Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Paying taxes is essential to attaining sustainable economic growth and national economic independence, hence tax evasion is a concern for the economies of both wealthy and developing countries. This study examined how tax payer attitudes, particularly in the Singida Tax Region, affect tax evasion in Tanzanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study employed a survey method in which data collection comprised both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A multiple regression model was employed in combination with a descriptive study approach to ascertain the outcomes. 145 SMEs taxpayers made up the study's as a sample size. The findings demonstrate that, among SMEs in the Singida Region, peer influence, tax awareness, tax morale, and tax evasion have statistically significant relationships with the taxpayer's attitude. This association is supported by statistics. Consequently, the United Republic of Tanzanian government needs to consider how taxpayer attitudes including peer pressure, tax knowledge, and morale affect tax evasion. This will contribute to the goal of reducing tax avoidance by all taxpayers, including SMEs Taxpayers.

Based on bank-level data from 29 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2005 and 2019, we apply panel fixed effects (FE) and two-step system GMM estimators to investigate whether increased cross-border banking affects domestic banking sector stability. We find significant evidence that the stability of banks in host countries declines with an increased presence of foreign banks—and the impact is more pronounced on banks that are small and less efficient. The stability impact of foreign banks is also found to depend on the quality of governance institutional factors in the host country. The findings shed some important insights on the downside of financial liberalisation policy in developing countries and the need for increased cross-border collaboration between home and host supervisory authorities in the SSA region—especially in jurisdictions where the foreign bank affiliates are systemically important. The domestic supervisory authorities thus need to effectively manage the inherent trade-off between reaping the benefits from international financial integration while effectively safeguarding domestic banking systems against cross-border contagion and fragility.

L’Objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre la portée de la mutation comptable sur la production d’une information financière de qualité. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour une posture épistémologique interpretativiste adossée sur une démarche qualitative inductive. A l’aide d’un guide d’entretien, nous avons réalisé les entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dix (10) gestionnaires financiers des entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Les données collectées, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu et automatisée à l’aide du logiciel Nvivo 10. Il ressort de ces analyses que la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA contribuerait à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’information financière dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Ce qui interpelle les gestionnaires des entreprises publiques d’une part et le conseil permanent de la comptabilité au Congo d’autre part de veiller véritablement à l’applicabilité stricte du SYSCOHADA pour une information financière de qualité. Car la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA s’implémente avec beaucoup des difficultés dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo surtout lors des travaux d’inventaires.  

The collection of value-added tax from the cross-border supply of digital goods remains a challenge for tax authorities around the world. South Africa is no different. The traditional methods of collecting VAT from the supply of digital goods relies on the honesty of the consumer and on the supplier to account for and remit VAT to the tax authorities in the jurisdiction where the goods are consumed. The traditional collection models are often unreliable, inefficient, burdensome, and expensive for the consumers and the suppliers. The adoption of blockchain technology as a model to collect VAT on the cross-border supply of digital goods has the potential to alleviate the compliance burden on consumers and suppliers of digital goods, improve the efficiency of tax administration, and reduce VAT fraud. Importantly, blockchain technology can create trust between tax authorities, suppliers of digital goods, and consumers. This thesis critically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of implementing blockchain technology for the collection of VAT on the cross-border supply of digital goods in South Africa. This thesis unpacks the consideration factors for policymakers in the implementation of blockchain technology for the collection of VAT on cross-border trade in digital goods. The thesis makes recommendations for the South African VAT Act to be amended to make provision for the collection of VAT by utilising blockchain technology.

This research empirically examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1994-2021. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates long-run and short-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally showed that both company income tax and value added tax were statistically significant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both shot-run and long-run periods; whereas personal income tax was statistically insignificant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both short-run and long-run. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended tax authorities responsible for tax administration should upgrade the tax database to capture all potential tax-payers in order to broaden tax income.

The study investigated the impact of exchange rate depreciation on import demand in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021. The data used was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates short-run and long-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally found that exchange rate depreciation is statistically not significant and negatively impacted on import demand in Nigeria in the short-run. However, in the long-run, exchange rate depreciation is negatively impacted to import demand and statistically significant. Causal relationship does exist between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria with causation running from import demand to exchange rate depreciation. On the basis of the findings, the researcher made the following recommendations among others: Government should consider inward looking to strengthen the imports substitution policies that ensure massive production of goods and services.

