Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La escisión es una herramienta de mucha utilidad e importancia para la reorganización de empresas, con el fin de alcanzar objetivos económicos y societarios de gran trascendencia para las personas jurídicas y naturales involucradas; permitiéndole al empresario, disponer de mecanismos para la reinserción en el mercado local y exterior de condiciones competitivas de precio, calidad, cantidad y oportunidad; logrando así una mejor utilización de su patrimonio en la creación de riqueza. Cabe señalar que al legislador le interesa que las empresas produzcan más y mejor, razón por la cual en todos los países el ordenamiento jurídico no sólo evita poner trabas a la reorganización empresarial, sino que provee de los medios necesarios para estimularla y facilitar su ejecución. Al Derecho le cabe desempeñar un rol fundamental, el de ordenar, guiar a las demás disciplinas aplicables y organizar las relaciones jurídicas que emanan de los diferentes procedimientos de reorganización, otorgando la debida seguridad jurídica para preservar los derechos de todas las personas intervinientes. Vemos pues como el Derecho no es ajeno a esta exigencia de adaptación de la estructura de la empresa. El ordenamiento jurídico y la doctrina han ido definiendo el marco normativo que sirva de sustento a los procesos generados en la práctica empresarial procurando fundamentalmente una simplificación de su formulación jurídica. A esta finalidad responde nuestro Derecho Comercial a través de mecanismos como la transformación, fusión, escisión, reorganización simple y figuras combinadas y múltiples, que inciden tanto en su estructura económica como en la jurídica.

At the heart of this study is the topic of small economies in the Multilateral Trade System (MTS). The study examines the World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) legal framework and policy objectives in order to develop a comprehensive definition of small economies as a group of WTO members with specific needs. Particular attention is given to the determination of the specific characteristics of small economies, as well as the issues and constraints they are facing in the MTS. The study explores solutions proposed in order to tackle the constraints to the effective integration of small economies in the MTS, with specific reference to the policy reasoning of small economies. More importantly, the study explores the impact of the size factor, which is certainly not only a burden on the growth and development perspectives of the considered entity, but which may also become an advantage and promotes the trade performance of a small economy. Hypotheses are then made relating to the relevance of the economic and political environments in the determination of a successful (or not) integration, and participation, of a small economy in the MTS. A crucial argument developed is that the differences observed between countries sharing similar characteristics of smallness, vulnerability and remoteness/landlockedness, illustrates the fact that what ultimately matters is the interplay of factors related to the economic and political environments, the effect of which is to promote or constrain (depending on the case) successful integration of the small economy in the MTS.

Codes, laws and guidelines governing international commercial arbitration developed by such organizations as the International Court of Arbitration, the International Bar Association and the International Chamber of Commerce have been drafted against the background of Common Law and Civil Law values. In balancing these two great legal traditions, it was assumed that together they represent a composite legal tradition governing international commercial arbitration. The result of that assumption was decades of fine work enshrining international arbitration doctrines, principles, and rules of law and procedures that blend these two important legal traditions. More recent concerns have begun to raise such questions as: How pervasive are the Common and Civil Law traditions? Part I of this article asks: What is a legal tradition and how should it be distinguished from a legal culture in relation to international commercial arbitration? Part II reflects on the influence of legal culture on international commercial arbitration. Parts III, IV and V investigate the Common and Civil legal traditions