Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Phoenix activity involves conduct whereby a failing company (the old company) is replaced by a second company (the new company) in the operation of the same or a similar business and that involves the same or similar company controllers. Transactions of this nature can be legal and even be beneficial to society, since entrepreneurs who pursue a viable business may, if the new company succeeds, benefit the economy and many other stakeholders. These transactions are referred to as legal phoenix activity. Problems arise however when phoenix activity is engaged in with the goal of evading the debt of the old company, known as illegal phoenix activity. In other cases, even well-intentioned company controllers can cause significant harm by resurrecting a fundamentally flawed business. This conduct, although not illegal, is unduly prejudicial to stakeholders and is known as problematic phoenix activity. While this thesis focuses on illegal phoenix activity, several measures identified should also curb problematic phoenix activity. This study identifies the elements and common characteristics of illegal phoenix activity. It then analyses regulation pertaining to those elements and common characteristics with the aim of finding effective solutions to the problem. This includes evaluating measures that reverse prejudicial transactions that occur during illegal phoenix activity as well as holding complicit parties, such as company controllers and the new company, accountable for their actions. Regulation aimed at preventing and investigating illegal phoenix activity is also considered. This thesis uses the comparative legal approach to analyse regulatory responses to illegal phoenix activity. Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America are examined. Several reported cases in South Africa involving what appear to be illegal phoenix activity are explored, along with the existing measures that are applicable to illegal phoenix activity in South Africa. A single anti-phoenix provision is undesirable as it has the potential to unjustifiably infringe on legal phoenix activity. This thesis proposes a multi-pronged approach, which involves a combination of better enforcement of existing laws and the introduction of smaller targeted amendments to legislation aimed at reducing the incidence illegal phoenix activity.

Le droit matrimonial camerounais est organisé autour des dispositions juridiques impératives, celles-ci constituant l’ordre public qui neutralise la volonté des conjoints, leur ôtant la liberté de poser certains actes. De cette position du législateur camerounais, il s’en déduit en filigrane une double protection : celle des valeurs intrinsèques à la société camerounaise d’une part. Et, d’autre part, la protection de la morale sociale. Si le législateur camerounais est rejoint par les rédacteurs de l’avant-projet en ce qui concerne la formation du mariage où cet ordre public est statique, rigide, force est cependant d’observer qu’en ce qui concerne les rapports personnels dans la vie du couple, les rédacteurs de l’avant-projet se sont distancier du code civil, en tenant compte des instruments juridiques de promotion et de protection des droits humains et spécifiquement ceux de la femme. Aussi, ont-ils décidé d’atténuer la suprématie du mari en rééquilibrant les droits des conjoints, ce qui n’est pas le cas en ce qui concerne les rapports patrimoniaux. Malgré cette prise en compte de ces instruments juridiques, l’ordre public matrimonial demeure prépondérant dans les rapports des conjoints, jouant le rôle d’un veilleur, toujours prêt à rappeler à l’ordre les conjoints qui souhaiteraient s’en soustraire.

L’objet de cet article est de révéler un modèle de RSE issu du discours des entrepreneurs en contexte africain. Les concepts de justification et de légitimation, associés à l’approche du mécanisme conciliateur sont mobilisés pour analyser le contenu des entretiens menés auprès de dix entrepreneurs de TPE implantées au Cameroun. Il apparait que, dans ce contexte, l’entrepreneur perçoit sa responsabilité en se situant à la fois dans des mondes domestique, marchand et spirituel. Le modèle de la RSE qui émerge est tridimensionnel. Il correspond à une agrégation des responsabilités généalogique, géo-économique et spirituelle, chacune étant ancrée respectivement dans un des mondes suscités. Les discours et pratiques de RSE à promouvoir sur ce continent pourraient s’en inspirer.

