Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis explores the regulation of airport charges, which is an important but marginalised topic. It particularly examines how private law instruments can play a role in the regulatory process. Airports used to be subject to traditional regulation, which operates in a command-and-control mode. As the airport industry becomes increasingly complicated, traditional regulation seems problematic. First, the method that is associated with traditional regulation to draw a line between regulated and unregulated airports has downsides. Second, the international regulatory framework on airport charges lacks binding rules. This suggests that traditional regulation is not the best niche for airport charges regulation. Third, good regulation needs independent regulatory bodies, which are hard to achieve in practice.In this context, this thesis argues that a private law approach can serve as a more flexible and effective way to regulate airport charges. There are two instruments under this overarching approach. First, contracts can be adopted to incorporate airport charges regulations. Second, robust corporate governance generates the effect of good regulation. This is an interdisciplinary work that has engaged air law, contract law, corporate law, competition law, and aviation business and management. It also employs the method of case studies. Chapter 4 examines the regulation of airport charges in the UK, Canada, and India. The three case studies demonstrate that private law instruments have been implicitly implemented to different degrees in these countries. These demonstrate the feasibility of applying private ordering in the regulatory process. I also look into the regulation of countries and regions including Australia, Ireland, the EU, and Germany throughout this thesis. This study also examines a specific sector of airport charges, namely, charges for ground-handling services. This sector possesses a unique feature in that it is between aeronautical and non-aeronautical services. A private law approach can also be adopted in the regulation of charges relating to ground-handling services. Additionally, ICAO as an important international organisation governing international air transport can also contribute to a private law approach of airport charges through its soft-law making function. This thesis aims to shed light on a private law approach, as an innovative regulatory mechanism, to airport charges. That said, regulation by this approach and traditional regulation are not contradictory but can cooperate to an extent, depending on how much power one wants to give to private ordering

Mesafe ve sınırların ortadan kalkmasıyla uluslararası ticarette pozitif yönde ivme kazanılmıştır. Bu yolda uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan anlaşmalar, kurulan örgütler, sağlanan teşvikler ve kaldırılan ithalat vergileri sayesinde, farklı ülkelerdeki firmalar ve bireyler, birbirleriyle daha hızlı bir şekilde alışverişe girmeye başlamış ve bunun sonucunda ticari faaliyetler ülke sınırlarını aşarak küresel boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bunun sağlanabilmesi için taşıma sektöründe kullanılan araçlar detaylandırılarak daha güçlü hale getirilmiştir. Böylelikle malların dağıtımı daha ekonomik, güvenli ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak taşıma sözleşmelerinin uluslararası ticaretteki yeri de giderek önem kazanmıştır. Öyle ki hakların ve borçların teminatı için sözleşme kaçınılmaz yoldur. Yakın tarihte, uluslararası alanda ticaretin daha kolay ve hızlı hale getirilmesi için yeknesak bir sistem oluşturulması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmış ve buna binaen ulusal düzenlememiz olan TTK'nın yanında, uluslararası karayolu taşımacılığında, koşulları standardize eden, taşıyıcının sorumluluklarını belirleyen CMR Konvansiyonu oluşturulmuştur. Düzenlenen kurallar doğrultusunda, taşıyıcı eşyayı teslim aldığı andan teslim edinceye kadar zarardan ve kayıptan sorumlu olacaktır. Taşıyıcı, ancak TTK ve CMR'de yer alan genel ve özel kurtuluş karinelerinin varlığının ispatı halinde sorumluluktan muaf olabilecektir. Aksi halde taşıyıcı, meydana gelen zarar veya zayiatın oranı doğrultusunda sorumlu olacak ve buna müteakiben tazminat miktarı belirlenecektir. TTK ve CMR pek çok noktada benzerlik gösterse de bazı yönleriyle keskin farklılıklar mevcuttur. Uluslararası ticaretin bekası için önem oluşturan bu nokta özellikle sorumluluk hususunda hukuki tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. With the obstacle of distances and borders disappearing, international trade has gained speed in a positive direction. Thanks to deals and agreements that were made, organisations that were built, incentives that were provided, and removal of import taxes in order to improve economic relations with this respect, companies and people in different countries have started to be able merchandise with each other more quickly; consequently, tradal actions have crossed borders of lands and reached global level. For this to happen, vehicles used in the sector of transportation have been developed, thus made stronger and more elaborate. As a result of this, the distribution of goods can be ensured in a more economic, safer, and faster way, and the role of vehicle contracts in international trade has gradually gained importance as contracts are inevitable to ensure and guarantee rights and debts. In recent history, a need to have a uniform system that would enable international trade to be easier and faster was born, and consequently, in addition to our regulations on TTK (Turkish Commercial Code), CMR Convention which standardized conditions and determined the responsibilities that transporters have in international land transportation. According to the regulations, the transporters are responsible for the safety of the goods in case of a damage and loss) from the moment they take them until they deliver them. The transporters can only be exempt from this responsibility in the case that general and specific presumptions of innocence that a place in the law (TTK) and the CMR can be proven. Otherwise, the transporter shall be responsible for compensating for the damage or the loss that occurred and the cost for the indemnity shall be determined. Although TTK and CMR Convention have similarities in many regards, in some ways they are distinctively different from one another. This point which has a critical role in the future of international trade has brought about many juridical discussions, especially ones related to responsibilities.

