Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This dissertation consists of three essays which examine topics at the intersection of law and finance. The first essay investigates the role of regulatory sanctions and reputational damage in financial markets. We study the impact of the announcement of enforcement of financial and securities regulation by the UK’s financial regulators on the market price of penalized firms. We find that reputational sanctions are very real: their stock price impact is on average almost 9 times larger than the financial penalties imposed. Furthermore, reputational losses are confined to misconduct that directly affects parties who trade with the firm (such as customers and investors). In the second essay we analyze the costs and benefits associated with secured creditor control in bankruptcy. We do it by studying the highly contested practice of UK pre-packs, where a deal to sell the business is agreed before publicly entering into bankruptcy. Contrary to widespread criticism that this procedure leads to collusion, we find no evidence of exploitation of conflict of interests and we find that it preserves the value of the business and maximizes recovery in circumstances in which a public announcement of bankruptcy would destroy value. In small businesses where secured creditors are concentrated the benefits of their control seem to outweigh the costs. Finally, in the last essay we examine whether mandatory shareholder voting prevents wealth destruction in corporate acquisitions. We study the UK setting where all large transactions must have shareholder approval. We observe that such Class 1 transactions always get consent. Nevertheless, there is a striking difference between the performance of acquirers between Class 1 and other transactions. The finding is most pronounced for transactions in a narrow neighbourhood of the size threshold, and is robust to a large set of controls for confounding effects.

This dissertation analyses the content and justification of the notion of fiduciary duties in private law relations. The thesis promotes the following understanding of fiduciary duties: in a legal relation where one party undertakes to act in the interests of another, and acquires decision-making authority over the other's interests, such party undertakes a core duty to exercise his best judgement in the other's interests. The core judgement duty requires a fiduciary to exercise judgement based on relevant considerations. While what constitutes a relevant consideration can be determined objectively, the weight to be ascribed to each relevant factor is left at the fiduciary's subjective appreciation.Due to the existence of this core duty, the law imposes a set of proscriptive duties. The proscriptive duties require a fiduciary to manage situations of conflict of interest. Their purpose is prophylactic: they aim to prevent self-interest (or another duty to exercise proper judgement) from affecting the reliability of fiduciary's judgement in a conscious or subconscious way. The proscriptive duties protect the core duty to exercise judgement and, as a result, the beneficiary's right to a proper exercise of judgement by the fiduciary.

This study examines the effect of corporate governance on the relationship between default risk and the earnings response coefficient (ERC). Using a sample of 2,004 firm-years comprising 334 firms listed on the Bursa Malaysia over a six year period from 2002 to 2007, this study tests whether corporate governance mitigates the effect of default risk on ERC while controlling for the established determinants of ERC — beta, growth, earnings persistence and size. Using reverse regression, the study confirms that beta is negatively related to ERC and that growth, earnings persistence and size are positively related to ERC. Default risk is found to be negatively related to ERC thus confirming that beta is only a partial measure of risk relevant to ERC. Corporate governance — as indicated by audit quality, audit committee expertise and independence, and board independence and board shareholding — mitigates the negative effect of default risk on ERC. The results of the study hold both for the pooled sample of 2,004 firm-year observations and on a year by year basis for the 334 firms in the sample. The results are also found to be robust to various sensitivity tests including to alternative measures of the variables. The study thus provides systematic and comprehensive additional evidence on the determinants of ERC. Of itself this is an important contribution to the literature but especially so given that the evidence comes from Malaysia — an emerging economy — whereas the existing empirical literature relates mainly to developed countries.

La thèse a pour objet d'examiner la question cruciale des garanties légales du contribuable face aux prérogatives importantes de contrôle fiscal dévolues à l'administration à la suite de la mise en place du nouveau régime d'imposition déclaratif au Maroc. Elle se propose alors de rendre compte de l'état du droit positif sur cette problématique et de répondre à la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les nouvelles procédures de contrôle fiscal instituées permettent-elles de protéger les droits du contribuable vérifié. The thesis aims at examining, following the introduction of new tax declaration regime in Morocco, the paramount issue in respect the taxpayer legal safeguards against the tax authorities prerogatives during tax audit . This work intends to report on the applicable law on this issue and to answer the question on how the newly established tax audit procedures may protect the audited taxpayer's rights.