This study extensively explored the potential of digitalization in The Gambia Revenue Authority's tax administration, amidst concerns over the practical application of digital tools and their underutilization, which have hindered the realization of improved revenue mobilization and efficient tax processes in The Gambia. The research, adopting a mixed method design, aimed to understand the intricate relationship between digitalization and tax administration in The Gambia. With specific objectives, including identifying driving factors, examining effects, and evaluating the correlation with GRA's performance, the study adopted quantitative and qualitative analyses. Similarly, the study population is two thousand, one hundred and eighty-eight (2188). Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula, out of 2188 population of the study, three hundred and twenty seven (327) were selected as the sample size. This encompassed individuals drawn from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, GRA staff, and corporate taxpayers using a stratified and proportionate-to-size sampling approach. Hypotheses analysis revealed a statistically significant and positive effect of digitalization on tax administration, indicating improved efficiency and GRA effectiveness. Also, Spearman's rank-order correlation affirmed a positive relationship between digitalization and tax administration. Furthermore, qualitative insights from stakeholder interviews highlighted drivers such as international financial body stipulations, modernization imperatives, trust-building, accurate record-keeping, and alignment with global standards. Recommendations include training programs for GRA staff, public awareness campaigns, and enhancing user experiences for e-payment systems, among others.

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are supposed to raise the value relevance of accounting information and thus ensure its usefulness for users. Most of the studies on the relevance of IFRS-based accounting information were conducted in countries that had previous accounting standards before the adoption of IFRS. However, the relevance of accounting information is influenced by the accounting traditions inherited from previous practices. This study provides distinctive evidence on the relevance of IFRS accounting information by examining the association between accounting information prepared by Palestinian companies and share prices. Palestine represents a pure IFRS environment since IFRS is its first financial reporting framework. The study estimates the impact of accounting information, including book value of equity per share, earnings per share, and operating cash flow per share, on the market value of the share. Totally, the results show that the accounting numbers prepared by Palestinian companies are relevant. Precisely, earnings per share and book value of equity per share are the important variables in determining the share market value. Notwithstanding, no significant impact of operating cash flow per share has been observed. Moreover, evidence supporting the existence of conformity and predictive relevance is obtained, but the overall predictive relevance is higher. To enhance the relevance of IFRS information, this paper recommends local regulators and policymakers to work on improving the readiness of the Palestinian environment to fully benefit from the adoption of IFRS. On the other hand, the International Accounting Standards Board should adequately consider the circumstances prevailing in underdeveloped countries when issuing its standards. For future research, larger samples from several countries with different prevailing factors should provide insights into the mechanisms of the relationship between book and market values.

Over the last decade, corporate governance has become crucial to solving agency problems and achieving objectives for organisational sustainability . At the heart of this governance, internal audit is recognised as an essential control mechanism for improving business performance. In the face of digitalisation, internal audit must adapt, presenting new challenges and opportunities. This paper explores the impact of digitalisation on the effectiveness of internal audit as a governance mechanism, developing a conceptual model through an extensive literature review.

Près de dix ans après la crise des subprimes les opérations de titrisation connaissent un nouvel essor. Ce dernier fait suite notamment à des travaux de la Commission européenne qui, dès 2015, a fait part de son intention de réviser le corpus applicable à ces transactions dans la cadre de son plan d'action pour la construction de l'Union des Marchés de Capitaux. C'est ainsi qu'en 2017 un règlement portant sur les opérations simples transparentes et standardisées a été publié au journal officiel de l'Union européenne. Ce texte a vocation à être complété par un autre règlement relatif à l'opposabilité des cessions de créances. Au niveau international les règles de rétention de fonds propres applicables visant les expositions de titrisations ont été amendées afin de mieux prendre en compte les risques y attachés. En France le régime applicable à la gestion d'actif et au financement par la dette a été remanié. On peut se demander comment ces évolutions normatives ont influencé la manière dont les risques systémiques et idiosyncratiques sont créés, transférés et couverts dans le cadre des opérations de titrisation. Almost ten years after the subprime crisis, securitization transactions are experiencing a new boom. The latter follows notably work of the European Commission which, as early as 2015, announced its intention to revise the legal framework applicable to these transactions as part of its action plan for the Capital Market Union. This led in 2017 to the publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of a regulation on simple, transparent and standardized transactions. This text is intended to be supplemented by another regulation on the enforceability of assignments of receivables. At the international level, the capital retention rules applicable to securitization exposures have been amended to take better account of the risks associated to said exposures. In France, the legal framework applicable to asset management and debt financing has been revised. One can wonder whether the normative developments have influenced the way systemic and idiosyncratic risks are created, transferred and hedged in securitization transactions.

