Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Alors que la finance traditionnelle peine à se renouveler, les nouveaux applicatifs de finance décentralisée proposent des services financiers basés sur des protocoles innovants, codés et entièrement gérés par les utilisateurs. Les classifications historiques de la finance sont largement inefficaces et des catégories telles que celle des instruments financiers ne permettent pas de construire un encadrement pertinent. Celles-ci doivent être dépassées pour pouvoir encadrer de façon plus inclusive tous les actifs décentralisés. La communication financière est rendue désuète et nécessite une refonte pour prendre en compte les nouvelles motivations des investisseurs et les impératifs environnementaux. Traditional finance is struggling to renew, new decentralized finance applications offer financial services based on coded protocols entirely managed by users. Historical classifications of finance are largely ineffective and categories such as financial instruments do not allow to construct a relevant framework. These must be overcome to be able to regulate all decentralized assets in a more inclusive manner. Financial communication has become obsolete and requires an overhaul to consider the new motivations of investors and environmental imperatives.

Este trabalho apresenta a tese de que, embora as normas constantes dos arts. 153 e seguintes da Lei no 6.404/76 continuem aplicáveis e o objeto dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas permaneça inalterado mesmo após a instauração de um cenário de crise econômico-financeira na companhia, em grande medida regrado pela Lei no 11.101/05, a instalação da referida crise causa uma modificação no conteúdo desses deveres. Para tanto, o trabalho adota como ponto de partida a jurisprudência e a literatura especializada norte-americanas, apresentando criticamente os casos mais recentes e relevantes julgados pelas Cortes de Delaware, bem como uma sistematização da literatura especializada pertinente. A análise crítica dos casos da jurisprudência norte-americana permite a compreensão da transição de um entendimento baseado na trust fund doctrine, segundo o qual, após a instauração da insolvência, mediante a aplicação da insolvency exception, haveria um shift por meio do qual os credores passariam a ser os destinatários dos deveres fiduciários dos administradores, para o entendimento mais recente de que o destinatário dos deveres fiduciários é apenas a companhia, ainda que devam ser levados em consideração pelos administradores os demais interesses que compõem o interesse social, tais como os interesses de credores, trabalhadores, consumidores. Em seguida, considerando que o conceito de crise econômico-financeira tem contornos incertos, o trabalho busca identificar instrumentos indicadores da instalação da crise. Para tanto, o trabalho não apenas revisita os conceitos clássicos de insolvência e insolvabilidade, mas também propõe novos enquadramento e sistematização, visando ao apontamento de elementos objetivos que, considerados em conjunto, permitam identificar com maior nitidez os contornos do estado de crise econômico-financeira. Posteriormente, o trabalho trata do tema central desta tese, começando pela lógica, os limites e a dinâmica da administração de sociedades anônimas em crise, especialmente diante da colidência de interesses de acionistas e de credores e da intensificação desses conflitos depois de instaurado o cenário de crise, passando pela contínua aplicabilidade da Lei no 6.404/76 e pelas razões que levam à alteração do conteúdo dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas em crise. A seguir, o trabalho demonstra que o ângulo mais adequado à análise dos deveres legais dos administradores de sociedades anônimas em crise no Brasil não é o da alteração do objeto dos deveres, nem o da alteração dos seus destinatários, tampouco o da alteração dos titulares de interesses contingentes na companhia, mas sim o da modificação do conteúdo dos referidos deveres. O trabalho adota, ainda, uma lente pragmática, buscando compreender a dimensão em que o conteúdo dos deveres é modificado após a instauração da crise, considerando uma lista exemplificativa das hipóteses mais relevantes, do ponto de vista prático e acadêmico, em que tais deveres entram em discussão: (i) dever de conhecer a situação econômico-financeira da companhia; (ii) deveres informacionais; (iii) dever de avaliar a adoção de medidas de reestruturação e de evitar o agravamento da crise; (iv) deveres relacionados à alienação e oneração de ativos; e (v) deveres relacionados à contratação de novos financiamentos. Por fim, o trabalho apresenta e discute a apuração da responsabilidade e outras possíveis consequências decorrentes do eventual descumprimento dos deveres legais dos administradores das sociedades anônimas em crise. This study presents the thesis that, although the norms set forth in articles 153 and following of Law No. 6,404/76 remain applicable and the object of the legal duties of administrators of public companies remains unchanged after the onset of a scenario of economic and financial crisis in the company, largely regulated by Law No. 11,101/05, financial distress causes a modification in the content of these duties. To this end, the study takes as its starting point the north American precedents and literature, critically presenting the most recent and relevant cases judged by the Delaware Courts, as well as a systematization of the relevant literature. The critical analysis of cases from north American jurisprudence allows the comprehension of the transition from an understanding based on the trust fund doctrine, according to which, after the onset of insolvency, through the application of the insolvency exception, there would be a shift whereby creditors would become the recipients of the fiduciary duties of directors, to the more recent understanding that the recipient of fiduciary duties is only the company, although directors should take into account other interests that compose company`s interest, such as the interests of creditors, workers, consumers. Next, the study investigates the concept of economic and financial distress. Considering that this concept has uncertain contours, the study seeks to identify indicative instruments of the installation of the economic and financial crisis. To do so, the study not only revisits classical themes, such as the concepts of insolvency and insolvability but also proposes new frameworks and systematization, aiming to highlight objective elements that, considered together, allow a clearer identification of the state of economic and financial crisis. Subsequently, the study addresses the central theme of this thesis, beginning with the logic, limits, and dynamics of the administration of companies in financial distress, especially in the face of the collision of interests between shareholders and creditors and the intensification of these conflicts after the onset of the crisis scenario, going through the continuous applicability of Law No. 6,404/76 and the reasons that lead to the alteration of the content of the legal duties of directors of companies in financial distress. Afterwards, the work demonstrates that the most appropriate approach to analyzing the legal duties of administrators of companies in crisis in Brazil is not that of changing the duties\' scope, nor altering their recipients, nor changing the holders of contingent interests in the company. Instead, the work advocates for examining the modifying content of these duties. The work also adopts a pragmatic lens, seeking to understand the extent to which the content of these duties is altered after the onset of the crisis, considering an illustrative list of the most relevant hypotheses, from practical and academic points of view, in which such duties come into discussion, namely: (i) duty to know the economic and financial situation of the company; (ii) informational duties; (iii) duty to assess the adoption of restructuring measures and to avoid the worsening of the crisis; (iv) duties related to the alienation and encumbrance of assets; and (v) duties related to the contracting of new financing. Finally, the study presents and critically discusses aspects related to the determination of responsibility and other possible consequences arising from the eventual non-compliance with the legal duties of managers and directors of companies in the brink of insolvency.