O Estado, para obter recursos com o objetivo de financiar suas atividades, recorre ao mercado por meio de dois mecanismos: a obtenção de empréstimos individualizados e o lançamento de títulos públicos. Na realidade atual, a dívida mobiliária alcança volume muito superior ao da contratual, tendo em vista algumas vantagens do mecanismo dos títulos públicos. Entre essas vantagens, pode-se citar um universo maior de potenciais compradores, a possibilidade de execução de política monetária, a maior facilidade de controle, o menor custo de negociação e escrituração. Fenômeno também observado nas últimas décadas, em escala mundial, é de que os títulos públicos sejam emitidos de modo escritural e eletrônico. Nesse contexto, não pode ser aplicado a esses valores o ferramental teórico e normativo dos títulos de crédito. Com efeito, se a doutrina tradicional considerava os papéis emitidos pelo Estado como uma espécie desses títulos, tal constatação não mais se sustenta, em especial diante da completa inexistência de um suporte documental dos ativos eletrônicos. As características e institutos próprios dos títulos de crédito, como a cartularidade, a literalidade, o endosso e o aval não são compatíveis com a realidade negocial que hoje conforma os títulos públicos. Um conceito jurídico que pode explicar a natureza atual dos títulos públicos e permitir o regramento das operações que os envolvem é o de instrumento financeiro. Desenvolvido no âmbito do ordenamento comunitário europeu, esse conceito não se encontra perfeitamente delimitado no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, mas nada impede a sua construção em sede doutrinária. Tomando por base a noção de instrumento financeiro, o foco da normatização deixa de ser cada título considerado em si, para recair sobre o mercado em que eles são negociados. Assim, ganha relevo o estudo da estrutura institucional desses mercados, bem como das principais operações que neles são travadas. Tais operações incluem a emissão e a oferta inicial, a negociação secundária, o resgate, a rolagem da dívida, bem como eventuais renegociações e alterações unilaterais nas características dos títulos. Para o desenvolvimento de mercados líquidos e eficientes, algumas condições são imprescindíveis, como, por exemplo, a existência de graus mínimos de estabilidade, previsibilidade e segurança, de uma imagem sólida e confiabilidade das instituições participantes, em especial dos entes estatais emissores etc. Além disso, todo o arcabouço normativo deve ser construído levando-se em consideração os interesses de cada grupo de agentes econômicos envolvidos, como forma de tornar atrativa para estes a alocação de recursos na aquisição de títulos públicos.

Notre travail, qui s’inscrit en droite ligne des recherches du CERCRID sur les marc consistait a étudier cette question, dans un secteur particulier. Il s’est agi d’aller au-delà du discours général sur les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits, pour voir précisément ce qu’il en est en matière bancaire. La recherche du GIP droit et justice confiée au CERCRID, et portant sur la baisse générale du contentieux de l’impayé depuis le début des années 1990, a constitué un élément supplémentaire de notre champ d’investigation. A la conjonction de ces deux préoccupations principales, s’est greffée une grave crise économique mondiale née du crédit hypothécaire aux États-Unis d’Amérique. Tous ces facteurs nous ont conduit a nous intéresser à la prévention et au règlement du contentieux bancaire. Le travail a donc consiste en une large recherche sur le contentieux bancaire, le mot traitement ayant été choisi pour englober a la fois la prévention et le règlement. On comprend ainsi que le sens contextuel du mot traitement va au-delà de l’acception habituelle de ce terme. Trois principaux constats se dégagent de l’étude du contentieux bancaire : il s’agit d’une matière éminemment marquée du sceau de la prévention, d’une matière limitativement marquée du sceau de la médiation et de l’adjudication, d’une matière rarement marquée du sceau de l’arbitrage. La prévention du contentieux bancaire repose sur deux axes majeurs : la réduction des occasions de contentieux, ainsi que la limitation des espaces de discussion. La négociation précontentieuse apparait comme le mécanisme prééminent permettant d’éviter le litige et de régler les différends. En cas de litige, les parties peuvent saisir le médiateur bancaire. Il est également possible de recourir au juge. En cette matière, c’est essentiellement le juge étatique que les parties saisissent. Il va sans dire que l’arbitrage est rare, notamment du fait de l’absence d’imperium de l’arbitre.