in relation to national, regional and international commercial arbitration. Part VI evaluates the public traditions that surround international commercial arbitration. Part VII considers whether change in the traditions of international commercial arbitration represent culture change or culture shock. Part VIII emphasizes the value of building an inclusive international arbitration tradition. Part IX suggests ways in which international commercial arbitration can accommodate diffuse and changing local, regional and global influences upon it. Codes, laws and guidelines governing international commercial arbitration developed by such organizations as the International Court of Arbitration (ICA), the International Bar Association (IBA) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) have been drafted against the background of Common Law and Civil Law values. In balancing these two great legal traditions, it was assumed that together they represent a composite legal tradition governing international commercial arbitration. The result of that assumption was decades of fine work enshrining international arbitration doctrines, principles, and rules of law and procedures that blend these two important legal traditions. From the doctrine of freedom of contract to specific rules of evidence and procedures that govern arbitral hearings, the international arbitration community has sought to maintain the respected legal traditions that lawyer-arbitrators and counsel find familiar and comfortable. More recent concerns, partly expressed by William K. Slate II, President of the American Arbitration Association, have begun to raise such questions as: How pervasive are the Common and Civil Law traditions? Are they sufficiently uniform in nature and operation to justify their dominant status in formulating codes, laws and rules governing international commercial arbitration? And has international commercial arbitration become unduly reliant upon both the Common and Civil Law traditions at the expense of other legal traditions that operate against the background of different and changing legal cultures? Part I of this article asks: What is a legal tradition and how should it be distinguished from a legal culture in relation to international commercial arbitration? Part II reflects on the influence of legal culture on international commercial arbitration. Parts III, IV and V investigate the Common and Civil legal traditions in relation to national, regional and international commercial arbitration. Part VI evaluates the public traditions that surround international commercial arbitration. Part VII considers whether change in the traditions of international commercial arbitration represent culture change or culture shock. Part VIII emphasizes the value of building an inclusive international arbitration tradition. Part IX suggests ways in which international commercial arbitration can accommodate diffuse and changing local, regional and global influences upon it.

Tezimizin konusu ?Kambiyo Senetlerinde Sebepsiz Zenginleşme?dir. Kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme müessesesi TTK m.644'te düzenlenmiştir. TTK m.644'e göre keşideci ve kabul etmiş muhatap, hamilin poliçedeki hakkını zamanaşımı ya da poliçedeki hakkı koruyucu işlemleri kaybetmesi sebebiyle poliçedeki borcu ödemek yükümlülüklerinden kurtulmuş olsa dahi sebepsiz zenginleşme hükümleri ile takip edilebilirler. TTK m.644'te düzenlenmiş olan kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme müessesesi kambiyo senedindeki asıl alacak ile genel hükümlerde yer alan sebepsiz zenginleşme talebinden bağımsız kendine özgü bir talebi içermektedir. TTK m.644 TTK m.730 gereği çekler hakkında da uygulanır. TTK m.690'da açık bir atıf olmamasına rağmen bonolara da uygulanabilmelidir. TTK m.644'ün uygulanabilmesi için hamilin zarara uğraması şarttır. Hamilin zararı iki sebebe dayanmalıdır. Bunlar, zamanaşımı ve hamilin poliçedeki hakkı koruyucu işlemlerin yerine getirilmemesidir. Zamanaşımı süreleri kambiyo senetlerinin türlerine ve kambiyo senetlerindeki alacaklı ve borçluların kimliklerine göre değişik süreler olarak TTK'da tespit edilmiştir. Hamilin poliçeyi muhataba kabul için arz etmemesi, ödenmek üzere ibraz etmemesi ya da gerektiğinde protesto keşidesinin gerçekleştirilmemesi poliçedeki hakkın kaybına yol açan hakkı koruyucu işlemler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Hamilin