Demand guarantees are essential for purposes of commerce and are used to secure the performance of the contractor. South African courts have held that demand guarantees are akin to letters of credit. Despite the independent nature of demand guarantees to the underlying contract, in circumstances where the beneficiary has made a fraudulent claim, the guarantor may dishonour the demand or claim. South African courts have indicated that if the underlying contract is illegal, courts may intervene by granting an interdict to stop payment under the guarantee. The South African law recognises traditional guarantees (often called suretyship) where the beneficiary, when making a demand or claim, must demonstrate liability on the part of the contractor. There are instances where courts have held that guarantees were of a nature akin to suretyship. In South Africa, parties entering into a demand guarantee contract are subject to the common law of contract. The Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees, adopted by the International Chamber of Commerce, are only applied by explicit reference in the demand guarantee failing which such rules do not apply. Non-implementation of these rules has resulted in rigorous litigation in the recent years on this subject-matter. A demand must be supported by documents and require strict conformity. However, strict compliance with the prerequisites of the demand guarantee has not been applied consistently in South Africa. South African courts have recently been applying substantial compliance, in certain circumstances finding that a term in a guarantee is just directory and not obligatory. Furthermore, on many occasions, courts have deviated from strict compliance holding that a term in a guarantee does not make commercial sense thus such term is not mandatory. In this way, courts apply the most business-sensible interpretation when interpreting demand guarantees.

