Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A auditoria externa de demonstrações contábeis é um dos instrumentos mais importantes para o desenvolvimento do mercado, pelo fato de adicionar credibilidade e segurança às informações financeiras prestadas pelos agentes econômicos que buscam captar recursos junto ao público investidor. A doutrina jurídica pátria, entretanto, ao contrário do que ocorre em outros países, tem relegado o estudo do assunto a um papel secundário, quase não abordado nas obras nacionais, deixando sua pormenorização integralmente sob o domínio da ciência contábil. Esta postura causa um afastamento do jurista da realidade das circunstâncias em que a auditoria se desenvolve, fazendo com que, pela falta de compreensão das peculiaridades da matéria, haja a aplicação inadequada de muitos institutos a uma realidade específica e, muitas vezes, diversa daquela para as quais referidos institutos foram concebidos. Como a matéria abrange tanto o Direito quanto a Contabilidade, tencionamos fazer aqui uma abordagem conjunta, a fim de possibilitar a comunicação das duas ciências e compartilhar os problemas que o tema apresenta. Passamos em revista a natureza dos principais institutos de auditoria; seu relacionamento e importância na economia; as características jurídicas do contrato, suas obrigações, as partes contratantes e os terceiros interessados; o desenvolvimento contábil de sua execução; e seu relacionamento com os sistemas de governança corporativa. Além disso, verificamos as atuais tendências quanto ao sistema de riscos e responsabilidade civil do auditor, matéria amplamente discutida no âmbito internacional.

This study is focused on the linkages between the legislative families as descriptors of national legislative systems and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). We consider such analysis as a case study for the more general issue of explaining the preferences of national regulators in the adoption of foreign norms, rules, standards and practices. By using a dataset of 162 jurisdictions and dummy variables designed to capture the current stage of IFRSs adoption and, respectively, the taxonomy of their legislative systems, we find that a full IFRSs adoption is more likely to occur in countries which have principles-based on legislative mono-systems. In addition, we observe that a strong rule of law, with an effective mechanism of property rights reinforcement, as well as the pre-adoption existence of a pro-growth set of public policies can contribute to the encouragement of IFRSs adoption.

A tese a ser defendida é a de que a autorregulação institucionalmente estruturada e legitimada pela regulação é um eficiente arranjo para tratar as falhas e riscos inerentes ao mercado de bolsa. O trabalho se inicia com a descrição da atual estrutura da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa, destacando seu novo formato institucional decorrente do processo de desmutualização e abertura de capital das entidades administradoras do mercado de bolsa e concluindo pela necessidade de adoção de novas perspectivas sobre o tema que transcendam o aparente antagonismo entre concepções liberais e intervencionistas. A partir dessa premissa, o trabalho apresenta uma visão panorâmica da evolução histórica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa e considerações sobre os conceitos de autorregulação em outras áreas do conhecimento, a fim de identificar suas variações e seus elementos mais marcantes que constituirão a base a partir da qual serão apresentadas as novas perspectivas de análise do tema. As perspectivas propostas enfocam a natureza jurídica da autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como atividade paraestatal destinada a concretizar o modelo teórico neoclássico de justa formação dos preços segundo a livre atuação das forças de oferta e demanda e, também, melhorar os padrões de conduta praticados no mercado. Para tanto, o trabalho propõe que as decisões tomadas no âmbito da autorregulação se pautem por critérios materiais baseados nas premissas teóricas da concorrência perfeita e na exigência de cumprimento dos deveres derivados da boa-fé objetiva (informação, lealdade e proteção). Por fim, é apresentada uma especulação teórica, preliminar e não definitiva, denominada teoria palco-platéia, que visa situar o desenvolvimento da estrutura de autorregulação do mercado de bolsa como parte de uma questão essencial de interação entre indivíduo e sociedade representada nas diversas situações comunicativas envolvidas nos processos decisórios individuais e coletivos que modelam os padrões de conduta e as instituições públicas e privadas.