Aujourd’hui, le marché financier est considéré comme le bouc émissaire du monde des affaires puisqu’il est toujours culpabilisé et pointé de doigt comme la source du malaise et la cause directe de l’effondrement des systèmes économiques. La finalité des marchés financiers est tragiquement déviée dans la perception du grand public. Ce marché qui est censé être l’emblème d’épanouissement, d’entraide et de coopération, est devenu un lieu où règne la mauvaise foi et les manœuvres frauduleuses. Cette stigmatisation n’est pas due au hasard. En effet, le délit d’initié, la publication de comptes inexacts, les crises financières etc. constituent quelques-unes des questions qui ont alimenté le débat actuel autour de crépuscule de la régulation massive du marché financier. La gestion des risques liés aux marchés financiers est devenue une préoccupation majeure afin de se prémunir contre les risques financiers, réputationnels et opérationnels. Today, the financial market is regarded as the scapegoat of the business world, since it is always blamed and pointed at as the source of malaise and the direct cause of the collapse of economic systems. The purpose of financial markets is tragically skewed in the public perception. This market, which is supposed to be the emblem of self-fulfillment, mutual aid and cooperation, has become a place where bad faith and fraudulent maneuvers reign supreme. This stigmatization is no accident. Indeed, insider trading, the publication of inaccurate accounts, financial crises etc. are just some of the issues that have fueled the current debate surrounding the twilight of massive financial market regulation. Financial market risk management has become a major preoccupation in order to guard against financial, reputational and operational risks.

La esperanza de vida en nuestro país es una de las más altas del mundo. Se estima que en treinta años la tasa de dependencia de personas mayores con necesidades de cuidados en la UE alcanzará el sesenta por ciento.Este estudio aborda las cuestiones jurídico-tributarias que plantean las "plataformas digitales de cuidados" que operan en el ámbito nacional y que tienen por destinatarios a los mayores dependientes.Estas fórmulas empresariales, además del potencial que tienen para la generación de empleo y la innovación, contribuyen a mejorar la calidad del envejecimiento, pues la oferta de servicios (cuidados de larga duración, por períodos cortos o por horas) se adapta con mayor flexibilidad a las necesidades individuales de los mayores, preservando su independencia y autonomía en todo el ciclo de la vejez. Unos cuidados que han de ser de calidad, asequibles y accesibles.Interesa, por tanto, adentrarse en los aspectos más significativos de lo que podría ser una fiscalidad de plataformas, focalizada en aquellas que actúan como intermediarias conectando a vendedores o prestadores de servicios con usuarios, y que comprende medidas concretas en el IS y el IVA, así como nuevas obligaciones de suministro de información (DAC 7). En esta categoría de plataformas se reconocen la mayoría de las que operan en el ámbito de los cuidados. Y, puesto que se trata de un sector empresarial en crecimiento, presenta especial interés conocer en qué medida se pueden aprovechar las medidas fiscales introducidas para el fomento de las empresas emergentes (startups), así como para la atracción de inversión privada y la captación de talento extranjero.

Efficiency is generally defined as the capacity to deliver desirable results with little effort or input. A bank cannot afford to allocate limited resources at random in a competitive market. Only once the efficiency factors have been identified can resources be allocated in a conscious and effective manner. The study investigates the determinants of technical efficiency of banks in the SADC region. The study is significant in the SADC region as the block is trying to create a robust and stable banking system. This is driven by the desire to stay away from the current global financial system volatility and the region is working to develop an integrated banking system. The results show that the banks are relatively inefficient with the level of inefficiency around 40 percent. The efficiency of the banks is determined by the level of capitalisation, size of the bank, research costs and automation of the banks. The results of the study imply that that there is great scope for the banks in the SADC region to increase their efficiency. Improved efficiency will ensure banks provide services at a lower cost to clients. The study recommends adequately capitalizing banks, increasing the asset base of the banks, investing in research and the automation of the banking systems.