poliçedeki hakkını kaybetmesi neticesinde borçtan kurtulan borçlular zenginleşmiş olarak kabul edilirler. Kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme talebine dayanan dava mutlak ticari davadır. Görevli ve yetkili mahkeme Ticaret Hukuku, Borçlar Hukuku Usul Hukuku prensipleri birlikte değerlendirilerek tespit edilmelidir. Ve bu davaya uygulanacak zamanaşımı süresi hakkında doktrinde ve mahkeme kararlarındaki ihtilaf bu konudaki boşluğun kanun koyucu tarafından doldurularak giderilmelidir. [...] Tezimizin konusu ?Kambiyo Senetlerinde Sebepsiz Zenginleşme?dir. Kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme müessesesi TTK m.644'te düzenlenmiştir. TTK m.644'e göre keşideci ve kabul etmiş muhatap, hamilin poliçedeki hakkını zamanaşımı ya da poliçedeki hakkı koruyucu işlemleri kaybetmesi sebebiyle poliçedeki borcu ödemek yükümlülüklerinden kurtulmuş olsa dahi sebepsiz zenginleşme hükümleri ile takip edilebilirler. TTK m.644'te düzenlenmiş olan kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme müessesesi kambiyo senedindeki asıl alacak ile genel hükümlerde yer alan sebepsiz zenginleşme talebinden bağımsız kendine özgü bir talebi içermektedir. TTK m.644 TTK m.730 gereği çekler hakkında da uygulanır. TTK m.690'da açık bir atıf olmamasına rağmen bonolara da uygulanabilmelidir. TTK m.644'ün uygulanabilmesi için hamilin zarara uğraması şarttır. Hamilin zararı iki sebebe dayanmalıdır. Bunlar, zamanaşımı ve hamilin poliçedeki hakkı koruyucu işlemlerin yerine getirilmemesidir. Zamanaşımı süreleri kambiyo senetlerinin türlerine ve kambiyo senetlerindeki alacaklı ve borçluların kimliklerine göre değişik süreler olarak TTK'da tespit edilmiştir. Hamilin poliçeyi muhataba kabul için arz etmemesi, ödenmek üzere ibraz etmemesi ya da gerektiğinde protesto keşidesinin gerçekleştirilmemesi poliçedeki hakkın kaybına yol açan hakkı koruyucu işlemler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Hamilin poliçedeki hakkını kaybetmesi neticesinde borçtan kurtulan borçlular zenginleşmiş olarak kabul edilirler. Kambiyo senetlerinde sebepsiz zenginleşme talebine dayanan dava mutlak ticari davadır. Görevli ve yetkili mahkeme Ticaret Hukuku, Borçlar Hukuku Usul Hukuku prensipleri birlikte değerlendirilerek tespit edilmelidir. Ve bu davaya uygulanacak zamanaşımı süresi hakkında doktrinde ve mahkeme kararlarındaki ihtilaf bu konudaki boşluğun kanun koyucu tarafından doldurularak giderilmelidir. The title of this thesies is "Unjustified Enrichment in Commercial Papers". The concept of Unjustified Enrichment in Commercial Papers was regulated in TTK (Code of Turkish Commerce) article 644. According to TTK article 644, drawer and drawee who accepted the bill of exchange, can be fallowed by unjustified enrichment regulations even the holder looses the rights in commercial papers because of prescription and negligence for saving the rights in commercial papers. The concept of unjustified enrichment which was regulated in TTK article 644 consists of independent, exceptional, and sui generis demand against the general regulations in Code of Obligations and basic relations in the commercial papers. TTK article 644 can be applied for the cheques because of the special rule in TTK article 730. TTK article 644 should be able to be applied for the promissory notes eventhough there is not any special rule in TTK article 690. For TTK article 644?s ability to apply holder should have a damage. And this damage must have one of two limited reasons. These are prescription and the negligence for saving the rights in commercial papers. Prescription timings were determinated according to the changing of the commercial papers? kinds and the the holders? and debtors? identities in the Turkish Commercial Code. If holder does not supply the bills of exchange to the drawee for acceptance or if holder does not supply the commercial paper for payment or if required, protesting is not cared by the holder, the debt gets lost. The result of the holder?s loss of the rights in commercial papers is the enrichment of the debtors. The case which is related to unjustified enrichment is the perfect commercial case. Authorized and charged court should be determinated by focusing the principles in Commercial Law, Obligation Law and Procedure Law. And the conflict for the prescription timings in scientific and courting decisions should be solved by the law maker.