Cette analyse discute les questions de coopérations et d’intégrations que connaît l’Afrique centrale à l’aune du transhumanisme. La coopération et l’intégration visent la compréhension interétatique en vue de renforcer la solidarité et la fraternité. Pour faciliter cette coopération et les intégrations, les responsables politiques de l’Afrique centrale et des grands lacs qui partagent une destinée commune vont, pour leur progrès social, économique et politique, se munir d’organisations sensées faciliter l’intégration. Cependant, force est de constater que la mise en pratique des mécanismes d’intégration contraste avec la dynamique de coopération politique.

Depuis quelques années, la protection des Océans est au cœur des préoccupations de la communauté internationale. Le nouvel accord BBNJ adopté au mois de juin 2023 en est la dernière manifestation. L’autorité internationale des fonds marins, malgré un retard, est aussi en train de compléter son code minier avec une réglementation sur l’exploitation des minéraux marins. A travers de nombreuses études scientifiques, il a été reconnu que les grands fonds marins abritent une grande diversité d’habitats et d’espèces encore très peu connus. Néanmoins, de nombreuses lacunes, insuffisances et incertitudes persistent quant aux deux régimes en construction. De nombreux acteurs de la communauté internationale manifestent leurs inquiétudes et des voix de tous horizons plaident pour l’établissement d’un moratoire ou « d’une pause de précaution » sur les activités minières dans les grands fonds marins. D’autres voix à l’inverse, soutiennent une solution alternative, celle d’un temps plus long afin de ne pas adopter le projet de manière précipitée. Les questions de la clause des deux ans et du sort des demandes de plans de travail déposées avant l’adoption du projet sont actuellement discutées au sein de l’organisation. Pour résumer, l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins se trouve donc dans une position délicate, celle d’élaborer un droit d’anticipation pour des activités à venir, sans avoir toutes les données scientifiques pour élaborer le régime. Cette étude a donc pour volonté de mesurer les lacunes du droit en construction, ainsi que les solutions pertinentes pour y remédier afin de protéger l’environnement des fonds marins de la perspective de l’exploitation minière.

Globally, companies pursue profitability; they want lower prices for the goods they buy and for the services they use. To gain profit and keep their prices low, they contribute to human rights violations and/or the devastation of the environment. The UNGP is the UN unanimously endorsed instrument that encourages states to pass legislation to compel companies to exercise human rights due diligence and to report on their efforts. The United Nations Guiding Principles (UNGP) impose a duty on companies to conduct human rights due diligence that apprises them of possible human rights or environmental risk exposure in their international operations. States have a responsibility to assist those harmed by a company’s activities to seek judicial relief. The UNGP is a soft law instrument but has had a major effect in the field of business and human rights. Though a voluntary obligation, the UNGP has become the reference document and is used by Civil Society Organisations (CSO) to pressure states into passing regulations on business and human rights. In 2016 Germany passed a National Action Plan (NAP) and the Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtgesetz (Supply Chain Due Diligence Act) in 2021. France passed a Vigilance Law (Loi de Vigilance) in 2017. Additionally, a UN resolution has initiated a treaty-making process, which might lead to an internationally legally binding instrument that will articulate companies’ responsibilities to avoid, mitigate and remedy human rights violations that their activities cause. The South African government’s response to the UNGP has focused on negotiating a legally binding instrument at an intergovernmental level. This research examines three countries’ varying responses to the UNGP, a soft law instrument. In February 2022 the EU Commission published a proposed directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. The proposed EU legislation aims to advance respect for human rights and environmental protection. The goal is to create a level playing field within the European Union which leads to the exploration of the role China plays in a globalised world. China aims to be more than the world's factory and to become a leader in innovation and high-end manufacturing.

Cet article abordera les causes profondes des migrations forcées dans les espaces CEDEAO et CEMAC. Les conflits, l’insécurité, la dégradation de l’environnement et la pauvreté constituent des causes profondes des migrations de masse et des déplacements forcés en dans les espaces CEDEAO et CEMAC. L’inégalité mondiale, le manque d’emploi et de travail décent, la pauvreté, les conflits, les inégalités entre les sexes et la discrimination, le terrorisme et les pressions climatiques continuent de pousser les gens à rechercher une vie meilleure à l’étranger. Les flux mixtes composés de différents types de migrants et de demandeurs d’asile qui utilisent les mêmes voies et moyens de migration, sont revus à la hausse.

