Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Il ne devrait guère résister de contradiction entre l’enrichissement sans cause et l’enrichissement illicite des établissements de crédit. Le premier relève du Droit civil alors que le second relève indubitablement du Droit pénal. Cette distinction devrait s’estomper en pénalisant l’enrichissement sans cause des établissements bancaires. En ce sens, l’infraction d’enrichissement sans cause des établissements permettrait de renforcer la politique pénale ou criminelle. L’enrichissement sans cause des établissements de crédit, ou l’enrichissement injustifié en Droit français, pose également la difficulté de la justice sociale. La question de la répétition de l’indu semble déjà réglée sous l’emprise de la législation en la matière. Mais, le souci de l’indemnisation mériterait d’être réglementé avec beaucoup d’acuité. Pris à ce titre, la mise en cause de l’enrichissement sans cause, fut-il un établissement de crédit, nécessiterait autant de restituer ce qui est dû, mais également indemniser la victime. Cette mesure devrait s’opérer de la manière la plus juste dans la mesure du possible. Les exigences d’équité y primeraient. Le droit de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale gagnerait à se doter d’un véritable fond des dépôts de risques de l’enrichissement sans cause. Cette institution viserait à recevoir ces deniers en toutes fins utiles. Aussi, l’article 1303 du Code civil français résultant de l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 devrait nourrir notre arsenal juridique sur la mise en œuvre d’une notion d’origine jurisprudentielle en quête de consistance digeste.

Cette étude explore les contours et les tensions de l'optimisation fiscale dans un monde globalisé et numérisé, à travers le prisme des groupes de sociétés. En retraçant l'histoire de l'impôt, elle met en lumière les transformations profondes du système fiscal mondial, où les stratégies fiscales transfrontalières se sont progressivement développées, en dehors des prévisions des législations nationales. Bien qu'enraciné dans le principe fondamental de la liberté de choisir la voie fiscale la moins imposée, l'optimisation fiscale a évolué en réponse aux mutations économiques, juridiques et technologiques, donnant lieu à des pratiques parfois controversées qui se situent aux frontières de la légalité et de l'éthique. À l'intersection du droit, de l'économie et de la politique fiscale, l'optimisation fiscale dépasse le simple objectif de réduction de la charge fiscale : elle reflète un processus global où la mobilité des capitaux et des actifs immatériels perturbe les règles fiscales classiques. Bien que souvent conformes à la législation, ces pratiques d'optimisation fiscale dites « agressives » perturbent l'équilibre des systèmes fiscaux mondiaux, contribuant à un phénomène préoccupant : l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices vers des juridictions à faible fiscalité. Cette dérive a mis en évidence les défaillances des systèmes fiscaux nationaux, incapables de suivre le rythme des mutations économiques et de réguler efficacement les pratiques des multinationales. En déconstruisant les mécanismes sous-jacents de l'optimisation fiscale agressive, cette recherche invite à une critique constructive de l'arsenal législatif actuel. Elle souligne l'urgence de repenser les instruments fiscaux dans un contexte où la mobilité du capital et des actifs immatériels redéfinit les règles du jeu économique et de restaurer un équilibre entre les exigences d'efficacité économique des multinationales et la nécessité de garantir une justice fiscale à la hauteur des enjeux mondiaux