Tahkim anlasması ile taraflar, aralarındaki uyusmazlığın tahkim yoluyla çözüleceği konusunda anlasmıslardır. Böyle bir seçim, aynı zamanda yine taraflarar asındaki hukuki uyusmazlıklar yönünden devlet mahkemelerinin artık herhangi bir yargı yetkisine sahip olmadığı anlamına da gelmektedir. ?rade serbestîsinin yaygın kabulü, mahkemelerin tahkime müdahalesini, her geçen zaman daha da azaltmıstır. Bugün artık hâkim eğilim, devlet mahkemelerinin müdahalesinin ya tahkime yardım edilmesi ya da kamu düzeninin korunması amacıyla sınırlandırılmasıdır. Kural olarak, tahkim anlasmasının geçerliliğinin tespiti ile birlikte mahkemeler, tarafları, genis anlamda tahkime yönlendirecekler; uyusmazlığın esasıyla ilgili ol arakherhangi bir yargılama yapmayacaklardır. Ancak bazen, tahkimle ilgili konularda mahkemelerin yardımı ve desteği hatta kimi hâllerde denetimi, kaçınılmazdır. Hakem heyetinin seçimi, delillerin toplanması, hep bu kapsamdadır. Hakemlerce verilen nihai kararın cebren icrası gerektiğinde, mahkemelerin hem yardım hem de denetim islevi, gündeme gelmektedir. Hakemin reddinde olduğu gibi yargısal temel hakların korunması gerektiğinde, yine mahkemelerin rolü kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Geçen zaman içinde mahkemelerin tahkime karsı olan yoğun süpheleri; tahkim anlasmaları ile hakem kararlarını sıkça geçersiz sayarak tahkime olumsuz anlamda müdahale etmek seklindeki alıskanlıkları, artık neredeyse tümüyle değismis ve ortadan kalkmıstır. Denetime yönelik mahkeme müdahalesinin geçmiste çoğu zaman taraf iradelerinin hiç sayılması anlamına geldiği, bilinmektedir. Oysa bugün, özellikle de UNCITRAL Model Kanunu'nun 5. maddesiyle yaygınlık kazanan anlayıs, taraflara ve hakem heyetlerine, basta yargı yetkisi olmak üzere pek çok alanda, genis yetkiler tanımak; denetime yönelik mahkeme müdahalesinin en son anda ve son derece kısıtlı nedenlerle gerçeklesmesini temin etmektir. Tahkim anlasmasının geçerliliği, mahkemelerin tahkimde sıkça rol oynadığı alanlardan biridir. Fransız hukukunda, bu konuda ilk sözün hakemlere bırakıldığı; mahkemelerin ise ancak nihai karar sonrası dönemde etkin oldukları bilinmektedir. Hakem heyetinin seçimi, delillerin tespiti, geçici hukuki koruma tedbirlerine hükmedilmesi, tahkim yargılaması öncesi, mahkemelerin yardımını gerektiren konulardır. Geçici hukuki koruma tedbirlerine hükmedilmesi veya hükmedilenlerin icrasına karar verilmesi ile tahkimdeki sürenin uzatılması, tahkim yargılaması sırasında, mahkemelerin yardımını gerektiren meselelerdir. By entering into an arbitration agreement parties express their intention that all disputes between them be referred to and settled by arbitration. This choice at the same time manifests a decision against the competence of the state courts. By accepting the party autonomy the level of the court intervention has significantly diminished over the past years. The general trend is towards limiting court intervention to the cases where it is either necessary to support the arbitration process or required by public policy considerations. By finding the arbitration agreement between the parties valid, no court proceedings on the merits of the disputes can be brougt before the courts and all disputes covered by that agreement are referred to arbitration. There are, however, some situations where court intervention and assistance is needed. Courts may be asked to assist with the appointment of arbitrators, and the collective of evidence. They may also be asked to order protective measures where the arbitrators lack coercive power. Courts may also intervene to guarantee that the minimum requirements of precedural fairness by removing an arbitrator for his lack of impartiality. Courts have moved from strong scepticism resulting in extensive judicial intervention in the arbitration precess or the non-enforcement of arbitration agreement to a position in favor of arbitration giving priority to party autonomy and eschewing intervention. Supervisiory court intervention has the potential of disrupting the arbitration process and impeding the parties? quest for a speedy dispute resolution. It is a common feature of recent arbitration legislation to limit the scope for court intervention after the UNCITRAL Model Law Art. 5. The effect has been that the parties and the tribunals are given wider powers especially about the jurisdiction issues. The authority of the courts has been limited in some cases that could be used at the final stage under the listed the reasons. To what extent the courts can at the pre-award stage review the existance of a valid arbitration agreement is one of the main fields that the courts play role. In French law, the arbitrator has a right of first decision and any court review is deferred to the post-award stage. Establishing the arbitral tribunal, ordering protective measures are the topics need the assistance of the courts. Ordering protective measures or helping for their execution and the extending the time-limt of the arbitral jurisdiction are the issues met during the arbitral procedure.

