Bibliographie sélective OHADA

OHADA is amongst an international organization consists of arbitral tribunal within regions in Africa to deal with international disputes on investment and commercial related. Henceforth, the purpose of the study examines the effectivity of arbitral awards enforcement under the perspectives of OHADA arbitration rules. The study axed through qualitative approach by interpreting legal rules, analyzing cases and commenting the weakness of the charter in terms of enforcement and recognition of arbitral awards. The decision of OHADA arbitral tribunal shall contain intrinsically legal effect to country members, however it leads problematics as the enforcement and recognition rules may be different in every country involved. Hence, the study interpreted the legal rules concerning enforcement and recognition of arbitral awards, effectiveness of the rules. In addition it exerted also the challenges and significant recommendation for improving the arbitration rules on enforcement of arbitral awards. It is found the weakness of the arbitral awards locates on refusal of concerned State to enforce the awards under the domestic law for undefinable conflict of interest

Avec l’adhésion tardive de la République Démocratique du Congo à l’espace OHADA, il s’est posé les problèmes de vulgarisation à grande échelle et d’appropriation de l’ancien acte par les différents utilisateurs. Avec la révision de l’ancien acte menant vers les IFRS, les mêmes problèmes se posent encore avec acuité. Dans le souci de faciliter l’appropriation du nouvel acte comptable de l’OHADA, cette étude tente de ressortir à l’attention des théoriciens et praticiens de la comptabilité exerçant dans l’espace OHADA, quelques innovations majeures et améliorations opérées dans l’acte uniforme relatif au droit comptable et à l’information financière. Celles-ci se rapportent aux traitements des charges immobilisées, des frais de recherche et développement, des contrats pluri-exercices, des frais accessoires d’achat, les instruments de monnaies électroniques, l’approche par composant et l’attribution gratuite d’actions au personnel et dirigeant. Nous procéderons par analyse comparative des traitements comptables de l’ancien acte à ceux de l’acte révisé.

This article critically considers the legality of hyperlinking to copyright-protected material on the Internet. It considers the position with respect to standard hyperlinks, and attempts to provide a possible approach in light of the proposed introduction of two new exclusive rights, namely (i) the right of communication to the public; and (ii) the making-available right. These new exclusive rights appear to be an attempt to amend the South African Copyright Act in order to give effect to the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, which sought to ‘digitise’ copyright law in light of the digital technology that had developed. The WIPO Copyright Treaty supplements, in particular, the rights granted to copyright owners under the Berne Convention, extending the right of communication to the public to include the making-available right. Use will be made of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has given effect to the right of communication to the public (including the making-available right), following its inclusion in the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996. Through a more focused analysis of these exclusive rights, it is intended that this article can provide some guidance to South African lawyers and our courts when considering the application and scope of these exclusive rights.

This article recommends the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment and appeals to African countries to accede to the Luxembourg Protocol on Railway Rolling Stock (Rail Protocol). The discussion in this article focuses on the extent to which Article XXII of the Rail Protocol can be applied with respect to Africa. The article critically analyses the competence of the African Economic Community (AEC) and its sub-regional organizations to accede to the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The author provides a detailed argumentative analysis of the legal mandate of the AEC and the influence of African Union (AU) laws on the competence of the AEC’s sub-regional organizations to make declarations under the Cape Town Convention and Rail Protocol. The analysis confirms that competence to accede to the Convention and Rail Protocol resides with sovereign States in Africa and not with the AU, the AEC, the Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires, or any existing sub-regional organization in Africa.

Soils are essential for food security and the right to food. But where is the connect between soil, trade in agriculture and the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? While the WTO is not an environmental protection agency (as per its initial design at least), existing WTO rules fail to make agricultural trade patterns sustainable when it comes to the medium of soil. Notwithstanding, trade policy is of growing importance to soil protection, biodiversity preservation, deforestation, land degradation and desertification. Soil is key in this regard not only because it is the world's second-largest carbon sink after the oceans. Unsustainable trade in agricultural commodities should increasingly be seen in light of an industrial transition to increased climate neutrality and decarbonisation. This in turn should be guided by the leitmotiv – in times of climate change - to place soil protection for sustainable food security at the centre of any economic policy, also in terms of the rules on international trade in agriculture under the WTO.