L'impressionnante évolution de l'industrie de la gestion au cours de ces quinze dernières années, notamment par l'utilisation des techniques de gestion ct de financements novatrices ainsi que le recours à des produits structurés de plus en plus complexes, a conduit l'industrie des d'OPCVM à vivre de profondes mutations. En effet, le caractère puhlic de l'épargne collective et le rôle stratégique que jouent les OPCVM en matière de sa canalisation vers le secteur productif, ont conduit le législateur à confier le contrôle de ces organismes à divers organes. L'efficacité, la productivité et la transparence sont de nos jours les maîtres mots dans les milieux financiers. Tous les opérateurs se trouvent dans l'obligation de mettre en œuvre des règles plus pertinentes et plus rigoureuses pour gagner cette bataille. L'étude du contrôle des OPCVM, revient à occulter l'un des principes essentiels des marchés financiers : la nécessité de sécurité et de confiance. En effet, les investisseurs ne s'engageront dans des placements financiers, que si les produits proposés offrent des garanties suffisantes. Cette confiance peut être établie par le contrôle exercé sur ces derniers, ce contrôle est réglementaire ou légale, il s'agit du commissaire aux comptes, en tant qu'organe classique des sociétés, le contrôle interne comme atout des OPCVM, le dépositaire comme organe original de ces derniers et enfin l'organe clef de la protection des marchés financiers qui est l'autorité de tutelle.

Kurumların birleşme, bölünme, kısmi bölünme ve hisse değişimi yoluyla yeniden yapılandırılma işlemleri başta ticaret hukuku olmak üzere, rekabet hukuku, sermaye piyasası hukuku ve vergi hukuku gibi birçok hukuk dalını ilgilendiren çok disiplinli bir alandır. Ticaret hukuku, genel olarak yeniden yapılandırma işlemlerinde şirket alacaklarının ve ortaklarının haklarının korunmasını amaçlamaktayken, vergi hukuku söz konusu işlemler sonucunda ortaya çıkan kâr ile ilgilenmektedir. Yeniden yapılanma işlemlerin vergisel maliyeti, bunların önündeki en önemli engeli teşkil etmektedir. Bu sebeple, tüm hukuk sistemlerinde vergisel açıdan tarafsızlığı sağlayıcı hükümler yer almaktadır.Çalışmamızda, özellikle, üye devletler arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerin artırılarak, ekonomik gelişmenin ve refahın sağlanması yoluyla güçlü bir topluluk yaratma amacı taşıyan Avrupa Birliği Hukuku ve Türk Hukukunda yeniden yapılandırma işlemlerinin vergisel boyutu incelenmiştir. Avrupa Birliği Mevzuatına uyum sağlama çalışmaları çerçevesinde dolaysız vergiler alanında yapılması gereken düzenlemelerden birisi de vergi kanunlarında şirketlerin bölünmesini ve hisse değişimini kolaylaştırıcı, kalıcı mahiyette hükümler getirmek olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Avrupa Birliği Birleşme mevzuatı, tam üyelik sürecindeki ülkemiz açısından önem arz etmektedir.Çalışmamızın birinci bölümünde birleşme, bölünme, kısmi bölünme ve hisse değişimi müesseselerinin kavramsal esasları, Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu, Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve Yeni Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile ilgili Avrupa Birliği mevzuatı çerçevesinde ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır. İkinci bölümde, birleşme, bölünme, kısmi bölünme, aktif transferi ve hisse değişimine ilişkin temel Avrupa Birliği düzenlemesi olan Birleşme Direktifi, Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı kararları çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Son bölümde ise Türk vergi mevzuatındaki, birleşme, bölünme ve hisse değişimine ilişkin hükümler tereddütlü noktalara da değinilmek suretiyle ele alınacaktır. Sonuç bölümünde birleşme, bölünme, kısmi bölünme ve hisse değişimi müesseselerine ilişkin değerlendirmelerimize yer verilmiştir. Transactions concerning the restructuring of companies through mergers, divisions, partial divisions and exchanges of shares relate to a multi disciplinary domain, including commercial law, competition law, capital markets law and tax law. While commercial law generally aims at the protection of rights of company's creditors and shareholders, tax law is mostly interested with the profit generated through these transactions. The tax cost of restructuring transactions, constitutes the main obstacle for those. For this reason, all legal systems include provisions providing tax neutrality regarding these transactions.In this study, we have analysed the tax law dimension of restructuring transactions especially in Turkish Law and Law of European Union which aims at the creation of a strong community through the development of economic relations between member states. Within the context of harmonisation to the European Union Legislation, one of the necessary regulations concerning direct taxes has been the enactment of tax law provisions enabling the division of companies and exchanges of shares thereof. Consequently, EU Merger Legislation is of utmost importance for Turkey as a candidate state.The first chapter of this study presents the conceptual basis of the transactions in question within the context of Corporate Tax Law, Commercial Law and the New Commercial Law and EU Legislation. The second chapter examines the Merger Directive within the framework of jurisprudences of European Court of Justice. The last chapter deals with problematic issues in Turkish Tax and Commercial laws. We conclude by presenting our evaluations based on previous chapters.