This collection of chapters tracks and explains the impact of the nine core United Nations human rights treaties in 20 selected countries, four from each of the five UN regions. Researchers based in each of these countries were responsible for the chapters, in which they assess the influence of the treaties and treaty body recommendations on legislation, policies, court decisions and practices. By covering the 20 years between July 1999 and June 2019, this book updates a study done 20 years ago.

"Chapter 16 The Impact of the United Nations Human Rights Treaties on the Domestic Level in Senegal" published on 09 Feb 2024 by Brill | Nijhoff.

El estudio de los Dispute Boards (DB) y su función social reflejada a través de la prevención y resolución de conflictos empresariales en contratos complejos es el tema central de este estudio. El problema de investigación planteado, en este contexto, es si los Dispute Boards son institutos capaces de desempeñar una función social basada en la prevención y resolución de conflictos en contratos mercantiles complejos. Así, el tema se desarrolla con base en el método dialéctico de la producción científica, apoyado en investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, además de investigaciones de campo, con encuestas cuantitativas y cualitativas sobre el uso de los DBs. Para ello, el estudio busca contextualizar los conceptos que involucran al mercado, la empresa y la función social como factores que permean contratos comerciales complejos, caracterizados por incertidumbres y riesgos relacionados con la ejecución contractual que deben ser gestionados a través de la implementación de una gobernanza guiada. por principios que implementen la eficiencia de la relación comercial. La referencia a estándares internos en el ámbito de la administración pública también se utiliza para guiar el estudio, que también se abarca en la aplicación del gobierno corporativo, identificando los DBs como vectores para implementar contratos complejos y, en consecuencia, promover y entregar valor sostenible a las empresas. y otras partes interesadas, concluyendo que son mecanismos relevantes para promover la función social, prevenir y resolver conflictos, especialmente en contratos complejos. De la misma manera, se identifica la necesidad de potenciar el instituto DB, atribuyendo personalidad jurídica, además de la contractual, a sus decisiones, con el fin de potenciar su propia función social basada en la seguridad jurídica de los dictámenes deliberantes vinculantes emitidos, presentando, al final, una propuesta de proyecto de ley con el objetivo de iniciar el proceso legislativo para implementar esta realidad jurídica, siguiendo el ejemplo del instituto de arbitraje.

One of the issues faced by many creative economy actors in this relatively newly established industry is the lack of supporting infrastructure, such as the limited access to financing and one of the prominent issues is banks’ reluctance to accept intellectual property (“IP”) as collateral to secure loans including problems concerning valuation of IP Asset as Collateral which has implications several regulation concerning Intellectual Property. In the spirit of furthering the creative economy, the Government has recently issued Government Regulation Number 24 of 2022 on Intellectual Property-Based Creative Economy Financing. This matters includes in relation with IP assets that are exposed and exploited their product (goods or services) on the basis of exclusivity in financing and loan contractual scheme as collateral. This article normative legal research in which intended for studies that are literary and practical works which is Intellectual Property (IR) system in relation with valuation and execution as bank collateral either Indonesia prevailing law and Islamic (Syariah) Law. The result of this research that IP owners often deal with complex contractual relationships that involve different forms of cooperation in research, production or commercialization. most important aspect concerning capacity and competency with comprehensive knowledge deal with IP Asset as Collateral before Banks, and others financial institution, execution of guarantees as applied to Islamic banking has adopted many syariah law, in the practice, there are still many problems the implementation of guarantees as applied to Islamic banking has adopted many Islamic laws. However, in the practice, there are still many problems that arise from the Islamic law scope the concept of justice and the philosophy of maslahah.

