Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The success of commercial arbitration law and practice is achieved as a result of several factors. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether efficacy of commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho is hindered by the legal framework which does not conform to the United Nations Commission Trade Law on International Commercial Arbitration, UNCITRAL Model Law. Examining such other factors as support of the courts and government, the study specifically investigated the impact of lack of education about commercial arbitration for the business community and unregulated arbitrators on the efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho. With the use of the desk reviews and interviews as data collection methods for this study, the evidence obtained has revealed that efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho is hampered by the law which is outdated and inconsistent with the UNCITRAL Model law. As such, support for the mechanism by the courts has been found to be at stake or adversely affected. Lack of support from the government and that of awareness campaigns about the mechanism for the business community have also been noted for constraining the efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in the country. Further noticeable from the findings include limited commitment from the legal profession and unregulated arbitrators, both of which could have significantly obstructed the mechanism. The study thus concludes that there is an urgent need for law reforms and concerted commitment from the relevant stakeholders to help towards achieving efficacy of the commercial arbitration, law and practice in Lesotho.

The paper aims to review the relation between Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Performance. We reviewed these variables and develop a Theoretical and Analytics framework. First introduction (study background, Problem Statement, Research Objectives and research questions). Second literature review (A) financial performance such as ROA, ROE, EPS and Tobin’s Q, (B) Corporate Governance as Board of Directors, Board Composition, CEO Duality and Board Size (C) Risk Management. Third, we discussed Underpinning Theories such as, Agency Theory and Institutional Theory. Fourth, we developed a Theoretical Framework where we illustrated (A) Corporate Governance and Financial Performance, (B) Risk Management and Financial Performance (C) Compliance with Accounting Standards and Financial Performance. Finally, we developed a comprehensive reviewing based on above variables.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of formalization on access to credit by taking the example of Togolese (small and medium) enterprises. To achieve this objective, we test the hypothesis that the formalization of firms has a significant effect on access to credit. To do so, a Probit regression and the special regressor method were used on data from 65,725 firms extracted from the 2019 General Census of Enterprises database piloted by the National Institute of Statistics, Economic and Demographic Studies (INSEED). The results show that the variable "Formalization of enterprises (small and medium)" has a significant influence at the 1% level on the probability of access to credit. In addition, the control variables such as guarantees, cost of credit, access to the public market, gender and level of education also explain access to credit at the 1%, 1%, 5% and 10% thresholds respectively. Our results show the importance of training and capacity building for informal enterprises to formalize. Also, they will allow regulatory bodies to develop policies that can reframe the informal sector in order to contribute to the GDP and absorb more young people seeking employment.

This study aims to understand the accounting effects of the Corona pandemic in more depth and clarity, where the study explores the accounting choices during the pandemic period and the impact of the firm's strategic orientation and its social responsibility performance on those choices. Using data from non-financial Saudi companies, the accounting choices divided into aggressive accounting strategy and conservative accounting strategy, and regression models used to examine the study hypotheses. The results of the study provide a clearer and in-depth vision about the nature of accounting practices during the pandemic and indicated that business strategy affects accounting choices, while corporate social responsibility does not affect. The results can imply useful information for the market regulators that help them in controlling and stabilizing the market, as well as for professional accounting organizations to help them issue guidelines for accounting work during crises.

The procedure of liquidation of assets can be closed for the extinction of liabilities or for insufficient assets. The court may then, at the request of any interested person or ex officio, at any time during the proceedings and after a report by the official receiver, close the proceedings. In case of insufficiency of assets, the business disappears and, perhaps, the hope of any payment to creditors as well. For a long time, it was accepted that the closure for lack of assets allows creditors to resume individual proceedings against the debtor, especially if the latter returns to better circumstances. This traditional solution has been abandoned. According to OHADA Uniform Act on the organisation of collective procedures for the settlement of liabilities, revised on 10 December 2015, closure for insufficiency of assets no longer automatically gives creditors the right to take individual action. Thus, when a liquidation leads to a shortage of assets, the satisfaction of creditors remains uncertain. The objective of this study is to show that despite this reform, the protection of creditors’ rights has not changed significantly in the event of insufficient assets. Indeed, any possible recourse to the recovery of their claims remains paralysed by certain measures that infringe their rights. The infringements can be described as severe or moderate depending on the case.