L’intégration économique est un facteur déclencheur du développement des Etats membres d’une communauté économique. Apres l’indépendance des pays africains, la volonté de créer une structure d’intégration régionale a caractérisé, plusieurs acteurs africains parmi lesquels ; KHRAME KRUME …, c’est cette volonté, qui justifie la prolifération des organisations internationales africaines à caractère d’intégration. On peut citer ici ; l’UEMOA, CIMA, OHADA, CEMAC…, Cependant, plusieurs problèmes bloquent l’émergence de cette intégration économique, surtout au niveau régional. Ces problèmes sont entre autre ; l’attachement des Etats à leurs souverainetés, la diversité linguistiques, héritage de la colonisation. Voilà pourquoi, dans le cadre de cette recherche nous proposons, que les Etats membres de l’Union africaine puissent céder, plusieurs attributs de leurs souverainetés au profit d’une organisation d’intégration globale comme le cas avec, l’Union Européenne. Cette solution débouchera, à l’ouverture des barrières douanières des Etats membres, ce qui va donner lieu, à la zone de libre-échange continentale, comme est la volonté actuelle de l’Union Africaine, Union douanière, Union monétaire, jusqu’à l’union économique.

La révision du système comptable OHADA, symbole de l’évolution vers les normes IFRS, a marqué le point de réflexion de cette étude. Il est question de comprendre comment les dirigeants d’entreprises perçoivent l’évolution des normes OHADA vers les normes IFRS. Pour mener cette étude, nous avons opté pour une démarche qualitative. De ce fait, nous avons fait des entretiens semi-directs avec vingt-cinq dirigeants d’entreprises au Cameroun (18 dirigeants d’entreprises camerounaises et 7 dirigeants d’entreprises multinationales). Les données collectées ont été exploitées à travers l'analyse de contenu via le logiciel Nvivo 10. Cependant, les résultats montrent que, les innovations comptables du SYSCOHADA permettent la production et la communication d’une information comptable et financière plus pertinente pour les utilisateurs. De même les dirigeants d’entreprises multinationales pensent que l’OHADA doit converger totalement vers les normes IFRS. Cette perception est contraire à celle des dirigeants d’entreprises camerounaises qui citent le contraste contextuel comme principal obstacle et donc la prise en compte des spécificités de ce contraste sera un atout pour une convergence totale vers les IFRS.

Cet article analyse l'évolution du contentieux relatif à la validité formelle du cautionnement qu'emporte l'ordonnance du 15 septembre 2021, ainsi que les précautions de rédaction qu'appellent désormais l'article 2297 du Code civil et la généralisation de la dématérialisation du cautionnement.

L’article analyse le régime de la transmission du bail professionnel en droit OHADA sous l’angle de ses finalités. Celles-ci consistent, d’une part, en la préservation de l’activité professionnelle par l’aménagement de la transmission de plein droit du bail et, d’autre part, en la protection des intérêts des parties à travers la soumission de l’opération à leur accord. Bien qu’elles cohabitent, ces finalités n’apparaissent pas toujours équilibrées. En effet, la transmission dite de plein droit peut être remise en cause par la latitude accordée au bailleur de l’interdire. De même, elle ne repose pas toujours sur les garanties qui pourraient compenser les effets de son automatisme à l’égard du bailleur. La protection des parties contre les risques de la transmission est, elle, essentiellement assurée par le contrat. Le législateur prévoit des garanties en faveur du bailleur dans des situations exceptionnelles telles que les restructurations de société, le sauvetage des entreprises en difficulté, mais il intervient peu dans les hypothèses plus courantes de cession ou sous-location du bail. La cohérence entre les finalités de la transmission est examinée à la lumière des actes uniformes OHADA et des décisions rendues par la CCJA et par les juridictions des États membres de l’OHADA.