The overlap of financial, economic, ecological, and political crises has pushed the consensus on the need to promote a socio-ecological transformation, or, in short, a green transition. The discontent with the corporate world for its contributions to those crises has taken a central stage, with calls for greater corporate responsibility being articulated under a sustainability imperative. In the context of a new round of debates on the purpose of companies, this thesis examines the turning of corporate law and governance into a site for advancing a new capitalism. More specifically, the research investigates institutional changes occurring under the label of the public turn in corporate law, addressing the following questions: what constitutes the so-called public turn? What are its drivers and the perspectives on it? Which structural features led to targeting corporate law and governance to push for responsible corporate conduct? How does the public turn in corporate law relates to the broader set of actors and norms that shape corporate governance? Guided by critical approaches to the green transition and by political theories of corporate governance, the thesis resorts to different scholarships to examine the current wave of public oriented corporate governance mechanisms from within and from without corporate law. On the one side, the thesis offers a taxonomy of corporate law strategies being employed as well as a rich account on the multiple dimensions assumed by the new tools, placed at the intersection of human rights and environmental protection, corporate social responsibility, and global value chains. On the other, the thesis embeds corporate laws public turn within the unfolding of global capitalism, as the field evolves from corporate law to corporate governance to sustainable corporate governance. The thesis argues that the public turn in corporate law, caught in between the global and the local, enables the investigation of changing roles of states, businesses, and civil society within the political and epistemic terrain of the transition to a more just and sustainable economy. A sobreposição de crises financeiras, econômicas, ecológicas e políticas impulsiona o consenso sobre a necessidade de uma transformação socioecológica, ou, em resumo, uma transição verde. O descontentamento com o mundo corporativo assume centralidade, motivando demandas por mais responsabilidade corporativa, articuladas em torno de um imperativo de sustentabilidade. No contexto de uma nova rodada de debates sobre o interesse social, esta tese examina a transformação do direito societário e da governança corporativa em um locus de promoção de um 'novo capitalismo'. Mais especificamente, a pesquisa investiga as mudanças institucionais ocorrendo sob "a virada pública no direito societário", abordando as seguintes perguntas: o que constitui a esta virada? Quais são seus impulsionadores e perspectivas? Quais características estruturais levaram a mirar o direito societário e a governança para promover conduta corporativa responsável? Como a virada pública no direito societário se relaciona com o conjunto mais amplo de atores e normas que moldam a governança corporativa? Guiada por abordagens críticas da transição verde e por teorias políticas da governança corporativa, a tese recorre a diferentes correntes acadêmicas para examinar a atual onda de mecanismos de governança corporativa orientados para o público, de dentro e de fora do direito corporativo. Por um lado, a tese oferece uma taxonomia das estratégias do direito societário utilizadas, bem como um relato abrangente sobre as múltiplas dimensões assumidas pelas novas ferramentas, na interseção de direitos humanos, proteção ambiental, responsabilidade social corporativa e cadeias de valor globais. Por outro lado, a tese contextualiza a virada pública do direito societário nos desdobramentos do capitalismo global, à medida que o campo evolui do direito societário para a governança corporativa para a governança corporativa sustentável. A tese argumenta que a virada pública no direito corporativo, situada entre o global e o local, permite a investigação das mudanças nos papéis dos estados, empresas e sociedade civil no terreno político e epistêmico da transição para uma economia mais justa e sustentável.

La stabilité des relations d’affaires ne peut se concevoir sans un contrat de bail durable. Fort de ce constat, il est indispensable d’examiner l’importance de l’autonomie du contrat de bail renouvelé. A ce propos, le contrat mérite une protection contre les abus du bailleur. L’analyse du bail renouvelé met en orbite la question de la poursuite des relations contractuelles à l’expiration de la durée prévue par les parties, ce renouvellement engendre-t-il une simple prorogation du bail originaire ou donne-t-il naissance à un nouveau bail ? Il s’agit de répondre à la question de l’autonomie du bail renouvelé qui se présente d’abord comme une réalité eu égard à ses caractères et à l’étendue limitée des garanties données par le locataire. Mais à l’observation, cette autonomie n’est qu’apparente en ce que le bail renouvelé maintient dans son exécution les clauses du bail initial et prévoit des changements qui sont des concessions édictées par l’économie contractuelle. Business relations stability it’s impossible without a lasting lease contract. In this regard, it is essential to examine the importance of the autonomy of the renewed lease contract. About it, the contract deserves protection against abuse by the lessor. The analysis of the renewed lease puts into orbit the question of the continuation of contractual relations at the duration planned by the parties, does this renewal result in a simple extension of the original lease or does it give rise to a new lease? This involves examining of the autonomy of the renewed lease which first presents itself as a reality given its characteristics and the limited extent of the guarantees given by the tenant. Indeed, this autonomy is only apparent in that the renewed lease maintains in its execution the clauses of the initial lease and provides for changes which are concessions decreed by the contractual economy.