Esta dissertação analisa a evolução do sistema contabilístico da Guiné-Bissau, nomeadamente o processo de convergência do Sistema de Contabilidade da Organização para Harmonização do Direito dos Negócios em África (SYSCOHADA) com as normas internacionais de relato financeiro (NIRF). Pretende-se perceber em que medida os laços políticos e culturais influenciaram este processo de convergência no país, e ainda as ligações entre as dimensões culturais, sociais, económicas e financeiras, assim como as respetivas influências na fiscalidade, no ensino e na formação profissional, na organização da profissão contabilística, com base na classificação dos sistemas contabilísticos de Nobes (1998). A Guiné-Bissau é um país membro da Organização para Harmonização dos Negócios em África (OHADA), entidade responsável por edificar e oficializar as normas contabilísticas, que são aprovados através de ato uniforme que envolve dezassete países africanos, o que explica que seja influenciado ou influencie outros países membros daquela organização. Esta investigação contribui para a literatura no domínio da contabilidade e relato financeiro no continente africano, em geral, área ainda pouco explorada e pouco conhecida da comunidade académica, e da Guiné-Bissau, em particular, país independente desde 1973, depois de um período de vários séculos de existência como antiga colónia portuguesa.

International investment law is facing a legitimacy crisis, in which to tackle, substantial efforts are being made in structural and procedural areas. The first step to overcoming this crisis is identifying the roots of it. The lack of a dynamic balance between public and private interests is one of the main factors creating this legitimacy crisis in this legal system.[1] This paper focuses on the changes in the investment arbitration jurisprudence to create this balance. The findings of this paper can explain one of the convergence points of international trade and investment law. Such a claim is based on the evolution of international trade law in facing a similar legitimacy issue and the structural-procedural approach of this legal system in balancing public and private interests as an ultimate solution to the crisis.[2] From this perspective, one of the major factors in creating a legitimacy crisis in both legal systems is the dominance of the paradigm for preference of private interests; and one of the convergence points of international trade and investment law has been to replace it by accepting the paradigm of creating a dynamic balance between competing goals.[3] This paper examines this convergence in arbitral jurisprudence.IntroductionIn recent years, the legitimacy crisis of the regime of international investment law and, as a result, the investor-state dispute settlement system has been one of the most important and controversial topics in the academic environment and the practice of states consequently, serious efforts in various fields to tackle this crisis have begun. According to this paper, choosing an arbitration mechanism modeled on international commercial arbitration to resolve disputes between host states and foreign investors can be evaluated as a wrong and hasty action that, regardless of its factors and contexts, has changed the nature and function of this system over time.[4] It should be noted that the main factor in such consequences is how this dispute resolution system is used which, contrary to the accepted model, always puts the host states in a "respondent" position in possible future disputes and, as a result, disrupts the balance expected in any international dispute settlement system. On this basis, the confrontation of the host state's sovereign competence in ensuring public interests with the foreign investors’ ability to challenge this competence is brought into the spotlight: currently, within the regime of international investment law, host states have only responsibilities and obligations in contrast to extensive and exclusive rights and privileges recognized for foreign investors, and this can be considered as the most important factor disturbing the said balance. The main issue in this field is to analyze the role of the investment arbitral tribunals in creating such a balance. In this regard, the authors, by focusing on the nature of investment treaties, and the relations between the parties in investment disputes