Cet article étudie la question des politiques de protection mises en place pour promouvoir les exploitations agricoles familiales, tout en sécurisant davantage les terres afin de lutter contre leur accaparement, mais surtout pour réduire les conflits autour du foncier agricole en accroissement. Il se penche également sur la question de la protection des savoirs traditionnels des peuples indigènes et de leur distinction avec les savoirs scientifiques. Il abordera le sujet de l’expansion coloniale européenne dans les Amériques, qui a repoussé les savoirs traditionnels en périphérie. Les groupes autochtones et les communautés traditionnelles vivent en étroite interaction avec leur environnement naturel, ce qui leur ont permis d’apprendre à utiliser la biodiversité locale pour répondre aux besoins quotidiens. Leurs expériences s’inscrivent dans un contexte de pratiques socioculturelles complexes intimement associées aux convictions cosmologiques, épistémologiques et transcendantales. Les lois coutumières réglementent l’accès aux connaissances au sein des communautés traditionnelles, leur transmission et leur diffusion. En général, les communautés autochtones et locales insistent sur leur droit de décider elles-mêmes et d’établir les conditions dans lesquelles elles sont disposées à diffuser leurs connaissances. Cet article aborde le sujet de la protection des savoirs traditionnels au Canada et au Brésil, en traitant avec les communautés locales et les mécanismes de protection des savoirs. Il se concentre également sur le traitement de la question dans des forums internationaux tels que l’Organisation mondiale de la propriété intellectuelle (OMPI) –, en plus d’autres législations telles que la Convention 169 de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) – et la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones.

Ce mémoire de recherche porte sur l’observation de la mise en place d’un principes supérieur commun qui permet à une société coopérative d’avoir une existence propre en dépassant la somme des intérêts individuels. Cette existence propre permet l’expression d’une organisation autogérée. Pour réaliser cette observation, le cadre des « économies de la grandeur » développé par Luc Boltanski et Laurent Thévenot permet à travers les grilles d’analyse proposée dans leur ouvrage sur « De la justification » de définir dans quels principes supérieur communs se construisent les accords permettant l’expérimentation de cette organisation autogérée. Cette observation à été faite au sein d’une SCOP qui se réclame de cette forme d’organisation et la méthodologie employée est une analyse de discours. Cette observation permet de confirmer que le principe de la volonté collective attaché au modèle de la cité civique est le principe supérieur commun qui anime ce projet collectif autogéré.