Les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui sont assurément un sujet passionnant, mais qui au demeurant n’a pas donné lieu à une doctrine abondante, que l’on songe au droit français ou au droit de l’OHADA. Pourtant, il est possible d’entreprendre une telle étude, sous l’angle des deux législations évoquées, même s’il va se révéler que la jurisprudence de l’OHADA est marquée au coin de l’absence. Ainsi, pour mener à bien cette étude, il conviendra d’envisager les sûretés choisies en tant que droit réel, en analysant la relation directe entre le créancier et le bien donné en garantie. C’est dire que les sûretés réelles, « puisque notre livraison s’arc-boute sur celles-ci », trouvent leur substance à partir de l’exercice d’une des utilités conférées par la propriété d’un bien, notamment sa valeur économique ou valeur de crédit. En l’absence de tout droit de propriété au constituant, il ne peut exister ni hypothèque, ni gage, ni nantissement, moins encore cession fiduciaire. L’affirmation est cependant sujette à discussion à propos du droit de rétention. Partant, les sûretés sur le bien d’autrui peuvent être aisément neutralisées, sur le terrain du jeu de la propriété, indépendamment de la question de la nullité contractuelle. Cependant, de façon exceptionnelle, des effets peuvent être reconnus aux sûretés sur le bien d’autrui, particulièrement sur le terrain des exigences de l’équité et de la protection des tiers de bonne foi.

À l’inverse de son ancêtre, l’Union douanière et économique de l’Afrique centrale (UDEAC), la Communauté économique et monétaire de l’Afrique centrale (CEMAC) envisage la possibilité d’une Union politique et, en filigrane, celle d’une citoyenneté communautaire. Instrument essentiel par lequel se matérialisent les politiques d’intégration régionale à travers le monde, la citoyenneté communautaire trouve son fondement à travers les objectifs d’union ou d’intégration. Elle ne vient pas remplacer la citoyenneté nationale, mais la compléter en accordant de nouveaux droits au-delà des frontières étatiques. Les indices de cette citoyenneté, qui sont perceptibles dans les textes organisant la CEMAC, montrent que la construction juridique de la CEMAC n’est pas seulement un projet d’ordre économique et monétaire, mais aussi un projet politique. Mais la citoyenneté communautaire, au sens où il y aurait une identité et un patrimoine entre la CEMAC et chacun des ressortissants des États membres, demande bien plus que des attentions textuelles, si nous admettons l’hypothèse que la citoyenneté communautaire ne consiste pas seulement dans la reconnaissance de droits, mais aussi les garanties de leur plein exercice. Unlike its ancestor, the Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC), the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) envisages the possibilility of political union and, in the background, that of a community citizensgip. And essential instrument for regional integration policies throughout the world, community citizenship is founded on the objectives of union or integration. It does not replace national citizenship, but complements it by granting new rights beyond state borders. The indications of this citizenship, which are quite perceptible in the texts organizing the CEMAC, show that the legal construction of the CEMAC is not only a project of economic and monetary order, but also a political project. But community citizenship, in the sense that there is an identity and a heritage between the CEMAC and each of the nationals of the member states, requires much more than textual attention, if we accept the hypothesis that community citizenship consists not only in the recognition of rights, but also the guarantees of their full exercise.

