Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La corruption est une pratique qui freine le développement et peut toucher diverses activités, notamment les activités économiques internationales. Elle porte atteinte au bon fonctionnement du commerce international, nécessitant de lutter contre elle.Cette étude vise à mettre en évidence l’existence d’un cadre juridique anticorruption posé par le droit du commerce international qui est à l’épreuve de la lutte contre cette pratique. Ce cadre juridique anticorruption se matérialise par l’existence d’outils pouvant être rangés en deux catégories : les outils appartenant au corpus des règles du commerce international et des outils complémentaires apportés par d’autres règles de droit très largement connectées au droit du commerce international, tels que l’arbitrage international et le droit des investissements internationaux.Ces outils ne suffisent cependant pas à eux seuls à venir à bout de la corruption. Ils nécessitent un renforcement de la lutte contre la corruption. À cet effet, cette étude montrera que les outils principaux et complémentaires du commerce international sont complétés par des actions des acteurs du commerce international : acteurs privés ou publics.

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing threatens the ability of the aquatic systems to continue providing vital ecosystem services and essential food resources. Most of the existing economic analysis on IUU fishing is conducted from the perspective of IUU fishing vessels rather than that of States. This paper seeks to fill this gap and concludes that trade measures against IUU fishing are cost-effective for the international community, as the IUU fishing has reached such a substantial scale that the total harm or loss caused is estimated to be greater than the total abatement costs required. Meanwhile, from a legal point of view, trade measures against IUU fishing might have more tensions with international trade law than with the international law of the sea. This paper draws on relevant GATT and WTO jurisprudence for guidance to eliminate such tensions. Two other comprehensive solutions to ensure legal compliance of trade measures against IUU fishing include taking such measures on a cooperative basis and making use of the standard-setting process through competent international organizations or conferences such as the FAO.

International trade law is at a turning point, and the rules as we know them are being broken, rewritten, and reshaped at all levels. At the same time that institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) face significant change and a global pandemic challenges the rules of the market, Africa’s new mega-regional trade agreement, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), is emerging as a promising framework for redesigning international economic law. As this Article will argue, the AfCFTA presents a new normative approach to trade and development that is positioned to rewrite the rules in a more inclusive and equitable way and, over time, possibly affect global trade well beyond the African continent.Historically, trade and development have been linked through the framework of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D), which has been a central feature of the WTO and is increasingly shaping regional trade agreements (RTAs) as well. Although the connection between trade and development is more important than ever before, traditional S&D is not positioned to deliver on broader priorities of social and economic development in the current international climate. Fortunately, as this Article will argue, Africa’s approach under the new AfCFTA sets the stage for a needed refresh of S&D. While the AfCFTA incorporates traditional aspects of S&D, it also includes elements of a forward-looking, rules-based approach to further economic and social development, advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new dimension of S&D holds great potential for promoting integration through trade, representing the needs of a diverse group of countries in the rulemaking process, and reshaping international economic law more broadly to generate positive development outcomes. This Article begins with an assessment of the AfCFTA as an alternative model for trade and development law, evaluating the agreement in the historical and evolving context of S&D and examining its role in shaping a new normative approach to S&D. The AfCFTA, we argue, represents a shift from using S&D as a largely defensive trade approach to one that positions S&D as an affirmative tool for achieving sustainable development through the design and implementation of the rules of trade themselves, while still maintaining flexibility for countries that need it. This new approach may finally replace the old trade paradigm of the ”haves and have nots” with a system in which trade rules can be designed to benefit all. Although the AfCFTA is still at an early stage and will have to overcome formidable challenges, this Article provides an initial assessment of the AfCFTA’s proactive new model in the context of the substantive areas of law identified as next-stage (Phase II) negotiating priorities: intellectual property rights (IPR), investment, and competition law. The Article’s comparative assessment draws upon the laws of African nations, African and international RTAs, and other proposals for international legal reform. Finally, the Article looks to the future, positing that the AfCFTA could be the best legal instrument available to break the stalemate in international rulemaking, design new trade law approaches to pressing issues like global health and food security, and close the loop between trade rules and development goals, including the seventeen SDGs. As the AfCFTA is rolled out and implemented, it could have a profound impact on trade and development law, reshaping the rules for Africa and perhaps the world as well.