Anonim şirketler hukukunda alacaklılar, şirketlerin dış finansman kaynaklarının merkezini oluşturmakta ve bu nedenle de son derece önemli bir menfaat grubunu teşkil etmektedirler. Bu durum şirket alacaklılarının çıkarlarının etkin bir biçimde gözetilmesi ve korunmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Zira alacaklıların alacaklarına kavuşabilmeleri için müracaat edebilecekleri tek kaynak şirketin malvarlığıdır. Dolayısıyla anonim şirketin mali durumunun bozulması sonucu malvarlığının kayba uğraması veya uğrama tehlikesi altında olması, alacaklıların menfaatlerini zedeleyici niteliktedir. Bu durum mali durumu bozulan anonim şirketlerde, alacaklıların menfaatlerinin gözetilmesini ve özellikle de öncül (ex-ante) koruma imkânlarıyla bu risk gerçekleşmeden önce bu konuda tedbirler alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Kurumsal yönetim anlayışı, anonim şirketlerde menfaat grupları arasındaki çıkar çatışmalarının en iyi, en adil şekilde dengelenmesini hedeflemektedir. Bu itibarla bu tez çalışmasında söz konusu menfaat çatışmaları özelinde kurumsal yönetimin şeffaflık, adillik, hesap verilebilirlik ve sorumluluk ilkeleri çerçevesinde bir menfaat grubu olarak şirket alacaklılarının menfaatlerinin, mali durumu bozulan veya bozulma tehlikesi altında olan anonim şirketlerde nasıl gözetilmesi ve korunması gerektiği hususunda bir bakış açısı sunulması hedeflenmektedir. Bu bakış açısından hareketle sermaye kaybı yaşayan, borca batık hale gelen anonim şirketlerin mali durumlarının iyileştirilmesi maksadıyla sermayenin korunması esası benimsenerek öngörülen TTK m.376 hükmü ile bu hükmün uygulanmasına ilişkin Tebliğ kapsamında öngörülen düzenlemelerin, alacaklıların menfaatlerinin korunması bakımından etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca ilgili hükümlerin, şirketlerin mali yapılarının güçlendirilmesi bakımından yeterlilikleri ve yerindelikleri, karşılaştırmalı hukuk düzenlemeleri de göz önünde bulundurularak eleştirel bir bakış açıyla ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmektedir. [...] Creditors are the key to external financing sources for companies under the statute of joint stock companies, and hence represent an important figure interest group. This situation needs the effective supervision and protection of the company's creditors' interests. This is because the company's assets are the only source to which creditors can turn to acquire receivables. Hence, the loss or threatened loss of the joint stock company's assets because of its worsening financial situation is detrimental to the creditors' interests. This circumstance necessitates that the interests of the creditors of companies with a worsening financial situation be considered and that steps be taken in this respect prior to the realization of this danger, particularly with ex-ante protection opportunities. The corporate governance method strives to achieve the most equitable resolution of conflicts of interest between interest groups in joint stock companies. This thesis aims to provide a perspective on how the interests of company creditors, as an interest group, should be observed and protected in joint stock companies whose financial situation deteriorates or is at risk of deterioration, within the framework of the principles of transparency, fairness, accountability, and responsibility of corporate governance. From this perspective, to improve the financial situation of companies that have capital loss and become over-indebted, the effects of the provisions of TCC art.376 and the Communiqué, which are envisioned based on the principle of capital maintenance, are discussed in terms of protecting the interests of creditors. In addition, the adequacy and suitability of the relevant rules in terms of strengthening the financial structures of corporations are analysed in depth from a critical standpoint, considering the norms of comparative law.

For a decade, pressure from stakeholders in the production of sustainable development reports has been unanimous within the scientific community. Moreover, driven by the maximization of added value, the shareholders' position remains pending. This is illustrated by the permanent confrontation between shareholder creation of value (dear to the Anglo-Saxon model) and partnership creation of value (advocated by the continental model). In this movement, the position of Africa has remained unknown within the literature. Thus, if accountability is inherent in the very principle of responsibility, then the problem raised by this article is that of evaluating the societal commitment of African shareholders through the study of the influence of the capital structure on the environmental communication practices of industrial companies in the OHADA area. To this end, a quantitative empirical study isconducted among a sample of 73 companies operating in the Cameroonian industrial sector. The results of ordinal logistic regression tests suggest that four variables of the model: institutional/ethical investors, family shareholding, capital extent and debt significantly influence environmental communication. All this influence is positive for institutional/ethical investors, and negative for family ownership and capital sprawl. As for the debt variable, the meaning of the relationship remains undetermined.