In South Africa, before the Financial Advisory and Intermediaries Services Act (FAIS Act) and other insurance laws came into existence, intermediary services regarding the rendering of insurance products have always been regulated by the law of agency and mandate. This means that the Roman-Dutch principles provided for the standards to which the conduct of intermediaries was to comply with when rendering insurance services. The mandate of intermediaries in terms of the Roman-Dutch Principles also included the fact that they had to act with care, skill and in good faith. When the FAIS Act came into operation, it introduced several detailed rules and minimum standards for insurance intermediaries to comply with, and these minimum standards are not limited to qualifications, experiences and characteristics of honesty and integrity that an intermediary must comply with, but they also stipulated in detail what an intermediary must do when discharging insurance intermediary duties. The FAIS Act is the leading legislation when it comes to the regulation of intermediary services. The FAIS Act, under section 16, provides for a General Code of Conduct for Authorised Financial Services Providers and their Representative (GCC), which contains a set of rules that are applicable to all intermediaries. These rules under the GCC are aimed at ensuring that insurance customers are provided with material facts that will enable them to make a prior informed decision and that their reasonable financial needs concerning insurance products will be carefully considered so that they can be provided with a product that will be suitable to satisfy their needs. Furthermore, in terms of South African laws and practices, intermediaries play an essential role in the creation of legally binding insurance contracts. Insurance businesses are concluded through intermediaries. Considering that many insurance companies are juristic persons, and they can only conduct business by means of human agents, insurance laws make it compulsory for intermediaries to have skills, knowledge, and experience regarding insurance products that they are rendering to insurance customers. It is commonly believed that intermediaries with skills, knowledge and experience, they always act in the best interest of the client, and they ask relevant questions to assist the clients to disclose all material facts, and they always make sure that material facts are clearly communicated/disclosed to the insurer and insured to avoid future conflicts. The legal framework placed a duty on the intermediary to assist the insured to disclose all material facts and to explain all clauses contained in the insurance contract which may lead to the insurer repudiate its liability. Furthermore, an intermediary is at all material times expected to first consider the financial situation of the potential insured before determines a cover that will be best suitable for the insured’s needs. However, despite the best guidelines outlined by applicable insurance laws and regulations, mistakes are still being made by intermediaries, which lead to insurance customers to suffer the consequences of impractical intermediary services, and that has resulted in numerous complaints, legal disputes, debarments, and other regulatory actions. As a result of intermediaries’ continuous misconduct, insurers have been repudiating claims, and it has created a presumption that insurers conduct businesses to enrich themselves instead of protecting the interests of their customers as required by regulating legal framework. Therefore, so many people have lost confidence in the insurance industry due to unlimited court cases and complaints arising from misconduct or omissions of intermediaries, such as their failure to disclose material facts to the parties. Once it is found that material facts were not fully disclosed between the insurer and insured, both parties would have been deprived of their right to make an informed decision before consenting or signing a legally binding contract. Therefore, a need is created for intermediaries to be educated of their legal duties when rendering insurance services and that will help strengthen or restore the confidence of the public towards insurance industry.

Les mutations évolutives et fulgurantes du droit en général, du droit des affaires en particulier, sous-tendues par la recherche justifiée de performance, de célérité et confidentialité ont substantiellement pénétré la corporate governance, constituant, de ce fait, un pilier fort de la régulation.L’exploration par la sortie du circuit judiciaire sous le prisme de la compliance révèle une dynamique complexe par laquelle les deux notions interagissent par un emboîtement intrinsèque qui se révèle, par moment antagoniste. Les processus de dénormalisation et de normalisation, induits par la compliance mettent en lumière l’utilité et la nécessité d’instaurer des standards unifiés. La nécessité de la régulation par le biais de la compliance est axée autour de la prévention et de la responsabilisation proactive des acteurs. The lightning evolutionary changes in law in general, and business law in particular, underpinned by the justified quest for performance, speed and confidentiality, have substantially penetrated corporate governance, thereby constituting a strong pillar of regulation.Exploring the judicial circuit through the prism of compliance reveals a complex dynamic in which the two concepts interact through an intrinsic interlocking that is at times antagonistic. The processes of denormalisation and standardisation brought about by compliance highlight the usefulness and necessity of establishing unified standards. The need for regulation through compliance is centred on prevention and proactive accountability.