This thesis analyzes the concept of corporate residence, with particular reference to the law in the UK and Canada. It explores why corporate residence is relevant in tax policy, how corporate residence is understood in law, and how revenue authorities respond to the use and alleged 'abuse' of residence rules. Part I argues that the residence of taxpayers generally (individual or corporate) remains a relevant factor in international tax design, that taxation of corporations on the basis of residence has some justification, but that there is a disjunction between meaningful residence-based taxation and current definitions of corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties. The formulations of residence based on incorporation, central management and control, and place of effective management, particularly as applied to multinational enterprises, are considered and are found to be deficient. Part II critically analyzes the major policy responses of the UK and Canadian governments to the exploitation of corporate residence. It argues that key legislative and administrative responses to international tax avoidance activities, for both outbound and inbound investment, are purportedly based on the acceptance of formal corporate residence yet undermine that concept in an effort to impose tax or refuse treaty relief based on where economic interests actually exist. The responses considered are the application of controlled foreign companies legislation to offshore subsidiaries, the invocation of treaty anti-abuse rules with respect to offshore intermediaries, and the use of overarching general anti-avoidance measures to challenge varied structures that rely on offshore entities. These haphazard anti-avoidance rules are overlaid with revenue authorities' indignation at the motivations that underlie many corporate relocations. It is argued that a more coherent approach would be to focus on the objective reality or unreality of corporate establishment, by reformulating corporate residence in domestic law and tax treaties.

A auditoria externa de demonstrações contábeis é um dos instrumentos mais importantes para o desenvolvimento do mercado, pelo fato de adicionar credibilidade e segurança às informações financeiras prestadas pelos agentes econômicos que buscam captar recursos junto ao público investidor. A doutrina jurídica pátria, entretanto, ao contrário do que ocorre em outros países, tem relegado o estudo do assunto a um papel secundário, quase não abordado nas obras nacionais, deixando sua pormenorização integralmente sob o domínio da ciência contábil. Esta postura causa um afastamento do jurista da realidade das circunstâncias em que a auditoria se desenvolve, fazendo com que, pela falta de compreensão das peculiaridades da matéria, haja a aplicação inadequada de muitos institutos a uma realidade específica e, muitas vezes, diversa daquela para as quais referidos institutos foram concebidos. Como a matéria abrange tanto o Direito quanto a Contabilidade, tencionamos fazer aqui uma abordagem conjunta, a fim de possibilitar a comunicação das duas ciências e compartilhar os problemas que o tema apresenta. Passamos em revista a natureza dos principais institutos de auditoria; seu relacionamento e importância na economia; as características jurídicas do contrato, suas obrigações, as partes contratantes e os terceiros interessados; o desenvolvimento contábil de sua execução; e seu relacionamento com os sistemas de governança corporativa. Além disso, verificamos as atuais tendências quanto ao sistema de riscos e responsabilidade civil do auditor, matéria amplamente discutida no âmbito internacional.