La réforme opérée en 2015 a affiné le droit des entreprises en difficulté en zone OHADA, notamment par l’apport de nouvelles précisions relatives au sort des tiers non intéressés ou non concernés par l’ouverture d’une procédure collective. Parmi ces tiers, on peut citer le conjoint in boni qui pourrait avoir tout intérêt à ce que ses biens ne soient pas engloutis par la procédure collective de son époux. Il est fréquent en Afrique que toute la famille s’implique dans le commerce du chef de famille. L’épouse, la plupart du temps et bien qu’elle ne soit pas officiellement inscrite au RCCM, participe énormément avec ou sans rémunération au développement de l’activité de son mari. Et on sait, par ailleurs que la plupart de ces femmes ignorent la notion de contrat de mariage ou même les implications du régime matrimonial pouvant régir leur relation (patrimonial notamment). Aussi n’est-il pas rare que l’épouse soit intéressée par la procédure collective de son mari en théorie et qu’elle subisse les conséquences de celle-ci. L’intérêt de cette étude paraît plus théorique que pratique. En effet, le législateur ayant consacré des dispositions spécifiques pour la sauvegarde des droits du conjoint, il serait intéressant d’aborder la question, éventuellement dans une approche comparative, afin de tenter de faire la lumière sur certains points. Et cela est d’autant plus nécessaire que les quelques articles prévus par l’acte Uniforme sont lacunaires. L’objet de la présente contribution est donc de porter un regard inquisiteur et critique sur les solutions légales préconisées par le législateur OHADA dans la sauvegarde des droits du conjoint in boni. Il s’agit plus particulièrement d’apprécier la portée des règles de protection prévues par le législateur à l’égard de l’épouse in bonis. A l’issue des analyses effectuées, notamment à travers le prisme de la comparaison, il nous a été donné de constater que le droit OHADA s’est bien enrichit lors de la réforme de 2015 mais que le législateur a tout de même omis de résoudre un certain nombre de difficultés. Et celles-ci, notamment la question de l’insaisissabilité de la résidence principale, pourrait bien induire une question prioritaire de constitutionalité eu égard au fait que le droit à la protection de la famille a été sacré par l’article 18 de la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples.

Cet article examine l’impact des facteurs de proximité sur l’intensité commerciale intra africaine. Dans le cadre des modèles reposant sur une approche ex post, notre contribution concerne l’usage d’un modèle de gravité avec la prise en compte des distances géographiques et économiques. Nos résultats montrent que les niveaux d’intégration commerciale contrastés au sein des CER risquent d’accentuer l’asymétrie d’intégration continentale, ils révèlent que la distance économique impacte positivement et significativement l’intensité des échanges et suggèrent le renforcement de l’intégration via les chaines de valeur régionales. This article examines the impact of proximity factors on intra-African trade intensity. Our contribution consists of the use of a gravity model with the consideration of geographical and economic distances. Our results show that the contrasting levels of trade integration within the RECs are likely to accentuate the asymmetry of continental integration, they reveal that economic distance has a positive and significant impact on the intensity of trade and suggest the strengthening of integration through regional value chains.