The main aim of this thesis is to solve the uncertainties brought about by dismissals for off-duty misconduct. First, it should be acknowledged that the world as we know it has changed and continues to evolve. Dismissals have been significantly impacted by the use of social media outside the workplace. The legalisation of the use of cannabis by an adult person has also brought uncertainties in the way dismissals are handled, especially in cases where an employee consumes cannabis off-duty. These two aspects have significantly influenced dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa, with employees alleging that their rights to privacy, dignity and freedom of expression are infringed. The thesis reveals that regardless of these modern changes, off-duty misconduct dismissal is still governed by the generic provisions of the Labour Relations Act 1995 and its Code of Good Practice: Dismissal. The thesis underscores the lack of clarity regarding the regulation of dismissals for off-duty misconduct in South Africa. Furthermore, despite the judiciary’s establishment of tests (the nexus test and the breakdown of the employment relationship), challenges in adjudicating off-duty misconduct cases persist. This thesis analyses the South African legal framework governing dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The research investigates the evolution of South African dismissal law, tracing its development from the pre-democratic era to the post-democratic era. This investigation scrutinises the shifts in the legal landscape regarding dismissals for off-duty misconduct. The analysis encompasses a range of legal instruments pertinent to South Africa, including legislation, international law, common law, and judicial precedent. The current need for a Code of Good Practice for off-duty misconduct dismissal is highlighted. This rationale is prompted by a comparative examination of other countries where, despite the absence of specific codes addressing off-duty misconduct, a proactive stance has been adopted to safeguard employees’ off-duty rights by enacting relevant legislation. These chosen states have statutes regulating employees’ off-duty conduct and clarifying which conduct is protected and in which circumstances. Consequently, the thesis proposes a Code of Good Practice: Dismissal for Off-duty Misconduct. This Code would assist in the uniformity of application of relevant aspects in determining the fairness of dismissals for off-duty misconduct, thus alleviating labour suits concerning this type of dismissal. The Code would also provide employers with guidelines on how to draft off-duty misconduct policies without infringing employees’ constitutional rights.

La concentration des marchés numériques autour d’une poignée d’opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante, notion développée dans l’étude, tend à soulever des problèmes économiques et sociétaux. En matière de concurrence, en premier lieu, de nombreux économistes ont mis en exergue les défaillances des marchés sur lesquels interviennent ces acteurs (i.e. effets de verrouillage tels que les effets de réseau et la capture des données, économies d’échelle et d’envergure) ainsi que les effets néfastes pour la liberté de choix des utilisateurs et l’innovation. Les problèmes de concurrence interplateforme et intraplateforme s’accompagnent de problèmes plus sociétaux liés à la concentration des flux d’information autour des écosystèmes construits par ces opérateurs et au sein desquels les utilisateurs sont maintenus captifs. Les opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante ont acquis une position incontournable sur l ’internet leur conférant un rôle de quasi-régulateur des activités en ligne. Cette situation tend à affaiblir la liberté d’expression et d’information des utilisateurs, leur liberté d’association et liberté de réunion ainsi que leur droit au respect de la vie privée. Fort de ce constat, qui a appelé de nombreuses réponses législatives de la part des pouvoirs publics, en Europe particulièrement, l’étude analyse plus spécifiquement l’interopérabilité comme un outil permettant, lorsque c’est nécessaire et proportionné, d’ouvrir les écosystèmes des opérateurs de plateforme numérique structurante afin de promouvoir la liberté de choix des utilisateurs, la concurrence et l’innovation. Raisonnant par analogie avec le droit des communications électroniques ainsi que d’autres régimes ayant mis en place ce type de remède d’accès (e.g. droit de la concurrence, règlement sur les marchés numériques, droit bancaire, droit des transports), les bénéfices de l’interopérabilité pour renforcer l’autonomie des utilisateurs sont mis en exergue. L’étude s’intéresse aussi aux implications de l’adoption d’un tel remède en droit positif et son effet notamment sur les droits des débiteurs (e.g. propriété intellectuelle) et des tiers concernés (e.g. vie privée). Elle s’intéresse également aux difficultés de mise en œuvre de l’interopérabilité qui comporte une forte dimension technique et qui serait amenée à être imposée sur des marchés présentant d’importantes asymétries d’information. S’inspirant des solutions dégagées au sein de différents instruments juridiques, l’étude propose des pistes pour assurer une application efficace du remède.