International commercial arbitration imposes heavy costs to the parties involved. In this regard, one of the new phenomena in international commercial arbitration is "financing of court costs by a third party investor. There are several reasons for the emergence of a third party investor: 1- involved parties may not have the resources to pay for the costs of arbitration or they may be reluctant to use their funds to finance the litigation: 2. the uncertainty of receiving compensation as a result of paying the arbitration fees might encourage the parties to transfer this risk to a third party; 3. having its own advantages and disadvantages. Since the funder holds the power of the purse, TPF entails the risk of the control of the claim being transferred to the third party funder. We might ask whether international arbitration tribunals should examine the extent of the investor's influence in determining the allocation of costs or not. In addition, is it essential to disclose the third parties contracts confidential? Overall, it is concluded that those mentioned Tribunals should allocate and guarantee the arbitration cost and agree on disclosing of third parties fund contracts under urgent conditions by international arbitration tribunal. مراجعه به داوری تجاری بین­ المللی هزینه­ های کلانی را برای طرفین درگیر در فرآیند داوری به همراه دارد و تأمین این هزینه ­ها در خیلی از موارد به‌صورت مانع در مراجعه به داوری نمود پیدا می‌کند. در همین راستا یکی از پدیده‌های جدید در داوری تجاری بین ­المللی، «تأمین مالی هزینه دادرسی توسط سرمایه ­گذار ثالث» است. ظهور سرمایه­ گذار ثالث دلایل متعددی دارد؛ اولاً طرفین دعوی ممکن است فاقد امکانات مالی کافی برای هزینه ­های داوری باشند، ثانیاً ممکن است طرفین دعوی تمایلی به استفاده از منابع مالی خود برای تأمین مالی دادرسی پرهزینه نداشته باشند، ثالثاً عدم قطعیت ذاتی که در زمینه امکان اخذ خسارت در نتیجه دادرسی وجود دارد می ­تواند باعث تمایل طرف منازعه به انتقال این ریسک به شخص ثالث شود. پرسش این است که آیا محاکم تجاری بین‌المللی تعیین تخصیص هزینه‌ها بپردازد یا خیر؟ و آیا افشاسازی قراردادهای شخص ثالث ضروری می‌باشد؟ در نهایت این نتیجه حاص می‌شود که محاکم مذکور باید به تعیین تخصیص و تضمین هزینه‌های داوری پرداخته و از سویی با افشاسازی قراردادهای تامین مالی شخص ثالث در داوری تجاری بین ­المللی، در شرایط خاص و ضروری موافقت نمایند.

As international trade is expanding, international trade and tax disputes are increasing. Under international tax agreements, there are two mechanisms for the resolution of potential disputes between contracting States. These agreements mostly rely on a form of negotiation known as the “Mutual Agreement Process (MAP)” as the main mechanism for the settlement of disputes. During the last decade, the inclusion of “ad hoc arbitration” as a new dispute resolution mechanism in international tax treaties has become popular to augment the MAP. Iran has long concluded several international tax agreements with several countries for the avoidance of double taxation. Due to Iran’s macroeconomic policy for relying more on tax revenues as an alternative to revenues from the petroleum industry, it is important that the Iranian lawyers seek to focus more on tax law and tax dispute resolution mechanisms. The purpose of this article is to introduce and critically analyse the dispute resolution mechanisms of international tax agreements. In this article, to make some suggestions for the improvement of the dispute resolution system of tax treaties, the strengths and weaknesses of the MAP and ad hoc arbitration, will be scrutinised by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach. همسو با گسترش تجارت فراسرزمینی،‌ میزان دعاوی مرتبط با تجارت و مالیات‌های بین‌المللی نیز افزایش یافته است. در بسیاری از معاهده‌های مالیاتی بین‌المللی برای حل اختلافات، دو ساز و کار با عنوان «فرآیند توافق دوجانبه» و «داوری موردی» وجود دارد. فرآیند توافق دوجانبه که مبتنی بر مذاکره بین طرفین معاهده است بعنوان ساز و کار اصلی و داوری موردی هم که در یک دهه اخیر در این معاهده‌ها رواج یافته، بعنوان ساز و کار مکمل فرآیند توافق دوجانبه برای حل اختلافات استفاده می‌شوند. ایران از دیرباز جهت اجتناب از مالیات مضاعف، معاهده‌های مالیاتی متعددی را با کشورهای مختلف منعقد نموده است. همچنین سیاست کلان اقتصادی کشور در سال‌های اخیر مبتنی بر اتکای بیشتر به درآمدهای مالیاتی بعنوان جایگزینی برای درآمدهای نفتی بوده است. لذا اهمیت شناخت این نوع معاهده‌ها و‌ مکانیسم‌های حل و فصل اختلافات آنها برای حقوقدانان کشور بیش از پیش آشکار می‌شود. هدف این مقاله معرفی،‌ تحلیل و نقد ساز و کارهای موجود در معاهده‌های مالیاتی بین‌المللی برای حل اختلافات می‌باشد. در این مقاله نقاط ضعف و قوت فرآیند توافق دوجانبه و داوری موردی به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی بیان و راهکارهایی جهت بهبود این مکانیسم‌ها ارائه می‌شود.