Les indications géographiques (IG), signes distinctifs qui permettent d’identifier des produits de qualité sur les marchés, constituent une forme de labellisation qui est encore au stade de balbutiement en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre. Cette situation peut s’expliquer par le faible degré d’imprégnation que les communautés de la région ont des avantages du système de propriété intellectuelle et notamment, de l’impact de la labellisation des produits dans le cadre de leurs activités commerciales. Pourtant, les avantages que les producteurs peuvent tirer d’une protection efficace des IG sont indéniables : développement économique, social et culturel de certaines régions, création d’emplois et préservation du patrimoine environnemental et culturel. Dans cet article, nous allons tenter de mettre la lumière sur les acteurs intervenants dans la mise en place des IG, leur mode de protection et le modèle de développement qui peut en découler. Geographical indications (GIs), distinctive signs that identify quality products on the markets, are a form of labeling that is still in its infancy in West and Central Africa. This situation can be explained by the low degree of impregnation that the communities of the region have of the advantages of the intellectual property system and in particular, of the impact of the labeling of products within the framework of their commercial activities. However, the benefits that producers can derive from the effective protection of GIs are undeniable: economic, social and cultural development of certain regions, job creation and preservation of environmental and cultural heritage. In this article, we will try to shed light on the actors involved in the establishment of GIs, their mode of protection and the development model that can result from it.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) ile Türk Ticaret Hukuku'nda özellikle anonim şirketler hukukunda yapılan değişiklikler arasında imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemeler de bulunmaktadır. Mülga 6762 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunundaki (eTK) hükümlere benzerlik gösteren yönleri olsa da imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili daha ayrıntılı, yenilikler getiren ve önceki Kanun döneminde karşılaşılan sorunları gidermeye çalışan düzenlemelerin yapıldığı görülmektedir. TTK'daki imtiyazlı paylarla ilgili düzenlemelerin eTK döneminde ortaya çıkan sorunları giderip gidermediğinin ya da yeni sorunlara, belirsizliklere ve tartışmalara yol açıp açmadığının tespit edilerek değerlendirilmesi amacı bu tezin yazılmasına sebep oluşturmaktadır. Birinci bölümde önce genel olarak pay kavramı, imtiyazlı payın tanınması koşulları, imtiyaz kavramının terminolojik yönü ve mevzuatımızda konuyla ilgili düzenlemelerle hukuk sistemimize esin kaynağı olan yabancı hukuk sistemlerindeki düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Ardından, imtiyaz tanınan hakların, eşitlik ilkesi, müktesep hak ve vazgeçilmez hak ile olan ilişkilerine değinilmiş ve imtiyazlı pay kavramının nasıl tanımlanması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Tezin asıl omurgasını oluşturan ikinci bölümde, imtiyaza konu haklar, malvarlığı hakları ve yönetim hakları olarak iki asıl eksen üzerinde incelenmiştir. İkinci bölüm için en fazla tartışılmış bulunan konu, yönetim haklarında imtiyaza ilişkindir. Yönetim haklarında imtiyazı oluşturan iki alt başlık, oy hakkında imtiyaz ve yönetim kurulunda temsilde imtiyaz ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmeye çalışılmış, imtiyazın kanundan kaynaklanan nedenlerle engellenmesinden bahsedilmiş ve diğer haklarda imtiyaza değinilmiştir. Tezin üçüncü bölümü imtiyazların korunması konusuna ayrılmıştır. Bu bölümde imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun (İPSÖK) yapısı, niteliği ve toplanması ile özel kurulun onayına bağlı kararlar halka açık olan ve olmayan şirketler dikkate alınarak açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ayrıca İPSÖK kararlarına karşı açılacak iptal davalarıyla ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. [...] It is observed that although there are some similarities with the previous one, the new Turkish Commercial Code, Law No: 6102, introduces more detailed and innovative arrangements which is intended to provide an answer to the problems experienced during the abrogated code was in force in relation to preference shares. It is easily can be said that, by and large, the topic "preference shares" is the one of the most radically altered topic in the new code. The main purpose of this thesis is to shed light whether these innovative arrangements in the new code actually solving the problems that is intended to solve or, rather opposite, causing new problems and ambiguities. For this purpose, the first section of this thesis is allocated to analyse the concept of "share" in general and under which conditions the preference shares are granted first and then the meaning of the concept of "preference" is investigated. It is followed by subsections devised to identify the current domestic law, and comprative law that inspried the law makers in this area. In the following subsections it is attempted to explain where preference shares stand with respect to principle of equality, vested interests and inalienable rights, and how the concept of preference shares should be defined. In the second section, which constitutes the backbone of this thesis, the rights that are being subject of the preference shares are examined on the axis of the assest rights and the administrative rights. The topic of the administrative rights attached to preference shares is the most debated topic in this section. In this context under the head of the administrative rights, the issues related to priveleges in votes and the representation on the executive board are examined seperately in two separate subsections. Also in this subsection the issues of statutory basis of the prevention of preferences and the preferences in relation to other rights are grappled. The third section of the thesis is completely devised to the issues related to the protection of the preference shares. In this section the structure, qualifications, gathering of the board of preference shares owners and the decisions subject to approval of this board are explained in the context of private and public companies. In this section the suits that could be brought for the annulment of this board decision is evaluated briefly.