L’étude des rapports qu’entretiennent l’arbitrage et le procès équitable dans les différents droits des îles de la zone sud-ouest de l’Océan indien prend toute sa dimension dès l’instant où la zone offre un patchwork de systèmes juridiques différents. La question est alors de savoir si dans les droits des îles des Grandes Mascareignes, l’arbitrage revêt le costume juridique français, sachant que le Nouveau Code de Procédure civile (NCPC) édicté en France le 5 décembre 1975 a été, suite à l’accession à l’indépendance de ces différentes pays, transplanté à Madagascar, aux Comores et à Maurice. La logique conduirait à répondre par l’affirmative. Mais la diversité du contexte, constitué soit de transposition du droit français de l’arbitrage, qui intègre le modèle de procès équitable notamment défini par l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, soit d’érection d’un droit interne de l’arbitrage composé partiellement de dispositions juridiques françaises, offre des situations inédites. Si à l’instar des grandes tendances, l’étude croisée des dispositions relatives à l’arbitrage et celles du procès équitable dans l’Océan Indien révèle une perméabilisation croissante de ce deux dernières sphères, et de là un risque de processualisation de l’arbitrage, l’institutionnalisation de l’arbitrage permet également aux parties, de trouver des garanties, ce qui est pleinement satisfaisant dans des pays où l’État de droit est défaillant et la justice étatique mise à mal de façon à assurer la sécurisation juridique des investissements et des échanges commerciaux. The study of reports stating that arbitration and fair judgment exist in the different laws of the islands in the south western zone of the Indian Ocean takes on a whole new dimension if the zone provides a patchwork of different legal systems. The question is whether or not arbitration is the same as in the French legal system. One must consider that the New Civil Procedure Code (NCPC) which was decreed in France on 5th December 1975, was transplanted to Madagascar, the Comoros Islands and Mauritius. Logic would thus lead one to believe the affirmative. However the diversity of the context, which is constituted either by transposing French arbitration law that integrates the decreed trial model as defined by article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, or the erection of internal arbitration law composed partially of French legal dispositions, provides some new situations. If, in accordance with the trends, the cross study of dispositions relative to arbitration and those of the fair trial in the Indian Ocean reveal that these two spheres are growing, and that a result of this there is a risk of procedure arbitration, the institutionalization of arbitration also allows for the concerned parties to find guarantees, which is very satisfying for countries whose state law is weak and where state justice has difficulty in ensuring legal security for investments and commercial exchange.

Cette thèse présente le parcours difficile du droit en matière d’investissements directs à l’étranger vers son internationalisation. La difficulté d’intégration dans le droit international des normes juridiques régissant l’investissement étranger a été due aux changements intervenus dans les relations internationales, à la suite de confrontations politiques, idéologiques et surtout économiques entre les pays. Les mécanismes conventionnels, les traités bilatéraux et la multiplication des arrangements régionaux ont contribué à une juridicisation nouvelle de la société mondiale. Cependant, ce n’est qu'un instrument multilatéral global, généralement accepté et qui échapperait de ce fait aux rapports de pouvoir au niveau mondial qui pourrait consacrer l’avènement d’un droit international en matière d’investissements directs étrangers. Assurant la stabilité du système multilatéral, il serait l’outil juridique qui permettrait de régir différemment la mondialisation économique.