This article engages with the recently adopted agreement for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in the area of services. While services trade had heretofore stood at the queue of African trade pacts, the AfCFTA breaks new grounds by negotiating goods and services concurrently, signalling a paradigm shift and a commitment to a deeper integration of the continent. Upon Members’ implementation of the Protocol on Trade in Services, whose aim is to establish a single market in services, the region will be the largest economic integration agreement ever concluded since the birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper sets out to analyse the provisions of the Protocol and how they contribute to achieving the objective of attaining a single market where services (alongside goods, people and capital) move unrestricted.

International commercial arbitration has established itself as the main dispute resolution mechanism for international commercial disputes. This increased visibility has drawn attention to arbitrators’ public role, leading to a well-established general perception that arbitrators are bound to special obligations, such as the duty to be independent and impartial or the obligation to assure that arbitral proceedings are not abused to achieve nefarious goals. Despite this general acknowledgement, little attention has been paid to the mechanisms that ensure that arbitrators adhere to these obligations. In particular, there has been limited analysis of the underlying mechanisms that incentivise the production and enforcement of professional norms in this field. <p></p> This thesis argues that the particulars of the arbitration market largely explains why the evolution of the regulation of international arbitrators has not matched those of other professions. At the same time, it will argue that those same particularities create incentives for several actors, most notably the arbitral community itself, to step in and occupy this regulatory vacuum. In particular, it explores the notion that the market strategies employed by arbitrators, arbitral institutions and other members of the arbitral community have the production of professional norms as a by-product. It further explores how the arbitral market tends to create an environment where compliance with professional norms is rewarded, leading, at the same time, the arbitral community to work as a network that promotes adherence to professional norms through mostly informal sanctions.

Le consentement étatique à la compétence des juridictions internationales est un élément incontournable du droit international public. Il régit le le fonctionnement de la justice internationale. Cependant, malgré son ubiquité, la notion est mal comprise. Ce travail, à travers la jurisprudence de la CIJ, d'ITLOS, de l'OMC et du CIRDI, redéfinit ce consentement, à la lumière de son histoire, son rôle et ses enjeux. Cette re-contextualisation est accompagnée d'une présentation et d'une analyse des enjeux contemporains entourant la notion.

L’étude de l’interprétation de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises du 11 avril 1980 (CVIM) révèle la nécessité de la mise en œuvre d’un principe d’interprétation autonome, également affirmé dans d’autres instruments juridiques (conventions onusiennes, Principes UNIDROIT). Le principe d’interprétation autonome, inhérent au droit transnational, impose la prise en compte du caractère international des normes à interpréter ainsi que la promotion de leur uniformité d’application. Il s’agit ainsi d’assurer l’autonomie des termes du texte juridique à interpréter. Le comblement des lacunes du texte, qui constitue le second versant de l’interprétation juridique, est opéré par le recours aux principes généraux sous-tendant le texte. Le recours aux règles de droit interne n’aura lieu qu’en dernier ressort. L’étude se propose d’évaluer la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. A cette fin, il convient d’observer l’attitude du juge français lors de l’application du texte, non sans examiner la jurisprudence internationale ainsi que les sentences arbitrales l’appliquant également. Certaines dispositions et expressions conventionnelles ont été privilégiées afin d’examiner leur interprétation (par exemple : le contrat de fourniture, la contravention essentielle, le raisonnable, l’article 78 imposant l’application d’intérêts à toute somme due sans en fixer le taux). Le principe de bonne foi, guidant l’interprétation de la CVIM est également décortiqué dans sa relation avec l’interprétation de la CVIM. Il ressort de l’étude que la jurisprudence française méconnait le principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. La comparaison avec d’autres juridictions montre que certaines d’entre elles font état d’une meilleure considération des règles d’interprétation édictées dans la Convention (Allemagne, Italie). La jurisprudence arbitrale révèle des sentences particulièrement enclines à la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome sans que cette pratique ne soit uniforme. Les arbitres du commerce international sont souvent dotés d’une culture internationaliste et surtout, ils ne relèvent d’aucun ordre juridique national. Ils sont par conséquent beaucoup moins susceptibles d’être influencés par des références de droit interne et ainsi plus à même d’opérer une interprétation autonome des textes internationaux qu’ils mettent en œuvre. Ceci étant, l’affirmation explicite de l’application d’un principe d’interprétation autonome est quasiment inexistante dans la jurisprudence arbitrale comme dans celle des tribunaux étatiques.La présente étude a pour ambition d’élargir la connaissance du principe d’interprétation autonome par les interprètes du droit matériel uniforme en utilisant la CVIM comme support de démonstration. Le rôle du principe d’interprétation autonome sera fondamental dans l’expansion et la bonne application du droit uniforme. En effet, cette méthode d’interprétation est à même de respecter l’objectif du droit uniforme.