Au-delà de l’aspect numérique, Satoshi, fondateur anonyme du bitcoin, évoque l’organisation de « Pair à Pair » (P2P). Elle correspond à l’algorithmique répartie sur laquelle le registre décentralisé de ces nouveaux actifs se fonde. Mais le Règlement MiCA exclut la finance décentralisée et ne donne aucune définition satisfaisante des crypto-actifs. On étend cette observation aux actifs numériques, insuffisamment cernés en droit français. L’analyse de l’organisation P2P s’impose. On a identifié chez certains jetons une organisation participative, distincte des groupements et des contrats-coopération. Elle se caractérise par un degré et une forme d’indépendance nouvelle ainsi que par une socialité orientée vers un objet de nature impersonnelle, ouverte vers l’extérieur et sans structure (ni groupements ni contrats). Elle façonne ainsi la structure d’émission et la forme représentative et négociable de ces jetons. Ils sont des écrits représentant un bien ou un service et non un droit à l’encontre d’une personne émettrice. Ils sont émis dans une organisation participative : sans partage de pertes, de bénéfices, de chiffres d’affaires ou d’autres fruits. Leur qualification civiliste est le produit et non le fruit, contrairement aux titres financiers. L’organisation participative, elle, s’analyse comme un système, une nouvelle catégorie juridique que l’ordre juridique peut accueillir. L’ouverture du système vers l’extérieur nécessite la négociabilité des jetons. Elle concourt à la financiarisation de l’économie réelle. Comme la structure d’émission de ces jetons participatifs, leur infrastructure polycentrique de négociation appelle une régulation par l’organisation. Ces jetons sont aussi hybrides parce que participatifs et monétaires, et en tant que tels peuvent être considérés comme des unités de financement ; nouvelle définition de la monnaie que l’on propose, pour ne pas la réduire à sa seule fonction de paiement. Les jetons participatifs perturbent la summa divisio entre la monnaie et les instruments financiers ainsi que le concept même de droit subjectif.

This research consists of verifying whether CIT has an effect on capital given the financing risk incurred. A review of several capital theories has shown that CIT is one of the main determinants of a firm's capital structure. The inclusion of CIT in capital structure models continues to divide the world of corporate finance. Debt interest deduction in computing CIT reinforces the controversy over the question of the capital structure that optimizes the tax savings provided by this deduction. The consequence is the existence of two opposing groups on the optimum capital structure: on the one hand, the group of those who believe that there is one and only one optimal capital structure, and on the other, the group of those who reject out of hand any possibility of an optimal capital structure. The sample starts with a case study of two hypothetical identical firms, one indebted and the other non-indebted, with the same profitable investment project over a period of time, and ends with 101 pairs of identical firms belonging to different classes of financing risk. The hypothesis of non-gratuity of cost and income is used, and capital markets are assumed to be pure and perfect. The results confirm that CIT has no effect on the structure, value, cost and return of capital for a given financing risk, and reveal the existence of a third source of financing called "public capital", whose cost is the corporate capital tax rate (CCTR). There is no longer any question of thinking about the optimum capital structure, which is a pure financial illusion. This paper is one of the first to show that CIT does not affect capital, and to propose a model that explains capital structure behavior in the presence of CIT. Paper type: Empirical Research  Stanislas Théodule Médard Dèwanou Comlan AGOSSADOU, (Researcher) Laboratory for Research on Performance and Development of Organizations (LARPEDO)  Faculty of Economics and Management (FASEG) University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC) - Benin,

Alors que la finance traditionnelle peine à se renouveler, les nouveaux applicatifs de finance décentralisée proposent des services financiers basés sur des protocoles innovants, codés et entièrement gérés par les utilisateurs. Les classifications historiques de la finance sont largement inefficaces et des catégories telles que celle des instruments financiers ne permettent pas de construire un encadrement pertinent. Celles-ci doivent être dépassées pour pouvoir encadrer de façon plus inclusive tous les actifs décentralisés. La communication financière est rendue désuète et nécessite une refonte pour prendre en compte les nouvelles motivations des investisseurs et les impératifs environnementaux. Traditional finance is struggling to renew, new decentralized finance applications offer financial services based on coded protocols entirely managed by users. Historical classifications of finance are largely ineffective and categories such as financial instruments do not allow to construct a relevant framework. These must be overcome to be able to regulate all decentralized assets in a more inclusive manner. Financial communication has become obsolete and requires an overhaul to consider the new motivations of investors and environmental imperatives.

Purpose This article aims to identify and review existing studies on the adoption and compliance of Internat ional Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Africa. Design/methodology/approach The methodology involves a sole focus on studies conducted with an African sample, using a bibliometric method and data from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Visualizations from VOSViewer and Biblioshiny software are employed to identify the dominant authors, journals and countries contributing to research in the region. Findings The findings reveal existing collaborations among authors in the field. However, the study emphasizes the need for additional research to enhance the intellectual structure of the research domain, as the majority of related documents are concentrated within twenty articles with at least one citation. Practical implications The practical implications underscore the importance of collaboration in practice, emphasizing the need for cooperation among corporations, experts and regulatory agencies involved in IFRS adoption and compliance in Africa. By fostering collaborative efforts and knowledge-sharing among corporations, experts and regulatory agencies, practitioners can enhance their understanding, streamline implementation processes and improve compliance methods. Originality/value This review is one of the few to explicitly conduct a bibliometric review of IFRS adoption and compliance studies in Africa, providing a foundation for future research to determine the current direction of IFRS studies in this region.