An Intermediary Holding Company (“IHC”) is a company that is interposed between an ultimate holding company and the operating subsidiaries of a group of companies. The IHC operates at an international level such that either its holding company or its subsidiaries or both are located in a country foreign to the IHC. Its main functions are to acquire, manage and dispose of the assets of the group of companies and to facilitate structural flexibility of a group of companies. Investors have tax and non-tax reasons for conducting business using an IHC, and, depending on the reasons, they determine the location of the IHC based on the characteristics of potential host countries. This thesis analyses the suitability of the South African corporate tax regime for the use of South African-resident Intermediary Holding Companies. The South African government has the objective of promoting South Africa as a gateway for investment in Africa and for this reason the present research is important. Such an objective could be adversely affected by a corporate tax regime that is not suitable for the operations of an IHC. Furthermore, the Katz Commission recommended in 1997 that South Africa should consider introducing a regime that is suitable for the location of holding companies. In discharging its functions the IHC attracts liability for corporate income tax, capital gains tax, controlled foreign company tax and dividends tax. It also exposes itself to anti-avoidance measures such as thin capitalisation and transfer pricing provisions. The existence of such taxes and anti-avoidance measures in the tax system of a country may deter investors from locating an IHC in such country. Exchange control regulations could also adversely affect the ability of the IHC to perform its functions effectively, as their purpose is to restrict the movement of capital out of the country. The South African legal system contains all these taxes and anti-avoidance measures as well as exchange control provisions. However, it also contains tax instruments that alleviate the tax burden on an investor using an IHC such as the participation exemption, advance tax rulings and a network of tax treaties. Against this background this thesis analyses the South African corporate tax system to determine whether it is suitable for locating an IHC. In the analysis, a comparative study is done of the tax systems of two of the most effective IHC host countries, namely the Netherlands and Mauritius. In addition, a brief discussion of the special features contained in the tax systems of Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom outlines why these jurisdictions are not necessarily successful in attracting IHCs. The thesis also discusses harmful tax practices and the attitude of the international community towards countries that engage in harmful tax competition in order to determine the limits to which a country should use the tax system to attract investment. Finally, the thesis makes recommendations as to what adjustments could be made in order to enhance the suitability of South Africa to host an IHC. The thesis recommends a special dispensation as regards corporate income tax and exchange control that would apply to wholly-owned South African companies that own foreign subsidiary shares and loans that consist of 80% of the gross asset total of these companies.

The authorities of the West African Economic and Monetary Union UEMOA fully understand that accounting plays the significant role in the process of economic development and regional integration in the member states. They decided to establish a common new accounting system, called West African Accounting System (SYSCOA). The accounting system has been developed on the initiative of the Central Bank of West African States

L'apparition des marchés financiers dans le paysage économique et financier des États membres de l'espace OHADA vers la fin des années 1990 a débouché sur la nécessité de mettre sur pied des règles et des structures d'encadrement à la fois nouvelles et fonctionnelles. Soucieux de faire des marchés financiers des facteurs clés de leurs politiques de développement, les pouvoirs publics se sont très tôt imposés comme des maillons incontournables des processus de création et de fonctionnement de ces marchés. Cette omniprésence des pouvoirs publics a contribué à l'émergence d'un schéma novateur et sans précédant, à savoir la mise sur pied de marchés financiers et d'organes d'encadrement à vocation communautaire. Toutefois, pour atteindre l'efficacité recherchée, les nouvelles structures d'encadrement doivent trouver à s'articuler avec les dispositifs juridiques et institutionnels existant tant aux niveaux régionaux qu'aux niveaux nationaux. De même, un juste équilibre doit être trouvé entre les intérêts légitimes des investisseurs étrangers et les ambitions de développement économique des États concernés.