O acordo mediado é aquele alcançado pelas partes como resultado de um procedimento de mediação. Diversamente das sentenças arbitrais estrangeiras, as quais gozam de um instrumento global para seu reconhecimento e execução, sob os auspícios da Convenção de Nova York, os acordos mediados transnacionais não possuem um instrumento harmonizado ou uniformizado que lhes conferem a mesma segurança. A mediação é um método de resolução de conflitos cada dia mais utilizado nas relações comerciais transnacionais e o resultado alcançado pelas partes precisa ser provido de maior reconhecimento e exequibilidade transnacional. Assim, são apresentadas algumas questões conceituais sobre o reconhecimento e a execução dos acordos mediados comerciais transnacionais para, na sequência, evidenciando o fenômeno da transnormatividade e pluralidade normativa, apresentar o arcabouço jurídico existente e seus limites no âmbito europeu com a Diretiva Europeia 2008/52/CE e transnacional, com a Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL sobre Conciliação Comercial Internacional de 2002. Essas normas reforçam a importância da elaboração de instrumentos que possam melhor assegurar o reconhecimento e a execução dos acordos mediados transnacionais. São apresentados e examinados argumentos sobre a necessidade e eventuais formas para o reconhecimento e execução dos acordos mediados transnacionais, proporcionando um melhor acesso à justiça. Ao final, são evidenciadas formas para a harmonização/uniformização e contextualizada a questão no âmbito do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.

Article 6.8 of the Antidumping Agreement (AD) allows domestic investigating authorities to make determinations on the basis of the best information available (BIA) when any interested party does not cooperate during an antidumping investigation under the discipline of Annex II of the AD. Since its introduction, this provision has been the source of extensive and neverending litigation in front of both domestic investigating authorities and the Dispute Settlement Body. In this thesis, we research to what extent the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body regarding Article 6.8 AD are consistent with the mandate set out in Articles 3.2, 11 DSU and 17.6 AD and to what extent they are reasonable from an economic perspective. To answer the first question, we first discuss Articles 3.2, 11 DSU and 17.6 AD to establish what is the mandate of the Panels and the Appellate Body under the Dispute Settlement Body. We then examine the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body in the interpretation of the seven terms of Article 6.8 AD under the previously established mandate. To answer the second question, we summarize the latest developments in the economic theory of adjudication and litigation. We then discuss the findings of the Panels and the Appellate Body using this economic standard. In the conclusion, we compare the results of our analysis with current negotiations on Article 6.8 AD in the Doha Round framework and further discuss the opportunity to create a single united international investigating authority.