This paper aims to analyzing the influence of tax behavior on financing (financial leverage) behavior of corporate managers. The paper applies the generalized method of moments (GMM) to dynamic panel data. The sample used covers 21 firms, i.e. 11 banks for the period from 2011 to 2020 and 10 DFSs for the period from 2016 to 2021. It turns out that financial leverage behavior is influenced more positively by corporate income tax (CIT), then by dividends (DIVIDEND); and negatively by interest on debt (INTEREST), by cash flow (CASH_FLOW) and by past financial leverage (LEVERAGE(‑1)). This paper is one of the first to extend the literature by identifying the main determinants of financing behavior, notably the positive effect of corporate income tax (CIT).

Girişimcilik hem ülkemiz hem de dünya ekonomisi için, ekonomik gelişme sağlaması, istihdamı artırması gibi bir çok sebeple, son derece önemlidir. Girişimcilik ekosisteminde uygulanan finansman yöntemleri, sözleşmeler, hukuk kuralları gibi unsurlar dinamik ve esnek yapısı dolayısıyla geleneksel yöntem ve kurallardan ayrışmaktadır. Girişimcilerin banka kredisi gibi geleneksel finansman yöntemlerine erişememesi dolayısıyla kitle fonlaması, gölge pay, aile ve arkadaşlar, girişim sermayesi ve melek yatırımcı gibi yenilikçi finansman yöntemleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu finansman yöntemlerinden en yaygın ve yapısal olarak kullanılanı girişim sermayesidir. Girişim sermayesi, çeşitli fonlar ve şirketlerden toplanan kaynakların, büyüme potansiyeli gösteren ve gelecek vadeden girişim şirketlerine, pay karşılığı yatırım yapılmasını ifade etmektedir. Girişim şirketleri bakımından finansman haricinde de bir çok faydası bulunan girişim sermayesi, Türk hukukunda SPK tarafından GSYO ve GSYF yapıları altında düzenlenmiştir. Girişim sermayesi uygulamasında en çok sorun teşkil eden hususlardan biri ise girişimci ile yatırımcı ilişkileridir. Girişimci ile yatırımcı arasında hem yatırım öncesinde hem de yatırım sonrasında bilgi asimetrisinin ve menfaat farklılaşmasının söz konusu olması, girişimci ile yatırımcı arasında yönetilmesi zorunlu hale gelen bir menfaat çatışması yaratmaktadır. Bu menfaat çatışmasının olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirilememesi ve yönetilememesi sadece girişim şirketi için değil ülke ekonomisi için de olumsuz sonuçlar doğuracaktır. Girişimci ile yatırımcı arasındaki bu menfaat çatışmasının pay devir sözleşmesi, pay sahipleri sözleşmesi, paya dönüştürülebilir borçlanma araçları gibi çeşitli sözleşmesel düzenlemelerle yönetilmesi mümkündür. Ayrıca, girişimci ile yatırımcının kendi aralarında gerçekleştirecekleri sözleşmesel kurumsal yönetim düzenlemeleri de girişimci ile yatırımcı arasındaki menfaat çatışmasının yönetilmesinde etkili olacaktır. Entrepreneurship is important for both our country and the world economy for many reasons such as providing economic development and increasing employment. Elements such as financing methods, contracts and legal rules applied in the entrepreneurship ecosystem differ from traditional methods and rules due to their dynamic and flexible structure. Since entrepreneurs cannot access traditional financing methods such as bank loans, innovative financing methods such as crowdfunding, phantom share, venture capital and angel investors have emerged. The most widely and structurally used of these financing methods is venture capital. Venture capital refers to the investment of resources collected from various funds and companies in return for shares in promising venture companies with growth potential. Venture capital, which has many benefits other than financing for venture companies, is regulated by the CMB under the structures of GSYO and GSYF in Turkish law. One of the most problematic issues in venture capital implementation is the relationship between the entrepreneur and the investor. The fact that there is information asymmetry and interest differentiation between the entrepreneur and the investor both before and after the investment creates a conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor that must be managed. Failure to minimize and manage the negative effects of this conflict of interest will have negative consequences not only for the venture firm but also for the national economy. It is possible to manage this conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor through various contractual arrangements such as share transfer agreements, shareholders' agreements, convertible debt instruments. In addition, contractual corporate governance arrangements between the entrepreneur and the investor will also be effective in managing the conflict of interest between the entrepreneur and the investor.