and with emphasis on the general legal regime governing international investment, consider creating a dynamic balance between public and private interests to be the key to solving the crisis. They emphasize that; As long as the rights and obligations of the parties to the dispute are based on imbalanced grounds, the change in nature of the disputes and the function of the system -as the main roots of this legitimacy crisis - will remain. In this remark, it is very important to focus on the two-sided nature (public-private) of the relationships established in the framework of investment treaties. The relationship between the host state and the foreign investor is created within the framework of investment treaties and in light of fundamental differences from purely private relationships in international commercial arbitration.[5] Note that any dispute arising from this relationship is affected by its inherently public nature governed by public international law.[6] Thus, a purely private attitude towards these relations does not seem viable. As Ian Brownlie has stated in the case of SME v. the Czech Republic, it can lead to ignoring some of the basic elements of the relevant investment treaty.[7] In other words, the right and duty of the host state in protecting and promoting public interests is a fundamental part of this relationship, and any indulgence of it leads to a serious disruption of the mentioned balance through which the system's legitimacy will be the first victim.It is clear that the main task of any dispute resolution system is to create such a balance, and on this basis, and compared to the WTO dispute resolution system, the role of the investment tribunals in this process is discussed. This jurisprudential convergence is in line with the goal of strengthening the legitimacy of the international investment law system as a whole.Based on the above, the first part of this paper focuses on the process of establishing the ISDS in international investment law and its characteristics, the factors of the crisis of legitimacy are analyzed with an analytical approach, while also explaining the nature of investment treaties and explaining the general legal regime governing international investment. Furthermore, the lack of a dynamic balance between public and private interests is emphasized as the main cause of the crisis. In the second part, while comparing the two legal systems of international trade and investment with a similar crisis of legitimacy, we will examine the interaction of investment arbitration with the WTO's jurisprudence in facing this crisis through a case study of several investment arbitral awards. [1]. David Gaukrodger, “The Balance between Investor Protection and the Right to Regulate in Investment Treaties: A Scooping Paperˮ, OECD Working Paper on International Investment 2017/02, at 4.[2]. Nicholas DiMascio & Joost Pauwelyn, “Non-Discrimination in Trade and Investment Treaties: Worlds apart or Two Sides of the Same Coin?”, AJIL, Vol. 102, No.1, (2008), at 89.[3]. Jurgen Kurtz and Sungioon Cho, “Convergence and Divergence in International Economic Law and Politics”, EJIL, Vol. 20, No. 1, (2018), at 187.[4]. Benedict Kingsbury & Stephan W. Schill, “Public Law Concepts to Balance Investor's Rights with State Regulatory Actions in the Public Interest - The Concept of Proportionalityˮ, In Schill Stephan W., International Investment Law and Comparative Public Law (UK: Oxford University Press, 2010) at 76. [5]. Crina Baltag, “Reforming The ISDS System: In Search of a Balanced Approach?ˮ, Contemporary Asia Arbitration Journal, Vol. 22, No. 2, (2019), at 285.[6]. Ibid.[7]. Andreas Kulick, “Sneaking Through Backdoor – Reflections on Public Interest in International Investment Arbitrationˮ, Arbitration International, Vol. 29, No. 3, (2013), at 438.

UNCITRAL model law on electronic transferable records. Dalle esperienze precedenti all’approvazione della MLETR. Lo scopo e la struttura. Le disposizioni sul principio di equivalenza funzionale. Lo standard generale di affidabilità. Altre disposizioni sull’uso degli electronic transferable records. L’applicazione della model law. La necessità di una riforma: l’esperienza del Regno Unito. Trade documents. Possession problem e i “gateway criteria”. Impact assessment dell’electronic trade documents bill. La necessità di adeguare la legislazione italiana.