AI is well known today as a valuable tool that can improve our daily lives. In addition, it can improve the efficiency and productivity of many professions, such as the internal auditor. The research methodology is literature review. The primary objectives of the article are twofold: Firstly, to provide a comprehensive description of the institutional framework for the operation of AI internationally, and secondly, to examine the benefits that arise from the use of AI in internal audit units and organisations in general. The significance of the research lies in its examination of artificial intelligence (AI) as a valuable instrument in the arsenal of internal auditors. The findings suggest that AI has the potential to enhance the efficacy of internal audits, reduce the time required for their execution, reduce the frequency of internal audits, and, in general, optimise the operations of companies and organisations.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of the Basel Accords on small indigenous banks in developing countries, with particular concentration on small Zambian banks. The problem statement intends to investigate whether implementing the three Basel Accords is conducive to the growth of small banks in Zambia. The study further aims to determine whether the present approach to legal regulation of small banks in Zambia is appropriate. The methodology is based on desk-bound research and examination of both primary sources and secondary sources of material such as books, journals, and relevant articles. The study is impacted by the dearth of secondary research work and the difficulty of getting information from sources like the Zambian central bank and other information centres. While Basel I and II seem to have stabilised the Zambian financial sector, the Basel III Accord appears to have impacted negatively on many small banks to the extent that they have been forced into merger and acquisition arrangements with larger foreign banks to fund their undercapitalised positions to survive. It also emerges that the Zambian financial system is strongly linked to the international global economy; regionalisation with organisations like SADC and COMESA being the first stages in the process. This situation is likely to introduce increased instability in the Zambian financial sector by making banks more vulnerable to the vagaries of the international financial markets. It is thus recommended that the Zambian central bank should be more proactive in lobbying for better conditions for small banks from the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision and other international financial regulatory bodies; it should also avoid “cutting and pasting” rules from other jurisdictions to avoid possible distortions in the banking sector. It should also encourage further development of primary and secondary markets in low-cost paper and provide small banks with long-term, low-interest loans to support their growth. The Bank of Zambia, the Zambian central bank, should consider establishing a separate Act financial services Act for small banks to better regulate them. The central bank should also seek out non-Basel Accord solutions for small banks including re-examining the positive aspects of the infant-industry argument. Lastly, it should introduce a formal system for classifying banks in Zambia. At the international level, it is suggested that the global standard-setting bodies should undergo radical reforms to ensure that they are in tandem with the problems that banks in developing countries face as well as allow them to have a say in global standard setting. It is recommended that global standard-setting bodies apply simpler rules for smaller banks. The impact of the Basel Accords on small indigenous banks in developing countries and Zambia, in particular, is important because of the role that small banks play in developing economies in growing small and medium-sized businesses that are often ignored by large foreign banks. It is also important that small banks are allowed to grow into large and medium-sized banks to effectively compete against foreign multinational banks. Institutions based on neoliberal ideals appear to only serve Western businesses’ interests despite their call for all countries to create a level playing field. Due to the dearth of empirical research, there are several gaps in the work that may provide opportunities for further research in this important area of the law.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of accounting data produced after the revision of the OHADA accounting system on the decision to grant bank credit to Cameroonian companies. Methodology: qualitative approach was used in this study.  We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight credit analysts in eight banks based in Cameroon. We used the Nvivo 10 software to carry out the content analysis. Findings: It emerges from the analysis of the content of the speeches collected that the most used ratios by credit analysts are: activity ratios, debt ratios, operating ratios, financial structure and autonomy ratios, debt ratios and net cash. In addition, the information provided by the new accounting system is increasingly fluid, detailed, and precise and facilitates decision-making. However, when it comes to the completeness and sincerity of the information provided, analysts remain wary because, companies always provide information subjectively based on their interests Implication: This study reveals that despite the revision of the accounting system, users still remain wary face of informations provided because of its subjective nature. It is therefore recommended that Member States promote unified information for all stakeholders.

La compliance s’est traduite par une floraison des obligations, des techniques et des procédures, portées par des règles de ''droit dur'' et de ''droit souple''. Leurs mises en œuvre ont été confiées à de nouveaux acteurs. Dans le domaine bancaire et financier, loin de dénaturer la conformité et la régulation, la compliance les renforce en étendant les obligations de cartographie des risques et de vigilance aux risques de corruption et environnementaux. Cependant, le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme restent les risques dominants. Ils sont au cœur de la compliance, notamment au regard de l'activité de sanctions de l’Autorité de contrôle prudentiel et de résolution (ACPR). La prévention de ce risque impose la mise en application des dispositifs normatifs que sont les principes de cartographie des risques et de vigilance. Au-delà de la conformité aux principes normatifs (juridique), la compliance mobilise toutes les fonctions de l’entreprise au niveau opérationnel (management). Ces fonctions opérationnelles sont relatives aux procédures d’alerte, de signalements, de contrôles, de sanctions et constituent des dispositifs procéduraux. Pouvant être qualifiée en ce sens, de « fonction juridique et managériale », la compliance pousse à envisager autrement les régimes de responsabilités en milieu bancaire et financier, fondés sur des défaillances ''obligationnelles'', tant juridiques que managériales. Cela renvoie à l’épineuse obligation de connaissances en management requises pour les juristes et les autorités d’une part, et d'autre part, au caractère inextricable des fonctions juridiques et managériales (d’où les formations en droit des affaires et management).

The Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS, had an agreement to adopt the Eco as its single currency for the fifteen member-states of the West African Sub-regional organization. This major objective has failed to materialize after a long period of time. This paper, therefore seeks to highlight the major challenges confronting the Eco currency project. Data were collected from secondary sources, using content analysis. The paper of discusses the challenges facing the proposed Eco single currency in West Africa, discusses the theoretical framework of monetary integration using Mundell’s factors of Mobility Theory and Mundell’s Optimum Currency Area Theory applied. Based on the findings, Some of the challenges facing the proposed Eco currency in ECOWAS include lack of political will, influence of France on its former territories in West Africa, membership of multiple regional blocs by member states of ECOWAS and fear of domination of the smaller states in the bigger ones. Other challenges include; security and political challenges, inadequate legal instruments to enforce treaty obligations, inadequate modern infrastructure among others. To make this proposed Eco currency a success, the paper suggests that West Africa Monetary Zone member states must take concrete action by showing political will towards the creation of Eco currency area in West Africa. There should be clearly spelt out benefits and costs accruing to each member state in the proposed Eco community currency area. All member states of ECOWAS must be treated as equal partners.

Le domaine bancaire garantit le développement socio-économique des Etats à travers le financement des activités. Bien que les procédures demeurent complexes, elles sont soumises à une autorité de régulation tenant compte des risques et des responsabilités qui en découlent en vue de sécuriser les acteurs intervenants publics comme privés. The banking sector ensures socio-economic development of States, through the financing of activities although the procedures are complex, they are subject to regulatory authority that takes into account the associated risks and responsabilities, aiming to secure the interests of both public and private stakeholders.

La solidité bancaire traduit une situation dans laquelle le fonctionnement des différentes composantes du système bancaire et surtout leurs relations réciproques, sont assurées de manière saine et sans perturbations majeures. Cet article se propose d’analyser la solidité financière des banques commerciales en RDC. Les banques commerciales retenues dans le cadre de notre travail ont un ratio de liquidité conforme aux exigences de la BCC. La principale ressource des banques est constituée des dépôts à court terme.

L’on convient au fait que le numérique produit des effets indésirés. Ce sentiment s’affirme au vu des difficultés auxquelles fait face le fisc, s’agissant de sa mission originelle de collecte de l’impôt. Ceci est la résultante d’un cadre juridique n’ayant pas tardé à devenir un espoir très vite déçu, à la faveur des transmutations subies, s’agissant de la détermination de l’établissement stable en fiscalité internationale. La conséquence en est que, toute tentative de saisie aux fins d’imposition par un Etat, se bute contre la difficulté de la localisation. De cette manière, ces multinationales et entreprises du numérique pourraient même à tort bénéficier d’une « double non-imposition ». De cette manière, la précarisation du prélèvement par le digital, est confortée par la pérennisation des risques subséquents à la digitalisation.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

This thesis includes three essays that examine the effects of firm policies on labor costs, corporate culture, and stock markets. The first essay studies the impact of major customers on supplier firms’ performance, and I find that supplier firms are willing to collaborate with their major customers while keeping low financial leverages. The cooperation with major customers results in higher productivity and strategic alliance, which could explain the reduction in the labor share of supplier firms. In my study, labor share is defined as the ratio of labor costs to total revenue. Compared to firms without major customers, supplier firms with at least one major customer would reduce labor shares on average by 33% in absolute terms. The findings contribute to the growing literature on the global trend of labor share reduction. The second essay examines the effect of market competition on corporate openness, which is a particular aspect of corporate culture. Corporate openness reflects how open firms are when facing new ideas and experiences, and measures firms’ willingness to innovate and cooperate. I conclude that market competition improves firms’ corporate openness through good corporate governance. Furthermore, corporate social responsibility activities are seen as a positive social outcome of corporate openness. As to economic consequences, less open firms would experience stock return reductions when the market competition is high. The third essay studies the firms listed on Chinese stock exchanges that established an internal whistleblowing mechanism. The results show that the employee whistleblowing system prevents firms from misconducting and leads to reduced stock price crash risk. Furthermore, a cooperative corporate culture helps the internal whistleblowing system decrease crash risk, while an unfair organizational climate exerts the opposite influence. Overall, this study contributes to the emerging literature on the governance role of whistleblowing.