Cette étude s’intéresse à la détermination de la parité d’échange dans les opérations de fusion acquisition effectuées au Sénégal et notamment à l’impact de la politique comptable des dirigeants des sociétés absorbantes sur la parité. Cette étude montre d’une part, que les gestionnaires des entreprises absorbantes gèrent les résultats comptables l’année qui précède la fusion. Les ajustements comptables à la discrétion des dirigeants représentent environ 17.67 % du total de l’actif économique. D’autre part, ces ajustements sont influencés par plusieurs facteurs tels que : le contrôle majoritaire qu’exerce la société absorbante sur l’absorbée, la part majoritaire des dirigeants et/ou de leur famille dans le capital de l’absorbante, le pourcentage des parts de l’Etat dans la société, l’influence des critères de nature comptable dans la détermination de la parité et la performance de la société absorbante.

La République Démocratique du Congo a adhéré à l’OHADA en date du 11 juillet 2012. Le Traité, les Règlements d’application et les Actes uniformes sont entrés en vigueur le 12 septembre 2012. Il faudra rappeler ici que cette adhésion est consécutive à la loi n° 10/002 du 11 février 2010 autorisant l’adhésion de la RDC au Traité du 17 octobre 1993 relatif à l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique. A la suite de cette adhésion, plusieurs mesures ont été prises par le Gouvernement de la RDC pour assurer la mise en œuvre de l’OHADA. La présente réflexion passe en revue certaines de ces mesures en vue d’apprécier leurs incidences dans la sécurité juridique et judiciaire de la RDC.

Purpose This study aims to examine whether there are differences between financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and financial statements prepared in accordance with local accounting standards in terms of its ability to present the financial conditions of companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange as one of the emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach Data on study variables were obtained from the published financial statements of 67 of listed companies in the Saudi Stock Exchange during the period 2014–2019. The study addressed the research hypotheses by using Altman Z-score model. Both the T-test and Wilcoxon rank test were used to investigate the significance of differences between the values of Z-score and the individual variables included in the model in the pre- and post-IFRS mandatory adoption periods. Findings The results revealed a decrease in the values of Z-score as well as the values of the individual variables included in the model in the period following the adoption of IFRS than it was before the adoption of IFRS, which indicates the ability of IFRS to show the financial conditions of companies more transparently than local accounting standards. However, the results of the T-test and Wilcoxon test showed that these decreases were not statistically significant. Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations, including the small sample size as a result of the small size of the Saudi Stock Exchange, As well as the reliance of this study only on the Altman model with its five variables in assessing financial conditions without examining the impact of other factors that may affect the financial conditions of companies. Practical implications Financial conditions of the companies have important implications for multiple parties such as management, government, investors and others as an early warning sign that enables them to take the necessary measures early before the actual bankruptcy occurs and what results in costs. Originality/value Although assessing financial conditions of the companies is one of the basic uses of accounting information, this topic has not received sufficient attention as a means to test the benefits of adopting IFRS, especially in emerging markets such as Saudi Stock Exchange. This is the first study to examine the impact of adopting IFRS on the transparency of financial reporting in assessing financial conditions in Saudi Arabia.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the likelihood of formalizing informal sector activities in 13 Sub-Saharan African countries, using World Bank enterprise survey data collected between the periods 2009 and 2018. Notwithstanding the great contribution of the informal economy in Africa, developing countries may stand to gain more if they make inroads in formalizing the informal sector. Design/methodology/approach Since the dependent variable is binary taking the value of one if the firm is willing to formalize and zero otherwise, the study will employ a discrete choice probit model. Findings Results inter alia show that firms that are more likely to formalize are young, owned by individuals with high levels of education and, have registered before. Governments should therefore target firms that are young and provide them with information about the benefits of registration, and if these firms are owned by experienced and educated individuals, the likelihood for them to register would be high. Research limitations/implications The study uses cross sectional data and therefore cannot capture time variant factors affecting the probability to register and also cannot correct effectively for endogeneity. Practical implications Governments should therefore target firms that are young and provide them with as much information as possible about the benefits of registration, and if these firms are owned by experienced and educated individuals, the likelihood to convince them to register would be high. They should also reduce the cost of registration so as to improve net benefits in line with the rational exit view. Social implications Formalizing informal activities will help improve the performance of these firms, reduce vulnerable employment as well as crime, poverty and inequality. Providing decent operating and working conditions to informal players will reduce social and political unrest. Originality/value The African continent is home to many informal firms accounting for roughly 55% of economic activity with 90% of workers eking out a living in a sector that does not respect worker rights, provide decent working conditions and where changes in growth have done little to reduce its size. Regulatory reforms have also been implemented resulting in the number of start-up registration procedures falling from 11 in 2003 to seven in 2019. The uniqueness of Sub Saharan Africa in terms of entrepreneurial culture, political, institutional and economic conditions as well as lack of consensus in the extant empirical literature make this study pertinent.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends of legal regulation in the business activity under the conditions of new coronavirus infection. The dialectical method of research in conjunction with a retrospective and comparative analysis made it possible to identify three main trends in the legal regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the framework of new socio-economic realities. The increasing role of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity, based on the use of public and legal means, due to the need to increase state intervention in the activities of entrepreneurs is shown. The state support of business for the subsequent development of the economy and compliance with the social balance is also increasing. Accordingly, the social importance of entrepreneurial activity is growing. The pandemic has also intensified the digitalization of entrepreneurial activity, of transport companies, since many traditional forms of doing business are limited by the forced isolation of society. Individual means of digitalization, including the industrial Internet of Things, e-commerce, and smart contracts, have become most prevalent. Consequently, the pandemic cannot be viewed only as a negative factor, its impact on entrepreneurial activity also has a positive effect.

