, à savoir le fait qu’elle évolue en marge du cadre formel – légal et réglementaire – d’exercice des activités économiques. Fort de ce constat, le législateur de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a entrepris une réforme afin d’attirer les acteurs de ce secteur vers une formalisation progressive. Ainsi, l’entreprenant a connu son entrée dans l’espace OHADA à travers la réforme de l’AUDCG opérée le 15 décembre 2010 à Lomé (Togo). L’un des objectifs assignés à cette réforme était la facilitation de la création d’entreprises individuelles et surtout l’incitation des entrepreneurs du secteur informel à un minimum de formalisation. Le statut de l’entreprenant devrait jouer ce rôle et être, ainsi, l’outil juridique efficace et indispensable de l’appréhension de l’économie informelle dans l’espace OHADA. Cette mission difficile assignée à ce statut est aujourd’hui loin d’être atteinte. L’ineffectivité de la contribution du statut de l’entreprenant à la structuration juridique et à la formalisation des petites et moyennes entreprises qui exercent leurs activités dans un secteur informel dans l’espace OHADA mérite d’être soulevée après plus d’une décennie d’inefficacité au regard de l’objectif fixé au départ. À travers une approche épistémologique constructive, cet essai vise à retracer les difficultés concrètes de la mise en œuvre du statut de l’entreprenant dans l’espace OHADA et à proposer des pistes d’amélioration.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à s’interroger sur la pertinence et la possibilité de mettre en place des mécanismes et des outils juridiques permettant de dépasser les faiblesses du régime classique de responsabilité internationale des États, fondé sur la responsabilité pour fait internationalement illicite, et de s’orienter vers une nouvelle théorie de la responsabilité des États en matière de délinquance environnementale transfrontalière fondée sur la responsabilité objective sans faute des États, plus efficiente en matière environnementale. L’évolution de la théorie de la responsabilité internationale des États vers un système objectif tenant compte de la spécificité du dommage écologique permettrait en effet d’améliorer la protection pénale de l’environnement contre la délinquance environnementale transfrontalière, qui ne cesse de se développer à un rythme plus rapide que la progression des mécanismes de protection environnementale. Compte tenu de l’impunité des atteintes graves à l’environnement, non seulement à la suite d’activités licites à risque, mais encore via la progression exponentielle de la délinquance écologique transfrontalière, la reconnaissance d’une infraction environnementale par la communauté internationale n’est plus une utopie et devient progressivement indispensable. Dans cette optique, la notion d’écocide pourrait être explorée, car elle désigne, selon un consensus certes encore flou, mais néanmoins convergent, l’infraction contre l’environnement considérée aujourd’hui comme étant la plus grave qui puisse être, dans la mesure où elle met en danger la sûreté de la planète et la survie de l’humanité. L’apport de cette thèse consiste à envisager une responsabilité internationale environnementale des États adaptée à la nature des dommages écologiques graves et irréversibles provoqués par la délinquance écologique transfrontalière, via la mise en place de mécanismes juridiques et institutionnels spécifiques permettant d’assurer une protection efficace de l’environnement à l’échelle planétaire. The objective of this thesis consists of questioning the relevance and the possibility of putting in place legal mechanisms and tools to overcome the weaknesses of the classic regime of international responsibility of States, based on responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, and to move towards a new theory of State responsibility with regard to cross-border environmental crime based on the objective liability without fault of States, more efficient in environmental matters. The evolution of the theory of international responsibility of States towards an objective system taking into account the specificity of ecological damage would indeed make it possible to improve the criminal protection of the environment against cross-border environmental delinquency, which continues to develop a faster pace than the progression of environmental protection mechanisms. Given the impunity for serious environmental crimes, not only following legal risky activities, but also through the exponential progression of cross-border ecological delinquency, the recognition of an environmental offense by the international community It's no longer a utopia and is gradually becoming essential. From this perspective, the notion of ecocide could be explored, because it designates, according to a consensus that is certainly still vague, but nevertheless convergent, the offense against the environment considered today to be the most serious that can be, in the to the extent that it endangers the safety of the planet and the survival of humanity.The contribution of this thesis consists of considering an international environmental responsibility of States adapted to the nature of the serious and irreversible ecological damage caused by cross-border ecological delinquency, via the establishment of specific legal and institutional mechanisms to ensure effective protection. Of the environment on a global scale.

Les TIC marquent une rupture technologique et parfois axiologique qui, comparée aux précédentes révolutions industrielles, a opéré un bouleversement de nos habitudes, y compris dans l’ensemble des branches du droit. Le droit des affaires OHADA n’a pas échappé à ce phénomène qui s’est subtilement introduit dans le champ très sinueux des sociétés commerciales au point d’impacter leur mode de fonctionnement, de gestion et surtout de prise de décisions. En effet, depuis l’avènement du numérique participatif et interactif, les associés ont davantage un accès permanent et éclairé à la vie sociétaire à telle enseigne qu’il émerge une sorte de gouvernance numérique, éthique et pérenne qui contribue au renforcement de la performance des entreprises et participe au développement durable des Etats.