Cette thèse analyse la question relative au cas où, dans l'arbitrage international en matière d'investissements, dont le but principal est l'application des normes visées à la protection des investisseurs, l’État défendeur soutient que l'investissement pour lequel la protection est demandée a été obtenu au moyen d'une forme de criminalité. Dans ce contexte, la défense de l'illégalité soulevée par les État dans les contentieux d'investissement est de plus en plus courante. Cette défense fonctionne selon le schéma suivant : un État hôte enfreint les dispositions de fond que le droit international accorde aux investissements effectués dans un pays étranger, par exemple en expropriant un investisseur étranger de son investissement sans indemnité. Dans le différend qui s'ensuit devant un tribunal arbitral d'investissement, l'État défendeur invoque l'illégalité commise par l'investisseur lors de la réalisation de l'investissement pour se défendre contre la procédure arbitrale intenté contre lui. Le but principal de cette étude est celui de démontrer que des considérations systématiques de nature strictement juridique, aussi bien que de politique juridique, exigent que la défense d'illégalité dans l'arbitrage d'investissement soit strictement restreinte et qu'un tribunal ne puisse décliner d'exercer sa compétence / juridiction que dans des cas exceptionnels. Cette étude aboutit à la conclusion d'après laquelle les tribunaux d'arbitrage devraient plutôt examiner au cas par cas au stade du fond l'ensemble des circonstances soumises devant lui et procéder à une mise en balance appropriée entre les comportements de l'investisseur et ceux de l'État hôte.

Trade in Services can be described as a transaction between a supplier and a consumer without any physical movement of goods across international borders. This, in itself, presents major economic growth possibilities in both regional and multilateral terms. Regional trade agreements, if drafted to suit the specific region's strengths, can promote Trade in Services and establish regional integration. The fact that Trade in Services and regional integration, throughout the Southern African Development Community (SADC) specifically, is moving forward at such a slow pace is due to the lack of political ambition and policy makers failing to emphasise the establishment of trade specific regulatory coherence among member states. Given policy’s impact on Trade in Services, regional trade agreements must be designed to address new and emerging issues that, not only haven't been taken up in previous trade agreements, but which is also region specific and focused enough to build on new standards found in other new trade agreements that will boost regional integration. SADC countries are still in process of establishing a regional services market and, as it currently stands, major development possibilities still exist. This study compares the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with SADC’s Protocol on Trade in Services (PTIS), with the goal to determine the principles that are necessary to establish a regional market for the integration of Trade in Services. It was found that the PTIS lacks such principles and that integration of services throughout the SADC region is highly unlikely if set forth in its current direction. The finding was that the establishment of regional integration of Trade in Services throughout SADC will have to start with regulatory coherence among its members.

O Brasil nem sempre permaneceu alheio ao debate sobre insolvência transnacional, porém desde 1973 carece de normativa específica. A lacuna da lei, no entanto, não impede que os casos cheguem ao Poder Judiciário. Nos últimos anos, o número de processos desta natureza aumentou de forma considerável e apesar de terem atingido certo consenso quanto à solução encontrada pelos tribunais, a fundamentação das decisões expõe a fragilidade do sistema e a necessidade de reforma legislativa. A prevalência da UNCITRAL entre as demais organizações internacionais e o limitado escopo e estrutura da Lei Modelo sobre Insolvência Transnacional, permitiram que este instrumento de Soft Law fosse aceito como o padrão normativo mais adequado e internacionalmente reconhecido. A Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL contribui para segurança jurídica e previsibilidade no comércio internacional, por meio da harmonização do procedimento de insolvência transnacional em países oriundos de diferentes tradições jurídicas - Civil Law e Common Law - e que estão em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. A harmonização se restringe a regras comuns para o reconhecimento de um processo estrangeiro, medidas de assistência e cooperação entre tribunais, sem, contudo, avançar em questões de direito material que, como sabido, são sensíveis e refletem políticas internas de cada Estado. Assim, uma das principais vantagens da Lei Modelo é promover a cooperação direta entre tribunais e com os representantes da insolvência, a fim de eliminar a dependência dos países no princípio de cortesia internacional ou concessão de exequatur aos procedimentos de homologação de sentença estrangeira ou carta rogatória. Apesar dos benefícios proporcionados pela Lei Modelo, muitos países resistem a sua adoção e, entre aqueles que a incorporaram, há diversidade na sua interpretação e aplicação, o que pode colocar em risco o objetivo de harmonização. A fratura entre o texto da lei e sua prática foi objeto da investigação. Inobstante, o Brasil poderia se beneficiar da adoção da Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL, tanto para ampliar os meios de cooperação jurídica internacional, como para promover uma solução estável aos processos transnacionais. Contudo, é preciso entender o alcance deste instrumento e, via de consequência, suas limitações enquanto norma regente, uma vez que as contribuições esperadas da Lei Modelo estão proporcionalmente vinculadas aos seus restritos escopos. A tese questiona, por fim, se existe um sistema internacional de insolvência transnacional fundado no universalismo modificado ou qual o papel que pode ser atribuído a este na solução dos processos judiciais.