La transaction existe en droit fiscal camerounais. Depuis une dizaine d’années, elle a connu des aménagements en vue de pacifier les relations entre les contribuables et l’administration fiscale et de réduire les restes à recouvrer (RAR). Il s’agit pour les pouvoirs publics d’encourager le recours à la transaction en matière fiscale. Ils ont permis, contrairement à ce qui a généralement cours dans d’autres matières et législations, que la transaction fiscale, au Cameroun, vise, plus qu’une modération des pénalités, une modération des impositions. Or les juridictions sont confrontées à un volume de dossiers à traiter supérieur à leur capacité. Malheureusement, le nombre de transactions reste encore limité. Et cela est dommage ! La transaction fait partie de la justice alternative et est plutôt utilisée en matière fiscale et contractuelle afin d’amener l’administration fiscale et le contribuable à trouver une solution rapide et moins onéreuse qu’un procès. Quelle appréciation peut être faite de la transaction fiscale en droit camerounais ? Il semble que sa nature et les caractères de son identification soient sources de problèmes. Peut-être aussi que la culture de la common law dont elle est sujette semble ne pas trouver un terreau fertile au Cameroun. Si l’instauration de la technique transactionnelle est aisée, son application demeure malaisée. Tax transaction exists in Cameroonian tax law. For about ten years, it has undergone adjustments with a view to pacifying relations between taxpayers and the tax administration and reducing outstanding amounts. The aim of the public authorities is to encourage the use of tax transactions. They have allowed, contrary to what is generally the case in other matters and legislation, that tax transactions in Cameroon aim, more than a moderation of penalties, a moderation of taxes. However, the courts are faced with a volume of cases to process that exceeds their capacity. Unfortunately, the number of transactions is still limited. And that is a shame! La transaction fait partie de la justice alternative et est plutôt utilisée en matière fiscale et contractuelle afin d’amener l’administration fiscale et le contribuable à trouver une solution rapide et moins onéreuse qu’un procès. Quelle appréciation peut être faite de la transaction fiscale en droit camerounais ? It seems that its nature and the characteristics of its identification are sources of problems. Perhaps also that the culture of common law to which it is subject does not seem to find fertile ground in Cameroon. If the establishment of the transactional technique is easy, its application remains difficult.

Les Normes Internationales d’Information Financière (IFRS), émises par l'International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), deviennent de plus en plus le régime comptable privilégié parmi les entreprises des pays africains. La recherche sur l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la qualité de l’information comptable dans les économies émergentes est encore rare. Par conséquent, cet article examine l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la reconnaissance rapide des pertes, un indicateur de la qualité de l’information comptable. Les données financières de 34 entreprises cotées à la Bourse de Casablanca, couvrant la période de 2009 à 2019, sont analysées en utilisant une régression logistique dans le cadre d'une méthodologie économétrique quantitative. Deux panels équilibrés ont été constitués : l'un regroupant 14 entreprises ayant adopté les normes IFRS, et l'autre constitué de 20 entreprises suivant les normes comptables marocaines. Les résultats indiquent que la qualité des bénéfices (mesurée par la reconnaissance rapide des pertes) ne s’est pas améliorée après l’adoption des IFRS. Cette constatation implique que les régulateurs comptables et les organismes comptables des pays africains devraient encourager une application rigoureuse des IFRS en formant continuellement les comptables et auditeurs des entreprises cotées sur la mise en œuvre pratique de ces normes. Ces formations devraient être obligatoires et accessibles.