Les sociétés et banques françaises ou européennes ont-elles été ciblées par les autorités américaines au prétexte de la lutte contre la corruption ? La thèse démontre, statistiques et textes officiels à l’appui, que cette conception est erronée. Depuis la promulgation de la loi anticorruption de 1977, les deux tiers environ des entités poursuivies aux États-Unis sont américaines, bien que les entreprises étrangères soient souvent celles qui paient les pénalités les plus lourdes. Pour expliquer ce phénomène, la thèse retrace les caractéristiques de la lutte anti-corruption qui a pris vers la fin du XXe siècle une dimension internationale. Les traditions de common law, opposées à celle du droit civil, les contextes géographique, historique et constitutionnel créent des différences de perception de la corruption et des approches pour la combattre. Aux États-Unis le moralisme, le juridisme, le fédéralisme et le pragmatisme sont des marques de naissance. Pourtant, même si elle est contraire à la vertu prônée par les Pères Fondateurs, la corruption a longtemps été tolérée. Néanmoins progressivement, à la suite de changements sociétaux et de crises, un dispositif performant se met en place. Le scandale du Watergate montre la dimension transfrontalière de la corruption. C’est pourquoi le Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, principale loi anticorruption, est doté d’une portée extraterritoriale. L’efficacité du système est renforcée par des pratiques originales et des procédures de « justice négociée ». Face à la domination américaine, d’autres juridictions, dont la France, ont tenté des mesures de blocage en invoquant le principe de souveraineté nationale. Mais l’essor de la mondialisation et d’un droit souple global mettent en cause la pertinence de cette approche. Les relations franco-américaines n’ont pas toujours été apaisées, mais une phase de coopération a débuté vers 2018, grâce notamment à l’introduction par la loi Sapin 2 de procédures compatibles avec celles américaines. La collaboration se trouve renforcée par le rôle croissant des institutions européennes, des ONG et surtout de l’OCDE pour développer un système international coordonné de lutte contre la corruption. Plusieurs chantiers, dont celui d’un système fiscal couvrant toutes les personnes, morales et physiques, dans le monde, sont en cours pour créer un jus commune. Il n’est ni réaliste, ni même souhaitable de vouloir renverser l’hégémonie américaine. Mais comme celle-ci désire établir sa légitimité, l’émergence d’une mondialité avec des objectifs communs mais dans le respect des différences, est possible. Elle serait le meilleur moyen pour, sinon éliminer, du moins réduire la corruption transnationale.

Cet article, est une contribution à la réflexion sur le statut de l’arbitre en droit OHADA, entamée par plusieurs chercheurs africains, et au centre de laquelle se trouve la problématique de l’immunité en droit de l’arbitrage OHADA. Le débat sur le choix d’un système d’immunité et la définition d’un véritable statut pour l’arbitre est toujours d’actualité. Cet article fait le point global des approches et conceptions sur l’immunité diplomatique des arbitres de la CCJA. En effet, le débat sur la responsabilité touche de façon étroite celui du statut de l’arbitre : la responsabilité étant la résultante d’un statut, cela nous permettra d’aborder la question du statut juridique de l’arbitre en droit OHADA. Dans un contexte où les différentes législations, la jurisprudence ou encore les conventions internationales, n’abordent que très peu le statut de l’arbitre, la détermination des éléments permettant de préciser les contours des devoirs, droits et obligations de l’arbitre, contribuera de façon certaine à mieux appréhender la mission de l’arbitre.

L’étude aborde l’accès à la justice comme un droit fondamental, en prenant pour référence la République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Depuis son accession à l’indépendance, la RDC est confrontée à une spirale de problèmes structurels et conjoncturels qui entrave le fonctionnement du service public de la justice et remet en cause les fondements de ce pays en tant qu’« État». Avoir accès à la justice s’analyse comme un privilège pour la majeure partie de la population qui crie à l’arbitraire. Les entraves se ramènent à l’ignorance des textes de lois, à l’absence d’une justice de proximité, au manque d’indépendance du juge, ainsi qu'à la faible protection des victimes et témoins devant les instances judiciaires. D’où la méfiance de la population envers l’institution judiciaire et en contrepartie le recours aux pratiques sociales de règlement des différends.Devant cette évidence, résorber le clivage entre la loi et le vécu quotidien de la population est un réel défi. La crise de l’État et de l’institution judiciaire persistante exige l’instauration d’une justice de proximité à la portée de la population sans mettre en disgrâce le recours aux modes alternatifs. Cette étude préconise la refondation d’un système juridique adapté et ancré aux réalités sociétales. Seul, en effet, un système empreint de pluralisme juridique, passant par un accommodement entre tradition et modernité, formel et informel, justice étatique et transitionnelle pourrait relever le défi de garantir l’accès à la justice, en assurant réparation aux victimes et en sauvegardant le dialogue auteur-victime à travers l’arbre à palabre, trait identitaire du droit traditionnel africain.