This study is focused on the linkages between the legislative families as descriptors of national legislative systems and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). We consider such analysis as a case study for the more general issue of explaining the preferences of national regulators in the adoption of foreign norms, rules, standards and practices. By using a dataset of 162 jurisdictions and dummy variables designed to capture the current stage of IFRSs adoption and, respectively, the taxonomy of their legislative systems, we find that a full IFRSs adoption is more likely to occur in countries which have principles-based on legislative mono-systems. In addition, we observe that a strong rule of law, with an effective mechanism of property rights reinforcement, as well as the pre-adoption existence of a pro-growth set of public policies can contribute to the encouragement of IFRSs adoption.

A tese a ser defendida é a de que a autorregulação institucionalmente estruturada e legitimada pela regulação é um eficiente arranjo para tratar as falhas e riscos inerentes ao mercado de bolsa. O trabalho se inicia com a descrição da atual estrutura da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa, destacando seu novo formato institucional decorrente do processo de desmutualização e abertura de capital das entidades administradoras do mercado de bolsa e concluindo pela necessidade de adoção de novas perspectivas sobre o tema que transcendam o aparente antagonismo entre concepções liberais e intervencionistas. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho apresenta uma visão panorâmica da evolução histórica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa e considerações sobre os conceitos de autorregulação em outras áreas do conhecimento, a fim de identificar suas variações e seus elementos mais marcantes que constituirão a base a partir da qual serão apresentadas as novas perspectivas de análise do tema. As perspectivas propostas enfocam a natureza jurídica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como atividade paraestatal destinada a concretizar o modelo teórico neoclássico de justa formação dos preços segundo a livre atuação das forças de oferta e demanda e, também, melhorar os padrões de conduta praticados no mercado. Para tanto, o trabalho propõe que as decisões tomadas no âmbito da autorregulação se pautem por critérios materiais baseados nas premissas teóricas da concorrência perfeita e na exigência de cumprimento dos deveres derivados da boa-fé objetiva (informação, lealdade e proteção). Por fim, é apresentada uma especulação teórica, preliminar e não definitiva, denominada teoria palco-platéia, que visa situar o desenvolvimento da estrutura de autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como parte de uma questão essencial de interação entre indivíduo e sociedade representada nas diversas situações comunicativas envolvidas nos processos decisórios individuais e coletivos que modelam os padrões de conduta e as instituições públicas e privadas.

An Intermediary Holding Company (“IHC”) is a company that is interposed between an ultimate holding company and the operating subsidiaries of a group of companies. The IHC operates at an international level such that either its holding company or its subsidiaries or both are located in a country foreign to the IHC. Its main functions are to acquire, manage and dispose of the assets of the group of companies and to facilitate structural flexibility of a group of companies. Investors have tax and non-tax reasons for conducting business using an IHC, and, depending on the reasons, they determine the location of the IHC based on the characteristics of potential host countries. This thesis analyses the suitability of the South African corporate tax regime for the use of South African-resident Intermediary Holding Companies. The South African government has the objective of promoting South Africa as a gateway for investment in Africa and for this reason the present research is important. Such an objective could be adversely affected by a corporate tax regime that is not suitable for the operations of an IHC. Furthermore, the Katz Commission recommended in 1997 that South Africa should consider introducing a regime that is suitable for the location of holding companies. In discharging its functions the IHC attracts liability for corporate income tax, capital gains tax, controlled foreign company tax and dividends tax. It also exposes itself to anti-avoidance measures such as thin capitalisation and transfer pricing provisions. The existence of such taxes and anti-avoidance measures in the tax system of a country may deter investors from locating an IHC in such country. Exchange control regulations could also adversely affect the ability of the IHC to perform its functions effectively, as their purpose is to restrict the movement of capital out of the country. The South African legal system contains all these taxes and anti-avoidance measures as well as exchange control provisions. However, it also contains tax instruments that alleviate the tax burden on an investor using an IHC such as the participation exemption, advance tax rulings and a network of tax treaties. Against this background this thesis analyses the South African corporate tax system to determine whether it is suitable for locating an IHC. In the analysis, a comparative study is done of the tax systems of two of the most effective IHC host countries, namely the Netherlands and Mauritius. In addition, a brief discussion of the special features contained in the tax systems of Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom outlines why these jurisdictions are not necessarily successful in attracting IHCs. The thesis also discusses harmful tax practices and the attitude of the international community towards countries that engage in harmful tax competition in order to determine the limits to which a country should use the tax system to attract investment. Finally, the thesis makes recommendations as to what adjustments could be made in order to enhance the suitability of South Africa to host an IHC. The thesis recommends a special dispensation as regards corporate income tax and exchange control that would apply to wholly-owned South African companies that own foreign subsidiary shares and loans that consist of 80% of the gross asset total of these companies.