L’éthique des affaires est au cœur des préoccupations contemporaines. Elle varie selon les disciplines et selon les époques, mais certaines de ses valeurs telles l’intégrité, la loyauté sont considérées comme universelles. Dans le domaine commercial, l’éthique met l’accent sur la transparence, l’intégrité et la priorité donnée aux intérêts du client. L’éthique a progressivement imprégné le droit bancaire à travers l’une de ses déclinaisons, qu’est la loyauté. Cette dernière se manifeste à travers les obligations d’information, de conseil et de mise en garde adaptées à chaque situation. La loyauté s’exprime aussi à travers le secret professionnel. Elle vise donc la protection des clients. Cependant, la banque mérite de voir sa liberté contractuelle préservée tout en garantissant la sécurité des contrats bancaires. C’est cet équilibre difficile à trouver qui rend complexe l’application de la loyauté en droit bancaire. Ainsi, est-il important pour les banques de repenser des techniques permettant de rendre aisée, la pratique de la loyauté et d’améliorer la traçabilité du respect de l’obligation de loyauté.

This research is driven by the rapid spread of fintech, and its contributions to Tanzania’s economic growth. This study uses quantitative quarterly time series data from Tanzania from 2008 to 2022. The Augmented Dicky Fuler (ADF) is used for the stationarity test, Johansen Cointegrations for the hypothesis and Cointegrations test, VAR and VECM for testing both short-run and long-run causality relationships, and Granger Causality for testing variable causality. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used for parameter estimation, modelling and significance testing. The results show that the model is statistically significant and the independent variables in the regression accounted for around 89% of the overall variation in GDP. Fintech variable subscriptions have a positive impact on Tanzania’s economic growth. Thus, unemployment in Tanzania may be alleviated by the growing sector of financial technology. Fintech has involved many people from all over the world, including Tanzania, and has had a positive impact on both the national economy and per capita growth. Since TTCL and ZANTEL have witnessed a sharp decline in subscriptions, the government, as a fixed-wired broadband service provider, must take the necessary steps to increase the subscriptions.

Paying taxes is essential to attaining sustainable economic growth and national economic independence, hence tax evasion is a concern for the economies of both wealthy and developing countries. This study examined how tax payer attitudes, particularly in the Singida Tax Region, affect tax evasion in Tanzanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study employed a survey method in which data collection comprised both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A multiple regression model was employed in combination with a descriptive study approach to ascertain the outcomes. 145 SMEs taxpayers made up the study's as a sample size. The findings demonstrate that, among SMEs in the Singida Region, peer influence, tax awareness, tax morale, and tax evasion have statistically significant relationships with the taxpayer's attitude. This association is supported by statistics. Consequently, the United Republic of Tanzanian government needs to consider how taxpayer attitudes including peer pressure, tax knowledge, and morale affect tax evasion. This will contribute to the goal of reducing tax avoidance by all taxpayers, including SMEs Taxpayers.

The traditional perception that trade-finance instruments are less susceptible to the risk of money laundering has changed due to the increasing threat of trade-based money laundering (TBML). In the process of facilitating trade-finance transactions, financial institutions may be entrapped in the dangers of TBML and be abused for criminal gains. In this regard, the institutions play a significant role in ensuring that only legitimate trade is facilitated through trade finance without being tainted by TBML. Despite that, vulnerabilities for the vice have been discovered in the trade-finance sector. This study employs a macro-comparative approach in examining how selected jurisdictions respond to the problem of TBML in trade-finance instruments. It analyses the vulnerabilities of documentary credits, documentary collections, demand guarantees and standby letters of credit to the potential risk of TBML. The thesis compares the response of the South African AML regime with that of the English, the US and Singapore AML regimes to the threat of TBML in the selected trade-finance instruments. The study reveals, inter alia, that there is not much difference between the South African AML regime and the AML regimes of the comparative jurisdictions in terms of the legislative response to the challenge of TBML in trade-finance transactions. However, the difference is apparent when it comes to the varied institutional responses to the problem within the jurisdictions considered in this thesis. While South African AML authorities have not made any official pronouncement against TBML in trade finance, those from other comparative jurisdictions have done so. The latter have also gone a step further to produce best practice reports on TBML for banks and other financial institutions involved in trade-finance transactions to enable the institutions to prepare for the challenge. However, similar to the South African position, there has not been any legislative change in the comparative jurisdictions to provide for TBML in specific terms. This means that these jurisdictions also deal with TBML using current AML legislation, which was designed originally for cash-based money-laundering operations. Therefore, the institutions and laws under the South African AML regime are relevant in the combatting of TBML. However, they may require some modifications to appropriately counter the challenge. The study makes various policy and best practice recommendations to strengthen the South African AML regime against TBML in trade-finance transactions.