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'évaluer l'impact du profil du dirigeant sur le niveau d'OE et l'influence de ce dernier sur la performance-export de la PME dans le contexte togolais. A cet effet, une analyse quantitative par la période de régression logistique auprès de 65 PME exportatrices montre que la vision stratégique, les compétences clés, les traits de personnalité du dirigeant et les caractéristiques de la PME affectent positivement l’orientation entrepreneuriale internationale et la performance-export. Ces résultats ont le mérite de confirmer le modèle conceptuel adapté de Miller/Friesen et celui de Covin/Slevin dans le cadre du Togo.

O direito regulatório internacional tem papel central no desenvolvimento da obrigatoriedade de uso de contraparte central na compensação e liquidação de ativos financeiros, com especial referência aos derivativos registrados e negociados em mercados de balcão. Foi o direito regulatório internacional que ditou as regras a serem utilizadas pelas jurisdições de cada país ou região considerados relevantes para esse mercado, como Brasil, Estados Unidos da América, União Europeia e Austrália. O primeiro capítulo descreve, no âmbito internacional, o contexto em que o direito regulatório internacional passou a ser criado para ditar a formulação da referida obrigação. O segundo capítulo apresenta uma descrição do mercado de derivativos de balcão e suas características, que geraram a necessidade de atuação da regulação internacional. O terceiro capítulo descreve e analisa a inserção do Brasil nesse contexto regulatório internacional, que cria uma obrigação de utilização de contraparte central para compensar e liquidar obrigações do mercado de derivativos de balcão, apresentando assim uma nova perspectiva de análise para o mercado que, aparentemente, se chama local, mas que, cada vez, mais apresenta características globais. Nesse mesmo sentido, o quarto capítulo descreve a legislação da União Europeia no que se refere especificamente ao tema proposto e o quinto capítulo se dedica às regras norteamericanas. O sexto capítulo traz a recente reforma da legislação australiana para o mercado de derivativos, abarcando a obrigação de uso de contraparte central numa das últimas nações a implementar recomendações e princípios impostos aos membros do G20 em 2009 sobre a obrigação de utilização de contraparte central. O sétimo capítulo traz os pontos que se destacam em relação à comparação entre as quatro jurisdições estudadas, especificamente no que se refere aos conceitos utilizados e aos efeitos de cada uma das jurisdições para o contexto regulatório internacional. O oitavo e último capítulo traz uma análise crítica sobre o direito regulatório internacional exposto e as jurisdições nacionais e regionais estudadas comparativamente nos capítulos anteriores da tese. Ao final, estão as conclusões deste trabalho, voltadas para o reconhecimento da existência de um esforço cooperativo internacional em reestabelecer a estabilidade e solidez do sistema financeiro internacional e o crescimento econômico mundial, que surgiu após um momento de crise financeira, o que se deu, por exemplo, como se apresenta nessa tese, por meio da imposição de regras para participantes do mercado de balcão, onde sua atuação era considerada livre e praticamente sem supervisão ou fiscalização regulatória, especialmente em países como os Estados Unidos da América. A criação da obrigação de utilização de contraparte central que assegure o cumprimento das obrigações decorrentes de operações de derivativos de balcão foi implementada por meio de uma mobilização mundial para alcançar: (i) uniformização de princípios, recomendações, regras e condutas relacionadas ao tema no âmbito de um direito regulatório internacional reformulado; e (ii) harmonização dos arcabouços jurídicos regulatórios nacionais, com o fim de que todos sejam considerados equivalentes sobre esse tema.