This study examines the macro and micro level determinants of the quality of reported earnings. The prior literature suggests that both micro and macro variables impact on discretionary accruals choice in managing earnings. However, most of the studies on earnings management have been single country studies that have focussed only on micro variables as all firms within the samples examined have been subject to the same interplay of macro economic, legal, cultural and institutional frameworks. This study addresses this gap in the literature by using a sample of 156,906 firm year observations from 63 countries over the period 1998-2007 to examine the role of thirteen micro and macro variables in determining earnings quality. The macro variables studied include legal enforcement, political system, and control of corruption, culture and adoption of IFRS. Earnings management is estimated using the modified Jones model (Dechow et al. 1995) in a cross section (DeFond and Jiambalvo 1994; Francis et al. 1998). The results of the study indicate that macro and micro level variables have a strong impact on earnings management behaviour and thus earnings quality. The limits imposed by a country's legal, cultural and institutional setting on managerial discretionary accruals choices, strongly impact the quality of reported earnings. Future research on earnings management should therefore control both micro and macro level variables.

Un des problèmes les plus fréquents auxquels les entreprises se confrontent est sans doute celui relatif à la dotation des moyens financiers. Le problème de financement des entreprises est plus qu’actuel au regard du scandale des subprimes aux USA en 2007 ayant conduit au crash boursier de septembre 2008 mieux encore, l’affaire Maldoff. Ce phénomène financier qui touche sans exception toute la vie économique n’a pas pour autant épargné les groupes de sociétés. En fait, les groupes constituent...

La présente thèse vise à montrer que l'analyse économique du droit est une philosophie du soupçon, un système logique d'interprétation des phénomènes juridiques qui peut nous apporter des connaissances si nous prenons bien en compte sa qualité de système d'interprétation. Les propositions économiques étant largement analytiques, elles peuvent nous informer uniquement par les questions qu'elles suscitent. Le raisonnement économique est tout d'abord un code de perception qui se fonde sur deux concepts : la rationalité et l'efficience. Ce code de perception nous donne des intuitions qui « semblent » pertinentes pour l'étude du droit (à la fois sur ce qu'est le droit l'approche du raisonnement juridique). Se pose alors la question de ce qui fait la « validité » des connaissances proposées. Des considérations a priori ou des considérations empiriques semblent insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la pertinence de ce type d'analyse. Nous proposons finalement une approche en termes de renversement : ce n'est qu'en que le code n'est qu'un code et en confrontant ses propositions à d'autres points de vue que nous pouvons espérer gagner des « connaissances ». L'analyse économique du droit pose aussi la question de l'analyse juridique du droit.

O International Accounting Sstandards Board-IASB vem buscando meios de regular a atividade contábil pela adoção de pronunciamentos contábeis International Financial Reporting Standard-IFRS para proteger os parceiros econômicos e facilitar o funcionamento do mercado de capital no mundo financeiro. Neste processo mundial de convergência internacional, vários países do continente africano parecem indiferentes. Entretanto, dezesseis países da África Ocidental e Central formaram o bloco econômico: a Organização para a Harmonização do Direito de Negócios na África-OHADA, que criou um Sistema contábil de aplicação comum - o Sysco-OHADA. Antigas colônias francesas, esses países ficaram muito tempo fechados e mal conhecidos no exterior, bem como suas práticas contábeis. Isso levanta a pergunta: quais são as condições econômicas, políticas e sociais dos países da OHADA frente à regulação da contabilidade internacional? O objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar as condições de regulação contábil interna dos países-membros da OHADA ao se alinhar às normas contábeis internacionais emitidas pelo IASB. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi analisado o ambiente legal e regulamentar do bloco OHADA; foi comparado o referencial conceitual do Sysco-OHADA e o do IASB; algumas normas, bem como o âmbito sócio-econômico da OHADA, com os demais países que possuem processo de convergência avançado. As análises mostraram que a contabilidade da OHADA é de tipo europeu-continental baseada em regras. A estrutura conceitual do Sysco-OHADA diverge do IASB em vários níveis e suas normas apresentam menos detalhamento e é sujeito a interpretações diversas. O bloco OHADA apresenta um mercado de ações fraco, um baixo nível de desenvolvimento humano, um nível de abertura comercial fechado em relação aos demais países comparados. O nível de desenvolvimento econômica e social do bloco OHADA não pode proporcionar uma convergência às normas IFRS em curto prazo.