La dématérialisation et le droit, un mariage de raison. Les travaux pionniers de Philippe Garo et Albert Dione le démontrent à suffisance. À l’ère du tout numérique l’adaptation du droit en général et du droit maritime en particulier est une condition sine qua none pour la sécurisation des transactions et la confiance dans l’économie numérique. La question relative à la valeur juridique des documents dématérialisés est aujourd’hui résolue par les différents textes de la CNUDCI. Les différentes transpositions légales et la doctrine posent les principes d’équivalence fonctionnelle, de neutralité médiatique et de neutralité technologique. Néanmoins, de nombreuses questions restent en suspens et constituent l’objet de cette thèse. Les documents dématérialisés conservent-ils leurs fonctions juridiques traditionnelles ? Si la réponse est positive, elle reste soumise à la condition que l ’émission, la transmission et ou le transfert du document électronique de transport, titre représentatif de la marchandise, soient encadrés par une méthode fiable permettant d’assurer la confidentialité, l’intégrité et la durabilité du support lors du processus. L’opération semble simple sur le plan conceptuel mais il n’en est rien sur le plan pratique. De nombreuses limites intrinsèques et extrinsèques entravent la mise de la dématérialisation. Cette thèse a pour objet d’y apporter des solutions. De toute évidence, le coût d’opportunité que représente la dématérialisation pour les entreprises dans la zone CEMAC est réel et stratégique. L’adaptation sur le plan législatif est à saluer mais devrait être accompagnée sur le plan pratique par une véritable politique communautaire de maritimisation. Une politique de transport maritime mettant l’accent sur la création d’infrastructures communes permettant d’assurer l’interconnectivité et l’interopérabilité des systèmes. Toute chose à même d’assurer la facilitation de la circulation et le transfert sécurisé des documents dans la chaine de valeur. Une telle politique facilitera aussi le recours dans un proche avenir dans la zone CEMAC, à la technologie Blockchain que nous proposons pour la dématérialisation du connaissement négociable, « véritable serpent de mer » !

Comment répare-t-on les dommages causés par les marchandises dangereuses ? Quels sont les principes qui gouvernent cette réparationsurtout au niveau de la quantification des indemnités à verser aux victimes? Ces questions trouveraient bien une réponse dans une étude consacrée au transporteur. Par contre, concernant le chargeur de marchandises dangereuses, aucun texte ne prévoit de façon cohérente et suffisamment claire, des régimes de réparation et de quantification des indemnités. Le flou juridique existant en la matière à conduit à s’intéresser aux mécanismes d’assurance existant. Les législations sur le transport de marchandises dangereuses par mer n’exigent pas de façon spécifique une assurance de responsabilité civile du chargeur. Le Code CIMA par exemple ne régit pas les assurances maritimes. L’assurance qu’on peut qualifier de classique et qui peut concerner tous les opérateurs du transport de marchandises dangereuses, bien que revêtant une importance à nul autre comparable, n’a pas retenu l’attention du législateur. On a donc assisté au développement des clubs de protection et indemnisation propres aux armateurs, qui essayent tant bien que mal de compenser les insuffisances textuelles. Cet état de chose a permis de donner à l’assurance une double facette. L’urgence de l’institutionnalisation d’une assurance de responsabilité civile se fait donc ressentir dans la zone CEMAC. How is the damage caused by dangerous goods repaired? What are the principles that govern this compensation, especially when it comes to quantifying what should be paid to victims? These questions would be answered in a study of the carrier. Conversely, as far as the shipper of dangerous goods is concerned, no text provides in a coherent and sufficiently clear way, schemes of repair and quantification of indemnities. The legal uncertainty in this area has led to an interest in existing insurance mechanisms.Legislation on the carriage of dangerous goods by sea does not specifically require shipper's liability insurance. The CIMA Code for example excludes marine insurance. The insurance which can be described as classic and which may concern all transport operators of dangerous goods, although of greater importance than any other, has not drawn the attention of the legislator. We have therefore seen the development of protection and compensation clubs specific to shipowners, who are trying somehow, to compensate for textual inadequacies. This state of affairs has given insurance a double facet. In particular, as far as the shipper is concerned, the urgency of the institutionalization of a liability insurance related to him is felt in the CEMAC zone.

La réforme de la législation sur le transport maritime au Cameroun et dans la zone CEMAC était attendue. En effet, à la défaveur de la coexistence sur le plan international de la Convention de Bruxelles et des Règles de Hambourg, ainsi que de la nécessité d’arrimer la législation à l’évolution de la pratique, il était nécessaire de toiletter la législation en vigueur. L’adoption des Règles de Rotterdam s’inscrit ainsi dans un courant économique et juridique favorable à l’uniformisation, à la modernisation et à la prise en compte des pratiques contractuelles jusqu’alors dénuées de toute réglementation. La ratification du texte international par le Cameroun procède également d’une politique économique d’un Etat épris de développement, qui a fait de sa participation au commerce extérieur, un axe majeur de son émergence. Cette évolution juridique nécessaire mais insuffisamment encadrée s’effectue dans un contexte réglementaire tous azimuts. Ceci est susceptible de conduire non seulement à des conflits de lois, mais également à l’hibernation juridique du code communautaire de la marine marchande CEMAC, généralement non appliqué. Mots clés : Transport maritime, législation, enjeux, reforme. The reform of the legislation on maritime transport in Cameroon and in the CEMAC zone was expected. Indeed, to the detriment of the international coexistence of the Brussels Convention and the Hamburg Rules, as well as the need to align legislation with the development of practice, it was necessary to tidy up the legislation force. The adoption of the Rotterdam Rules is thus part of an economic and legal trend favorable to standardization, modernization and the taking into account of contractual practices hitherto devoid of any regulation. Cameroon's ratification of the international text is also the result of an economic policy of a development-loving state, which has made its participation in foreign trade a major axis of its emergence. This necessary but insufficiently supervised legal development is taking place in an all-out regulatory context. This is likely to lead not only to conflicts of laws, but also to the legal hibernation of the community code of the CEMAC merchant navy, generally non enforced.