تقوم عمليّة تحويل الفواتير على تحويل حقوق من مالكها إلى مؤسّسة ماليّة متخصّصة (وسيط)، التي تتكفّل بتحصيل هذه الحقوق، في إطار عقد، مع تحمّل الخسائر المحتملة الناتجة عن إعسار المدينين. وعندما تكتسي هذه العملية الطابع الدّولي، تظهر صعوبات مرتبطة بالشكوك التي تدور حول القانون واجب التطبيق، والتي من شأنها عرقلة تطوّر العمليّة ذات الأهميّة البالغة في التجارة الدّوليّة، من هنا، تظهر أهميّة تبنّي قواعد موحّدة لتنظيم عمليّة تحويل الفواتير الدّوليّة. ومهما كان القانون واجب التطبيق على عمليّة تحويل الفواتير الدّوليّة، فإنّها تساهم في تنمية التجارة الدّوليّة بفضل تدخّل الشركات المتخصّصة فيها وتنظيمها في شكل سلاسل لتشجيع المؤسسات الصغيرة والمتوسطة على القيام بعمليات التصدير، خاصّة وأنّ هذه الأخيرة معرّضة للأخطار المرتبطة بالتجارة الدّوليّة، وبفضل الخدمات التي تؤديها العمليّة، ألا وهي تمويل الصادرات وضمانها L’affacturage est une technique qui consiste à céder des créances à un établissement de crédit spécialisé (le factor), qui prend en charge le recouvrement de ces créances dans le cadre d’un contrat, en supportant les pertes éventuelles sur les débiteurs insolvables. Et lorsque de telles opérations sont conduites au niveau international, surgissent des difficultés liées à l’incertitude juridique pouvant entraver l’essor de cette opération fort utile dans le commerce international, d’où l’utilité d’adopter des règles uniformes destinées à régir les opérations d’affacturage international. Mais quelque soit la loi applicable à l’affacturage international, celui-ci contribue au développement du commerce international grâce à l’intervention des factors qui s’organisent sous forme de chaines pour encourager les PME à exporter, surtout que ces dernières sont confrontées aux risques liés au commerce international, et grâce aux services que fournit l’opération, en l’occurrence; le financement et la garantie des exportations.

The principle of Most Favored Nation (MFN) as a GATT rule as annexed to World Trade Organisation (WTO) is viewed as very crucial in the operations of the WTO amongst member countries. Another rule of striking importance is the standard of non-discrimination inserted in the MFN rules. As against the background, this study addresses the routine conviction with respect to the viability of GATT laws and WTO rules in the light of non-discrimination principle and Multifibre Agreement (MFA) and, The National Treatment Principle. The study explores the standards of these rules which are whittled down with concrete exemption clauses. These clauses make the adequacy of unhindered commerce guideline perplexed amongst member nations especially, the Sub-Saharan Africa. The study finds that rules of GATT having been made since 1947 at the time when Africa‟s economic development was annexed to their colonial masters and therefore, not in contemplation by the progenitors. The realization that Africa ought to be given chance to develop come too late within the GATT rules. The study finds that the current GATT structure cannot advance the promotion of African trade. The study addresses the grouping of African nations with other nations like Asia, India and South America as a misnomer and erroneous as Africa is the least developed in terms of international trade bargaining power among other developing countries. The study after analyzing MFN, MFA, National Treatment principle and Transparency rules of GATT, concludes they are development deficit as against trade promotion. The study further concludes that the difficulties in finding an acceptable definition of the „like product‟ by several Dispute Resolution Panels as laid down by GATT makes nonsense of the rule and a lacuna in the definition of Article III (2) and III (4) as they are components of paralysis of non-clarifications.