Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Les institutions juridiques ont été bâties autour des réalités connues depuis des millénaires, que nous appelons de nos jours des phénomènes du monde réel. Ces phénomènes retrouvent présentement un nouveau théâtre – le cyberespace, et les règles du droit font face au défi de s’approprier ce nouvel environnement. Entre autres, les technologies du cyberespace ont mis au monde divers moyens qui nous permettent de nous identifier et de manifester notre attitude envers les actes juridiques - des finalités qui ont été assurées de longue date par la signature manuscrite. Bien que ces nouveaux moyens aient mérité un nom similaire à leur contrepartie traditionnelle - l’appellation de signature électronique, ils restent des phénomènes dont la proximité avec la signature manuscrite est discutable. Force est de constater que le seul point commun entre les moyens classiques et électroniques de signer réside dans les fonctions qu’ils remplissent. C’est en se basant sur ces fonctions communes que le droit a adopté une attitude identique envers les moyens d’authentification traditionnels et électroniques et a accueilli ces derniers sous l’emprise de ses institutions. Cependant, ceci ne signifie pas que ces institutions se soient avérées appropriées et qu’elles ne demandent aucun ajustement. Un des buts de notre étude sera de mettre en relief les moyens d’adaptation qu’offre le droit pour réconcilier ces deux environnements. Ainsi, pour ajuster l’institution de la signature aux phénomènes électroniques, le droit s’est tourné vers le standard de fiabilité de la signature électronique. Le standard de fiabilité est un complément de l’institution juridique de signature qui ne se rapporte qu’à la signature électronique et dont cette étude démontrera les applications. Les composantes du standard de fiabilité qui occuperont un deuxième volet de notre étude représentent un ensemble de règles techniques liées à la signature électronique. Ainsi, comme le standard de fiabilité puise sa substance dans les propriétés de l’architecture du cyberespace, l’attitude du droit envers la signature électronique s’avère tributaire de la morphologie du cyberespace. Étant donné que les possibilités qui nous sont offertes par la technologie continue à déterminer la réglementation juridique, il est légitime de conclure que l’examen des tendances dans l’évolution du cyberespace nous fournira un point de vue prospectif sur l’évolution des règles du droit. Legal institutions were built in order to govern realities that have been known for ages, which we regard today as real space phenomena. These phenomena have recently found a new stage cyberspace, and accordingly, the rule of law faces the challenge to map this new environment. Diverse means pertaining to cyberspace technologies have made possible the achievement of the objectives of the handwritten signature - identification and exhibition of intent to be bound by legal consequences. Although these new means of technology were labeled with the title “electronic signature”, they remain remote to the phenomenon named “traditional signature”. It is obvious that the sole resemblance between traditional and electronic signatures appears to be in their ability to carry out the same functions. This resemblance grounds an identical legal position to traditional and electronic signatures, through the spread of the existing legal institutions over the new authentication means. However, legal institutions do not turn up to be automatically appropriate irrespectively of a considerable need for adjustment. Thus, the initial objective of our study will be to highlight the techniques of law to settle in the new environment. Aiming the adjustment of the legal institution to the electronic methods of authentication, the legal framework recourses to the reliability criterion for the electronic signature. The importance and the impact of the reliability criterion for the electronic signatures as part of the set of rules related to the signature, gave rise to our interest. Furthermore, we will study the components of the reliability criterion, which represent a set of technical rules governing the electronic signature. Consequently we reach a conclusion underscoring a strong dependence of legal solutions from the potential offered by cyberspace, or in other words, from its morphology. Given this assumption, the study of the tendencies in cyberspace architectural evolution places us in a better position to adopt a prospective point of view over the expectancies on the evolution of the rule of law.

This is an accepted manuscript of an article authored by Michael Trebilcock, and later published in International Economic Governance and Non-Economic Concerns.

This is the version of record of a paper presented at the Third EnviReform Conference, authored by Michael Trebilcock.

There has been a dramatic shift in the focus of trade policy concerns in recent years from the barriers that lie at the border to the barriers which exist “within the border.” The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) and other regional trading arrangements have been largely successful in reducing both the levels of tariffs worldwide and the scale of other border measures such as quotas. This has revealed a new and more subtle category of measures which restrict trade – the numerous regulations which governments enact to protect the health and safety of their citizens and the environment in which they live. Such regulations vary tremendously across borders: one nation's bunch of grapes is another nation's repository of carcinogenic pesticide residue. These efforts to protect citizens from the hazards of everyday life have become a virtual minefield for trade policy makers, in part because such differences can often be manipulated or exploited to protect domestic industry from international competition, and in part because even when there is no protectionist intent on the part of lawmakers, through a lack of coordination, mere differences in regulatory or standard-setting regimes can function to impede trade through increasing multiple compliance costs. It has thus become increasingly difficult to delineate the boundaries between a nation's sovereign right to regulate and its obligation to the international trading community not to restrict trade.