A narrativa da globalização é ambígua, visto que, em âmbito internacional, o discurso é de liberalização dos mercados para que as empresas mais eficientes e inovadoras prosperem; contudo, no plano doméstico, os Estados Nacionais procuram controlar minuciosamente a entrada de capital estrangeiro em seu território. Em especial, esse controle recai sobre a aquisição de empresas nacionais, já que essas operações econômicas podem transferir o controle de: (i) mercados nacionais (ii) tecnologia crítica e know-how; (iii) infraestrutura estratégica; e (iv) informações e dados sensíveis. Trata-se de elementos que, individualmente ou em conjunto, influenciam a soberania de um país. Por força do discurso liberalizante da globalização, é comumente propagado que a análise antitruste no controle de estruturas deve ser neutra e focada no trade-off entre eficiência e os efeitos deletérios unilaterais, coordenados e de fechamento de mercado que eventualmente possam existir em um ato de concentração. Dessa forma, a presente tese de doutorado investiga fenômenos jurídicos que fogem do consenso do direito concorrencial ortodoxo, a saber: (i) a incidência de inúmeros interesses para bloquear investimento estrangeiros indesejáveis em empresas e ativos nacionais; (iii) os efeitos dos subsídios estatais em empresas privadas (campeões nacionais) e públicas (empresas estatais) para disputa de mercados alienígenas, e, consequentemente, melhor posicionar os seus respectivos Estados Nacionais na ordem econômica internacional. Sustenta-se que, hoje, o direito concorrencial pátrio se encontra paralisado pelo discurso liberalizante da globalização; contudo, existem elementos suficientes para uma nova teoria antitruste do dano para tutela da soberania econômica nacional, tendo em vista que o art. 219 da Constituição Federal de 1988 protege o mercado interno como patrimônio nacional, capaz de viabilizar o desenvolvimento cultural e socioeconômico por meio da endogeinização dos centros de decisão nas empresas nacionais. Por fim, defende-se que nova teoria do dano demanda adaptações e flexibilizações às ferramentas tradicionais do direito concorrencial, especialmente em relação à análise: (i) da nacionalidade das pessoas jurídicas envolvidas no ato de concentração; e (ii) das estratégias de financiamento para aquisição da empresa alvo (o abuso de poder econômico- financeiro em atos de concentração); e (iii) do conceito de grupo econômico de empresas estatais. The narrative of globalization is ambiguous, whereby at the international level, the discourse pertains to liberalizing markets so that the most efficient and innovative companies prosper; however, at the domestic level, nations seek to control, meticulously, the entry of foreign capital into their territory. This is particularly evident when considering the merger review with domestic companies, as these economic operations can transfer control of: (i) domestic markets (ii) critical technology and know-how; (iii) strategic infrastructure; and (iv) sensitive information and data. These are elements that individually or together influence the sovereignty of a country. Due to the liberalizing discourse of globalization, it is commonly propagated that antitrust analysis of mergers must be neutral and focused on the trade-off between efficiency and the antitrust damages that could potentially arise. Therefore, this doctoral thesis investigates legal phenomena that deviate from the consensus of orthodox competition law, that is: (i) the incidence of numerous public interests in antitrust legislation; (ii) the instrumentalization of competition law to block undesirable foreign investment in domestic companies and assets; (iii) the effects of state subsidies on private (national champions) and public (state-owned companies) companies to compete for foreign markets, and, consequently, better position their respective nations in the international economic order. It is argued that, today, Brazilian Competition Law is paralyzed by the liberalizing discourse of globalization, however, there are sufficient elements for a new antitrust theory of damage to protect national economic sovereignty, considering that article 219 of the Brazilian Constitution protects the internal market as a national asset, capable of enabling cultural and socioeconomic development through the endogenization of decision-making centers in domestic companies. Finally, it is argued that the new theory of damage demands adaptations to and flexibility of the traditional tools of competition law, especially in relation to the analysis of: (i) the nationality of the companies involved in the merger or acquisition; and (ii) financing strategies involved in mergers and acquisitions (the abuse of economic-financial power); and (iii) the concept of economic group of state-owned companies.