Libya is a predominately Muslim country where Islamic finance has not yet been established. However, given the current extensive program of financial reform in Libya and the rapid growth and appeal of Islamic finance in comparable economies, there is growing pressure for a system of Islamic finance to be provided. There is then a pressing need for research into the prospects for Islamic finance from a consumer and provider perceptive to inform this debate and thereby meet the needs of policymakers, financial service providers and prospective users. Accordingly, this study of Libyan attitudes towards Islamic methods of finance, the first study attempted in the Libyan context and one of few studies globally, applies a model derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action to analyse attitudes towards Islamic finance. The particular focus is to understand how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used for predicting and understanding attitudes towards the potential use of Islamic methods of finance by Libyan retail consumers, business firms and banks. Four main research questions are posed to address this objective. First, does awareness of Islamic methods of finance influence attitudes towards the use of Islamic finance? Second, do socioeconomic, demographic and other factors influence attitudes towards Islamic finance? Third, what are the principal motivating factors towards the potential use of Islamic finance? Finally, is religion the major influence on the likelihood of engaging in Islamic finance? Three surveys of 385 retail consumers, 296 business firms and 134 bank managers in Libya are conducted in 2007/08 to achieve this objective. Descriptive analysis and multivariate statistical analysis (including factor analysis, discriminant analysis and binary logistic regressions) are used to analyse the data. The principal findings are that awareness of Islamic methods of finance and socioeconomic, demographic and business characteristics are key determinants of the likelihood of the use of Islamic finance. Further, religion plays a key, though not the only, role in influencing these attitudes. The thesis findings are of key importance in informing future financial industry practice and financial policy formation in Libya.

In a progressive income tax system with an individual tax unit, high-rate taxpayers have an incentive to split income with lower-rate family members to minimise the family’s total tax burden. This raises equity and neutrality concerns. Adopting a spousal tax unit limits the gains from income splitting, but the individual is the better choice on privacy, autonomy, equality, definitional, marriage neutrality and work incentive grounds. Once the individual is chosen as the income tax unit, the control model provides a strong policy basis for attributing both earned and unearned income to individuals. Income splitting, however, undermines this model as well as the individual tax unit. This thesis focuses on the UK’s approach to income-splitting in family businesses. The relevant UK income tax rules, particularly the settlements provisions, are inadequate for the task. Various possible reforms are examined. Incorporating a transfer pricing or ‘reasonableness’ test into the settlements provisions would strengthen these rules, but would make taxpayer compliance with an uncertain regime even more difficult. Another option is to expand the scope of employment tax by moving the borderline between employees and the self-employed or companies. Deeper structural reforms could be made to enhance the neutrality of taxation on different legal forms of economic activity. This would reduce the incentives to incorporate for tax savings, including from income splitting. Integration of income tax and NICs is one such option; a dual income tax is another. A TAAR or GAAR also could be pursued. Ultimately, some combination of these various reform options could provide a partial solution to this challenging issue.

Les pays africains de la zone franc ont entrepris, il y a maintenant deux décennies, des réformes de leurs secteurs financiers, avec pour ambition non seulement de restaurer les équilibres nécessaires à leur efficacité et la confiance des agents économiques envers les institutions financières, mais aussi de favoriser la mobilisation des épargnes et la diversification des canaux de financement. L'objectif final étant la relance d'une croissance économique stable et durable. Au sein de la zone UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine), le projet majeur au coeur de ces réformes fut la création d'un marché financier commun dont la mission est de doter les entreprises des moyens de financement à long terme, qui leur permettraient de réaliser leurs projets les plus productifs et d'accroitre leurs performances. L'autre mission dévolue à ce marché est d'attirer des capitaux étrangers dans la sous-région. Notre étude a pour but de déterminer si, une décennie après sa création, le marché financier a atteint ses objectifs en termes d'amélioration des performances des entreprises et de relance de la croissance économique. Globalement, nous observons que les entreprises cotées à la Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (Place boursière du marché financier de l'UEMOA) ont vu leurs performances opérationnelles s'améliorer, notamment au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie. Le développement du marché boursier semble également avoir eu un impact positif sur la croissance économique de la Côte d'ivoire, Pays phare de l'Union, qui détient 34 des 38 entreprises cotées. Cependant, le marché n'a pas réussi à attirer des capitaux étrangers; mais à l'inverse, l'écrasante majorité des entreprises qui lèvent des fonds sur le marché financier de UEMOA sont des filiales des multinationales occidentales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Introduction en bourse, Croissance économique, Performance, Marché financier, Entreprises cotées.