A presente tese de doutorado aborda a hipótese de segredo de negócio enquanto direito de propriedade industrial em sentido estrito. A introdução do trabalho versa sobre a relevância dossegredos de negócio na prática empresarial. Por sua vez, o Capítulo 1 é dedicado à disciplina jurídica dos segredos de negócio como atualmente firmada. Aborda, nesse sentido, as propostas de justificativa apresentadas para fundamentar a proteção jurídica conferida aos segredos de negócio. Em sequência, o Capítulo 2 do trabalho trata dos problemas observados em referidas propostas de justificativa da proteção a segredos negociais, demonstrando como as citadas propostas se mostram insuficientes e inadequadas para tanto. O Capítulo 2 também aborda como a insuficiência e inadequação das citadas propostas é prejudicial, pois gera insegurança jurídica. O Capítulo 3 apresenta a hipótese da tese, de justificativa de proteção aos segredos de negócio enquanto um direito de propriedade industrial em sentido estrito, equiparável, enquanto tal, a direitos de propriedade industrial já reconhecidos, como patentes, marcas e desenhos industriais. Para tanto, o Capítulo 3 aprofunda os conceitos de Direito de Propriedade Intelectual, de Propriedade Industrial, bem como as justificativas para a existência jurídica de direitos de Propriedade Industrial. Apresenta, ao final, a hipótese objeto da tese. Por fim, a conclusão traz considerações finais acerca do tema.

Cette recherche traite de la contribution de l’Initiative Panafricaine de la Grande Muraille Verte pour le Sahel et le Sahara à l’évolution normative dans son tracé géographique au Burkina Faso. L’Agence Panafricaine de la Grande Muraille Verte pour le Sahel et le Sahara en tant qu’organisation intergouvernementale se positionne comme acteur institutionnel de la lutte contre les changements climatiques et la désertification. Cependant, la multiculturalité des pays membres interroge sur le modèle juridique apte à répondre à l’urgence écologique. A cela s’ajoutent la preuve de la légitimité et de la légalité de l’institution qui pourrait justifier une approche systémique du droit de préservation de la biosphère au Burkina Faso. Il est capital que soit posée la question de l’existence d’ordre juridique non-étatique et son interaction avec le droit positif. S’appuyant sur une démarche anthropo-juridique combinant l’exégèse par l’examen des textes législatifs et règlementaires, l’ethnographie juridique de la Grande Muraille Verte (GMV) et des systèmes de régulation chez les Moose, cette thèse a permis de réaliser une ethnologie juridique du droit endogène du vivant au Burkina Faso dans le tracé de la GMV. Les analyses anthropologiques font la preuve de l’existence de système de régulations juridiques endogènes chez les Moose. Cette régulation s’étend depuis l’ère précoloniale à l’époque de la cogestion coloniale pour enfin échoir sur l’ère postcoloniale par un pluralisme normatif tacite. La prise en compte de cet ordre juridique non-étatique est un facteur de renforcement du système de résilience des populations locales face aux changements climatiques. Pour les gestionnaires de la GMV, il se présente une solution à trois facettes pour le Sahel et le Sahara : elle consistera à l’émergence d’un droit des pratiques, d’une reconnaissance des traditions juridiques locales et d’une réhabilitation des ayants droits coutumiers