The authorities of the West African Economic and Monetary Union UEMOA fully understand that accounting plays the significant role in the process of economic development and regional integration in the member states. They decided to establish a common new accounting system, called West African Accounting System (SYSCOA). The accounting system has been developed on the initiative of the Central Bank of West African States

L'apparition des marchés financiers dans le paysage économique et financier des États membres de l'espace OHADA vers la fin des années 1990 a débouché sur la nécessité de mettre sur pied des règles et des structures d'encadrement à la fois nouvelles et fonctionnelles. Soucieux de faire des marchés financiers des facteurs clés de leurs politiques de développement, les pouvoirs publics se sont très tôt imposés comme des maillons incontournables des processus de création et de fonctionnement de ces marchés. Cette omniprésence des pouvoirs publics a contribué à l'émergence d'un schéma novateur et sans précédant, à savoir la mise sur pied de marchés financiers et d'organes d'encadrement à vocation communautaire. Toutefois, pour atteindre l'efficacité recherchée, les nouvelles structures d'encadrement doivent trouver à s'articuler avec les dispositifs juridiques et institutionnels existant tant aux niveaux régionaux qu'aux niveaux nationaux. De même, un juste équilibre doit être trouvé entre les intérêts légitimes des investisseurs étrangers et les ambitions de développement économique des États concernés.

This study examines the macro and micro level determinants of the quality of reported earnings. The prior literature suggests that both micro and macro variables impact on discretionary accruals choice in managing earnings. However, most of the studies on earnings management have been single country studies that have focussed only on micro variables as all firms within the samples examined have been subject to the same interplay of macro economic, legal, cultural and institutional frameworks. This study addresses this gap in the literature by using a sample of 156,906 firm year observations from 63 countries over the period 1998-2007 to examine the role of thirteen micro and macro variables in determining earnings quality. The macro variables studied include legal enforcement, political system, and control of corruption, culture and adoption of IFRS. Earnings management is estimated using the modified Jones model (Dechow et al. 1995) in a cross section (DeFond and Jiambalvo 1994; Francis et al. 1998). The results of the study indicate that macro and micro level variables have a strong impact on earnings management behaviour and thus earnings quality. The limits imposed by a country's legal, cultural and institutional setting on managerial discretionary accruals choices, strongly impact the quality of reported earnings. Future research on earnings management should therefore control both micro and macro level variables.

Un des problèmes les plus fréquents auxquels les entreprises se confrontent est sans doute celui relatif à la dotation des moyens financiers. Le problème de financement des entreprises est plus qu’actuel au regard du scandale des subprimes aux USA en 2007 ayant conduit au crash boursier de septembre 2008 mieux encore, l’affaire Maldoff. Ce phénomène financier qui touche sans exception toute la vie économique n’a pas pour autant épargné les groupes de sociétés. En fait, les groupes constituent...

La présente thèse vise à montrer que l'analyse économique du droit est une philosophie du soupçon, un système logique d'interprétation des phénomènes juridiques qui peut nous apporter des connaissances si nous prenons bien en compte sa qualité de système d'interprétation. Les propositions économiques étant largement analytiques, elles peuvent nous informer uniquement par les questions qu'elles suscitent. Le raisonnement économique est tout d'abord un code de perception qui se fonde sur deux concepts : la rationalité et l'efficience. Ce code de perception nous donne des intuitions qui « semblent » pertinentes pour l'étude du droit (à la fois sur ce qu'est le droit l'approche du raisonnement juridique). Se pose alors la question de ce qui fait la « validité » des connaissances proposées. Des considérations a priori ou des considérations empiriques semblent insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la pertinence de ce type d'analyse. Nous proposons finalement une approche en termes de renversement : ce n'est qu'en que le code n'est qu'un code et en confrontant ses propositions à d'autres points de vue que nous pouvons espérer gagner des « connaissances ». L'analyse économique du droit pose aussi la question de l'analyse juridique du droit.