L’examen des relations de crédit entre la banque et les usagers révèle que ces dernières sont déséquilibrées au profit du banquier. Le déséquilibre en question est essentiellement un déséquilibre en pouvoir, fondé principalement sur la nature même de la convention de crédit en tant que contrat d’adhésion et contrat intuitu personae. À l’aide de l’approche systémique, de l’analyse, de la synthèse et de la ponctuation, sans oublier la méthode comparative, notre étude a consisté à l’examen des différentes manifestations de ce déséquilibre et des réactions qu’il a suscitées. Ce déséquilibre se manifeste d’abord par la prépondérance de la volonté du banquier, conséquence du déclin de l’autonomie de la volonté. Cette prépondérance se manifeste aussi bien dans les préalables, que dans la naissance des relations de crédit. Dans les préalables, elle s’exprime à travers l’exigence de compte en banque ainsi qu’à travers l’exigence de solvabilité, dont la satisfaction est une condition sine qua non vers la naissance des relations de crédit. Ensuite, dans la naissance desdites relations, la prépondérance de la volonté du banquier réside dans la détermination unilatérale des clauses de la convention de crédit par ce dernier. L’usager dont le choix est également limité par plusieurs contraintes, est réduit à adhérer à ces clauses, d’autant plus que le dernier mot revient au banquier, compte tenu de l’absence de droit au crédit tenant à l’intuitus personae. Cette prépondérance de la volonté du banquier se concrétise par la conclusion de la convention de crédit. Au delà de la prépondérance de la volonté du banquier dans la mise en place des relations de crédit, le déséquilibre de ces dernières se manifeste aussi par le rôle considérable des techniques et pratiques bancaires qui, n’étant pas neutres, constituent une forme de domination indirecte du banquier. D’abord, les techniques de gestion bancaire dominent les relations de crédit aussi bien objectivement, que subjectivement devant une impuissance marquée de l’usager. Ensuite, les usages bancaires, forgés par la pratique bancaire, reflètent la volonté du banquier qui est à leur source. Ils dominent les relations de crédit à plusieurs niveaux, malgré certaines limites tenant à l’ordre public. Le déséquilibre des relations de crédit, compte tenu de ses conséquences, a nécessité des réactions. Celles-ci consistent dans sa modération aussi bien par les règles du droit commun, qu’à travers celles du droit du crédit. Dans la première hypothèse, la modération s’obtient par les obligations et la responsabilité du banquier, face à celles de l’usager. Dans la seconde hypothèse, elle s’obtient à travers des règles du droit du crédit protégeant les usagers ; à côté des politiques publiques de protection spécifique des usagers les plus vulnérables en matière de crédit. L’étude du déséquilibre des relations de crédit entre la banque et les usagers permet de conclure que ce dernier tient à l’essence même de la convention de crédit. C’est pourquoi les réactions tentant d’y faire face n’aboutissent qu’à sa modération, ce qui l’atténue fortement. De ce constat, on peut estimer que l’amélioration des relations de crédit et de l’accès au crédit nécessite une révision de la convention de crédit.