Ticarî işletme, kendisine özgülenen malvarlığı unsurlarının tamamı ile kapsamlı bir organizasyon niteliğini haiz olup, ticarî ve ekonomik bir bütünlük arz etmektedir. Ticarî işletme, ticarî bir amaca özgülenen ve bütünlük arz eden yapısı gereği, tacire ait malvarlığı unsurlarından belki de en değerlisidir. Bu yapısı gereği ticarî işletme, cebri icra hukukunda alacaklıların ilk müracaat edeceği malvarlığı unsurudur. Alacaklıların borçluya ait mal veya hakların paraya çevrilmesi sonucu tatmin edilmesi, cebri icra hukukuna hâkim olan genel bir ilkedir. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra hukukunda paraya çevrilmesi, kapsamında bulunan mal veya hakların niteliği ve çeşitliliği gözetildiğinde ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Ticarî işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların ayrı ayrı paraya çevrilmesi, bu mal veya hakların parçalanmasına sebep olacağından, işletme faaliyetinin sona ermesine yol açar. Ticarî işletme faaliyetinin devamlılığının zedelenmesi, alacaklı ve borçlu menfaatlerini doğrudan etkilediği gibi ekonomik, sosyal ve toplumsal bir kısım olumsuz etkileri de beraberinde getirir. Bu nedenle, cebri icra prosedürleri içerisinde ticarî işletme bütünlüğünün bozulmaması büyük önem arz eder. Ticarî işletmenin cebri icra yoluyla bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi, işletmeye özgülenen mal veya hakların bütünlüğünün bozulmasının önüne geçerek, faaliyetin devamlılığını sağlayan bir paraya çevirme şekli olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bunun yanında, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi ile ayrı ayrı paraya çevirmeye nazaran daha yüksek gelir elde edilir. Çalışmamızda, öncelikle, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesi açısından karşılaştırmalı hukuk sistemlerinde yer alan bazı düzenlemeler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin İcra ve İflâs Kanunu'nda yer alan her bir paraya çevirme türü açısından durumu ve ticarî işletmenin bir bütün hâlinde paraya çevrilmesinin yerine getirilme usulü ile paraya çevirmenin etki ve sonuçları ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. [...] A commercial enterprise has the character of a comprehensive organization with all the elements of assets specific to it, and it offers a commercial and economic integrity. A commercial enterprise, due to its structure that is specific to a commercial purpose and offers integrity, is perhaps the most valuable of the elements of the merchant's assets. Due to this structure, a commercial enterprise is the first asset element that creditors will apply for in forced execution law. The satisfaction of creditors as a result of the conversion of the debtor's goods or rights into money is a general principle that dominates the enforcement law. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money in compulsory enforcement law is of particular importance when the nature and diversity of the goods or rights covered by it are taken into account. The conversion of goods or rights specific to the commercial enterprise into money separately leads to the termination of the business activity, as this will lead to the fragmentation of these goods or rights. Damage to the continuity of commercial business activity directly affects the interests of creditors and debtors, as well as brings with it some negative economic, social and social effects. For this reason, it is of great importance that the integrity of the commercial enterprise is not disrupted within the forced execution procedures. The conversion of a commercial enterprise into money as a whole through forced execution appears as a form of conversion into money that ensures the continuity of activity by preventing the deterioration of the integrity of the goods or rights specific to the enterprise. In addition, a higher income is obtained by converting the commercial enterprise into money as a whole than by converting it into money separately. In our study, first of all, some regulations in comparative legal systems have been examined in terms of the conversion of commercial enterprise into money as a whole. Subsequently, the situation of the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole in terms of each type of conversion contained in the Execution and Bankruptcy Code, as well as the procedure for performing the conversion of the commercial enterprise into money as a whole, as well as the effects and consequences of the conversion into money have been tried to be revealed.

La constitutionnalisation des ordres juridiques communautaires s’affiche comme une alternative crédible aux conflits des normes inter-systémiques dans l’espace juridique ouest-africain francophone. L’hypothèse a l’avantage de faire intégrer les normes communautaires au bloc de constitutionnalité et, ce faisant, constitue l’opportunité de faire du juge constitutionnel non seulement un garant potentiel de l’application du droit communautaire mais aussi un interlocuteur probable des Cours de justice communautaire. Heureusement, il existe dans le constitutionnalisme d’Afrique de l’Ouest francophone des moyens juridiques de sa concrétisation.