From an economic perspective, globalization is dismantling national barriers to entry and is transforming domestic markets into a global market. To meet the challenges posed by the integration of markets, corporations are joining forces with their former competitors to expand their presence in the global market. Rapid growth in transnational mergers to create global corporations is one of the key features of globalization. As multinational corporations are uniting, so should antitrust agencies that regulate them. Antitrust agencies around the world are realizing that the consumers whom they are mandated to protect are being adversely affected by decisions made beyond their national borders. By using the "effects" test, countries bring within their jurisdiction review of any merger or acquisition involving foreign companies with significant revenue or assets within their jurisdiction. The proliferation of merger control laws, in the absence of a mechanism to coordinate the transnational merger review, places an unnecessary burden on merging parties, and runs the risk of divergent outcomes, which at times cause friction among nation-states. Both to alleviate unnecessary burdens imposed on corporations and to reduce inefficiencies produced by the disparate review of a single transnational merger by several countries, this thesis proposes an International Merger Control Regime integrated into the WTO. The proposal focuses on ways to operationalize a "Lead Jurisdiction" model of oversight rather than on the creation of a new supranational decision-making agency. WTO dispute settlement and arbitration would be used to resolve conflicts arising out of the inability of a Lead Jurisdiction to arrive at an outcome satisfactory to other significantly affected jurisdictions.

La tesis versa sobre el incumplimiento esencial en el contrato de compraventa internacional de mercaderías, uno de los conceptos centrales de la regulación contenida en la Convención de Viena de 11 de abril de 1980, ya que en él se basa su sistema de acciones y de transmisión del riesgo.<br/>En el primer capítulo se analiza la necesidad de una regulación uniforme en materia de compraventa internacional y la evolución de la normativa internacional hasta la consecución de un texto único.<br/>El capítulo segundo estudia la influencia del carácter internacional y uniforme de la interpretación de la Convención en los métodos interpretativos clásicos, para concluir concretando una hermenéutica específica.<br/>El capítulo tercero define términos que serán empleados en el desarrollo de la exposición y estudia los métodos de integración de las normas de la Convención, diferenciando los supuestos de hecho constitutivos de lagunas intra legem, integradas por las normas de Derecho internacional privado y las praeter legem, integradas con los principios de la Convención y los Principios UNIDROIT, en su caso, y, en su defecto, por las normas de Derecho internacional privado.<br/>El capítulo cuarto analiza la evolución histórica del concepto de incumplimiento esencial y concluye con una serie de principios que se tendrán en cuenta en la exégesis posterior.<br/>Los capítulos quinto y sexto definen los diferentes elementos constitutivos del concepto de incumplimiento esencial. El perjuicio sustancial y el test de previsibilidad, empleando la hermenéutica antes establecida con especial atención a los antecedentes históricos y la jurisprudencia internacional. <br/>El análisis del concepto de perjuicio sustancial nos descubre que la pretensión de que el concepto fuera totalmente objetivo se diluye parcialmente en la consideración de las expectativas contractuales de la parte perjudicada, lo que exige interpretar e integrar el contrato antes de calificar el incumplimiento, y en la consideración de determinadas situaciones y comportamientos de la parte incumplidora como supuestos suficientes por si mismos para justificar la existencia de tal perjuicio sustancial.<br/>El estudio del test de previsibilidad, en virtud del cual no existe incumplimiento esencial si la sustancialidad del perjuicio no era previsible, concluye en su función exoneratoria, en el análisis del concepto de persona razonable, en su influencia en la determinación de la carga de la prueba y en la determinación del momento de la esencialidad del incumplimiento.<br/>El capítulo séptimo relaciona en primer lugar el concepto de incumplimiento esencial con el de incumplimiento subsanable anticipado y con el sobrevenido, sea o no subsanable. <br/>El capítulo octavo distingue las particularidades del incumplimiento parcial que reúna, total o parcialmente, las características del incumplimiento esencial, con especial atención a los supuestos de compraventa con entregas sucesivas de mercaderías y la posibilidad de que las soluciones dadas al comprador puedan aplicarse a los supuestos en los que el vendedor sea la parte perjudicada. <br/>Finalmente, el capítulo noveno analiza los supuestos de incumplimiento previsible, su dificultad de diferenciación en la práctica y su relación directa con el incumplimiento esencial, a través de la figura del incumplimiento anticipado.