O presente trabalho investiga as novas estruturas organizacionais das bolsas de valores e das bolsas de mercadorias e futuros, implementadas após os processos de desmutualização. É feita uma análise da importância das bolsas para o desenvolvimento econômico, bem como do seu papel de entidades auto-reguladoras. São ainda apresentados os principais fatores que motivaram a conversão das bolsas de associações mutualísticas para sociedades anônimas, bem como as conseqüências dessa alteração organizacional. O trabalho explora também as alterações regulamentares ocorridas no exterior, que buscaram evitar o surgimento de conflitos de interesses entre o papel de entidades auto-reguladoras das bolsas e seu objetivo de maximização do valor das ações. Realiza-se, por fim, uma análise crítica da Instrução CVM n.O 461/07, norma editada pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) que regula a organização, o funcionamento e as atividades das bolsas no Brasil. O trabalho conclui que a norma editada pela CVM utiliza diversos mecanismos de controle que objetivam evitar a ocorrência de conflitos de interesses, com o estabelecimento de práticas de governança corporativa internamente às bolsas, na esteira das experiências observadas em outros países. The present work examines the new organizational structure of the stock and derivatives exchanges, implemented after their demutualization process. It analyses the importance of the stock exchange for the economical development, as well as its role as self-regulatory organization. There are also presented the main factors that motivated the conversion of the stock exchange, from mutual associations to corporations, as well as the consequences of this organizational change. The work also explores the regulatory changes made in foreign countries, that aim to avoid the conflict of interests between the role of the exchanges as selfregulatory entities and their goal of maximizing value. Finally, a critical analysis is made, regarding CVM´s Instruction n.º 461/07, rule issued by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Comission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários - CVM) that deals with the structure and functioning of the Brazilian exchanges. The work concludes that the rule issued by the CVM uses many mechanisms of control that aim to avoid the conflict of interests, settling high level corporate governance practices inside the stock exchange, in accordance to international regulatory standards.

L'article L 650-1 du Code de commerce, issu de la loi de sauvegarde du 26 juillet 2005, procède à un allègement de la responsabilité du banquier : celui-ci n'est plus responsable des préjudices subis du fait des concours accordés à une entreprise en difficulté. Si la légitimité de la mesure a été remise en cause, elle répond néanmoins à un objectif d'intérêt général : promouvoir la fourniture de crédit. La recevabilité de l'action en responsabilité est toutefois admise dans trois cas : la fraude, l'immixtion caractérisée dans la gestion du débiteur et la prise de garanties disproportionnées, qui constituent les trois seuls cas d'ouverture de l'action pour soutien abusif. Ainsi les banquiers bénéficient-ils désormais d'une immunité dont les causes de déchéance tendent à la moralisation du droit des affaires. Mais cet allègement ne saurait concerner les autres hypothèses de mise en cause de la responsabilité du banquier. Celui-ci reste responsable en cas de rupture abusive de crédit ou de non respect de ses obligations contractuelles en particulier envers les emprunteurs non avertis. La direction de fait est également source de responsabilité civile. Enfin, la fourniture de moyens ruineux pour éviter ou retarder l'ouverture d'une procédure collective engage la responsabilité pénale du banquier, devenu complice. Les conséquences de la responsabilité sont en outre particulièrement dissuasives, en particulier la nullité des garanties constituées. Cet allègement de la responsabilité constitue donc une chance pour les banquiers de s'investir dans le financement des entreprises, encore faut-il que cette occasion soit saisie, sans toutefois tomber dans l'excès de crédit.