Cette thèse est relative aux notions de propriété et domanialité publiques en droit guinéen. L'État guinéen étant le fruit d'une longue histoire (pré-coloniale, coloniale, post-coloniale), il est indispensable de faire une présentation de la situation juridique des biens publics guinéens en tenant compte des réalités de chaque période de l'histoire du pays, afin de mettre en lumière le caractère particulier de leur traitement juridique.Le droit domanial est une discipline en pleine évolution, mais malheureusement méconnue dans le paysage guinéen, ce qui explique d'ailleurs en partie l'échec constaté dans le processus de gestion et d'utilisation des biens publics par les décideurs politiques et administratifs. Ce travail mené dans une approche interdisciplinaire et empirique sur le droit administratif local - qui met en avant les difficultés contemporaines et propose des perspectives pour une gestion domaniale plus saine - ambitionne d'offrir des pistes d'amélioration de la gouvernance en la matière.

The courthouses are, in our states, the places of legal reading - a culture constantly policed and hardened by jurisprudence and praetorian practices; themselves difficult to abandon notwithstanding the pressure and scope of new laws didn’t stop swelling. Indeed, legal practitioners are still unable to agree on the foundations, perception, conceptualization and implementation procedure of this important judicial institution. Certainly, the fog that hung over the identification of the « article 49 judge » in the Congolese judicial system is now lifted. However, this is not the case for appeals against decisions of the presidential court which, in principle, are provisionally enforceable and sometimes, on the spot. In addition, differences of opinion subsist as to the form of the act carrying the defense to be executed. So many problematic questions around which this reflection is articulated; but in a fairly limited format given the presentation requirements of a scientific article. Les palais de justice sont, dans nos Etats, les hauts lieux de la culture juridique – culture sans cesse policée et durcie par la jurisprudence et les pratiques prétoriennes; elles-mêmes difficiles à abandonner nonobstant la pression et la portée des lois nouvelles. Depuis l’adhésion de la République démocratique du Congo à l’OHADA – et nonobstant la supralégalité du droit uniforme africain des affaires – la polémique sur les défenses à exécuter n’a pas cessé d’enfler. En effet, les praticiens du droit n’arrivent toujours pas à s’accorder sur les fondements, la perception, la conceptualisation et la procédure de mise en œuvre de cette importante institution judiciaire. Certes, le brouillard qui planait sur l’identification du « Juge de l’article 49 » dans le système judiciaire congolais est aujourd’hui levé. Il n’en est pas cependant le cas des régimes d’appel contre les décisions de la juridiction présidentielle qui, par principe, sont exécutoires par provision et, parfois, sur minute. Par ailleurs, des divergences de vues subsistent quant à la forme de l’acte emportant la défense à exécuter. Autant des questions problématiques autour desquelles s’articule cette réflexion; mais dans un format assez limité compte tenu des exigences de présentation d’un article scientifique.

Since the earlier indirect Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) provisions failed to hold investors responsible for human rights abuses, the recent hardening process of direct CSR clauses has resulted in incorporating CSR clauses under sections or chapters entitled “investors obligations” and tying CSR obligations to binding human rights and environmental prohibitions, as well as to human rights obligations established by the host state's legislation. This paper provides a non-exhaustive analysis of recent developments in treaty practice based on research primarily sourced from investment agreements concluded between 2012 and 2021, doctrinal input, and normative analysis. As shown in this paper the hardening process has not yet been completed, and reformations are necessary. Specifically, new investment agreements should enshrine investor human rights obligations as legally binding obligations, consider violations of these CSR obligations as part of investment disputes and provide direct remedies to victims. This study contributes to the literature on the international responsibility of TNCs with regard to human rights by examining the process of hardening up the CSR obligations within investment agreements as an approach that could lead to effective human rights protection.

This introduction provides the reader with a general characterization of the 39 Mixed Arbitral Tribunals (MATs) created by the 1919-1923 peace treaties to address disputes between private persons and between private persons and states as a result of the First World War. Noting that the rich literature published on the MATs was followed by near-silence after 1945, it mentions the numerous questions that they still raise today, before explaining how the various contributions to the book edited by the authors address them.