Purpose This study aims to examine whether the impact of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) on audit fees differs between early and late adopters. Design/methodology/approach The authors use robust econometric estimation on a sample of 314 firms from both early and late IFRS adopting countries. Findings The authors find that IFRS is positively and significantly associated with an increase in audit fees for early adopters, but the impact is very weak for late adopters and insignificant in some cases. The results on auditing time suggest that increase in audit fees around IFRS adoption is due to an increase in audit reporting lags. After accounting for pre- and post-years, the authors find that the relationship between IFRS and audit fees, as well as audit time for late adopters, is significant only in the adoption year. However, early adopters experience a significant increase in audit fees and audit time in the transition year to one-year post-adoption. Practical implications The findings imply that countries that are yet to adopt IFRS are less likely to experience a significant increase in audit fees audit time. Hence, is probable that the benefit of IFRS will outweigh the cost. Originality/value The results, therefore, suggest that early adopters paid a premium for been the first users of IFRS, which is consistent with any innovation. The study provides new insights by demonstrating that the consequences of IFRS differ between early and late adopters.

Si les meubles ont toujours pu faire l’objet d’actes de commerce, tel n’a pas toujours été le cas de l’immeuble, en raison de son exclusion du droit commercial du fait de son rattachement au droit civil par la loi. Mais, ce dernier a néanmoins finalement été atteint par les vagues de la commercialité. Ce qui n’a manqué de susciter un vif conflit de qualification en matière immobilière, mettant ce bien en exergue comme une illustration parfaite du duel entre ces deux grandes branches du droit privé. Cette situation révèle la nature imprécise du statut de l’immeuble en droit commercial dont le présent article a pour objet de clarifier. A présent, le caractère commercial des actes relatifs à l’immeuble a été expressément consacré et ne fait plus l’ombre d’aucun doute en droit OHADA. Toutefois, on constate néanmoins toujours le maintien de certaines opérations immobilières dans le giron du droit civil. Cette commercialité appliquée de façon singulière à ce bien comparativement à son analogue mobilier rend donc ainsi compte de celui-ci comme un critère d’application du droit commercial qui, à ce titre, témoigne de la remarquable évolution de cette branche du droit dans son rapport de force avec le droit civil. Ainsi, si à travers l’extension de son champ d’application à l’immeuble, le droit commercial fait effectivement figure d’un droit conquérant au détriment du droit civil, il subit cependant de plus en plus un certain rapprochement avec ce dernier tendant plutôt à relativiser les mérites de cette laborieuse conquête.

This work sets out to evaluate the OHADA Uniform Act’s laws on accountability in Private and Public Limited Companies. Normally, laws which provide for effective accountability, guarantee the smooth functioning and stability of companies since its rules work at averting all forms of mismanagements. The inspiration of this work stems from the realization that, levels of accountability in these companies are still wanting. Hitherto, companies are plagued with vices of obscured activities, fake transactions, non-transparent reporting and acute dishonesty by its organs. It is therefore baffling that, these are still prevalent despite the existence of the Uniform Act’s laws which contains accountability mechanism aimed at dispelling all these forms of corporate transgressions. From this arose lingering doubts as to how these laws are.