Regulating telecommunications is complex: international experience indicates that there is no 'successful' regulatory framework due to the balancing of industry and regulatory interests (Laffont & Tirole, 2000, p. 13). The New Zealand 'light-handed' regulatory experiment failed and the 1999 General Election presented an opportunity for change in telecommunications. The Labour-led Government in implementing a policy of 'responsible re-regulation' enacted the Telecommunications Act 2001, signalling the passage of "landmark telecommunications legislation ..." (Swain, 2001d). Within the Telecommunications Act 2001, 'cost' assumed a central regulatory role. It is this move to cost that this thesis considers in identifying, developing, and critiquing the interface of law and accounting. The thesis examines the increasing call for accounting information in law and regulation by interrogating the use, presentation, and reception of accounting to examine the interface between law and cost in the regulation of telecommunications. The Telecommunications Act 2001 incorporates total service long run incremental costing as the 'costing technique' for interconnection access and annual net costing for the Telecommunications Service Obligation. Through interrogating 'cost' as an accounting technology, in contrast to the economic and legal conception of cost as a simple, objective concept, the thesis illustrates the role of cost at methodological, technical, and political levels, and the challenges that this poses for telecommunications regulation. The thesis articulates the relevance of discourse theory to the interface of law and accounting. Consequently, the thesis investigates the formation and discursive enunciation of standpoints of political identities characterised by antagonism and uncertainty. This includes identifying attempts by interested parties, including industry actors, stakeholders, and the Government and its agents, to articulate 'new' discourses centred on nodal points around 'cost'. The rhetorical analysis examines how actors articulate the metaphorical element of 'cost' in agitating for particular costing methods to be included in the legislation. The empirical analysis examines the process of rhetorical condensation as arguments for and against the incorporation of total service long run incremental costing and net costing came to signify the complete failure of the light-handed regulation. Then, by examining the politics following the enactment of legislation, this condensation is unpacked. The analysis of the contestation over interpreting and implementing the regulation illustrates displacement of the 'common' signifier resulting in confusion and disappointment in relation to the aims of the new regulatory regime.

Bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi, bağımsız denetçiler ile denetime tabi müşteriler arasında yapılan bir sözleşmedir. Bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi, düzenlemelerde belirtilen unsurları içermelidir. Bağımsız denetçi ile denetim müşterisi, sözleşmenin unsurları üzerinde anlaşmalıdırlar. Bir bağımsız denetim sözleşmesi yapıldığında, bağımsız denetçiler ile denetim müşterileri karşılıklı borç altına girerler.Bağımsız denetçi, denetim müşterisinin finansal tablolarını denetleme ve finansal tabloların, finansal raporlama standartları ile düzenlemelere uygunluğu konusunda bir görüş açıklama borcu altındadır. Bağımsız denetçi, denetimi yürütürken, uluslararası denetim standartlarını, etik standartları ve düzenlemeleri dikkate almalıdır. Bağımsız denetçiler, bağımsız denetim faaliyetinde her zaman mesleki özeni göstermek zorundadırlar. Eğer, denetim raporu gerçeği yansıtmaz ise, bundan zarar gören denetim müşterisi ile üçüncü kişilerin uğradıkları zararlardan, bağımsız denetçiler sorumlu olurlar. Bağımsız denetçi, ayrıca, bağımsız denetim raporunu zamanında denetim müşterisine teslim etmelidir. Bunun yanında, bağımsız denetçi, düzenlemelerde belirtilen süre içerisinde çalışma kâğıtlarını saklamalılar ve bu süre sona ermeden, çalışma kâğıtlarını yok etmemeli veya atmamalıdırlar. Bağımsız denetçi, denetim müşterisine ait sırları açıklamamalı, kendisinin veya bir diğer kişinin yararına kullanmamalıdır.Denetim müşterisi, bağımsız denetçilere, denetim ücretini ödemeli ve ayrıca, denetim ile ilgili kayıt, belge ve diğer bilgileri bağımsız denetçiye vermelidir. The independent audit agreement is made between independent auditors and the clients who are dependent on audit. The agreement should include terms which are showed by regulations. The auditors and the audit clients must agree on the terms of the agreements. When to be acted the agreement, the auditors and the client? have mutually liablity.The auditors are liable to audit the clients? financial statements and to express an opinion on if the financial statements are suitable the financial reporting standards and the regulations. While performing audit, the auditors should observe in international auditing standards, the ethical standards and regulations. The auditors should always have a duty to provide professional care when performing audit. If the auditors prepare a misleading audit reports, they will liable to the clients and third parties because of their loss was incurred. Also, the auditors should deliver the audit report to the client on time which they agree on. Besides, the auditors should save the audit documentation some time which is showed by regalitations and shouldn?t the delete and discard audit documentation before the end of that time. The auditors also shouldn?t disclose confidential information of the clients? or not use this information for the personal or the other persons? advantage.The audit clients? pay the audit fee and also give the records, documentation and other information requested in connection to with the audit to the independent auditors. Finally, when the auditors deliver the audit report to, the audit clients should accept it.