Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The attributability of actions to states within the context of investment treaty disputes and to focus on the roles played by international and domestic laws in such attributions have caught the attention of jurists in recent years. The ILC Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, and particularly, article 3 points to the main outcome of this debate, where it does not consider domestic law irrelevant in internationally wrongful acts and stipulates that the issue is subject to international law and it will take into account the relevance of domestic law. Thus, although the characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful is an independent function of international law and such characterization is not affected by the characterization of the same act as lawful by domestic law, it does not mean that domestic law is irrelevant to such description; on the contrary, it may be related in various ways. The present article attempts to examine the challenging junction of domestic and international law with regard to the attributability of actions taken within the framework of investment treaties, specifically by state-owned and para-statal entities that exercise elements of state authority. قابلیت انتساب عمل به دولت در چارچوب اختلافات معاهده‌ سرمایه‌گذاری و تمرکز بر نقش‌هایی که حقوق بین‌الملل و حقوق داخلی در چنین انتسابی ایفا ‌می‌نمایند در زمره‌ مباحثی است که در سال‌های اخیر بسیار مورد ‌توجه حقوقدانان بوده و ماده 3 مواد کمیسیون حقوق بین‌الملل در ارتباط با مسئولیت دولت‌ها نیز بیانگر پیامد اصلی این بحث است که فی‌الواقع، حقوق داخلی را با مسأله متخلفانه بودن اعمال از حیث بین‌المللی بی‌ارتباط تلقی ‌ننموده، بلکه مقرر ‌می‌دارد مسئله مورد بحث، تابع حقوق بین‌الملل است لیکن حقوق بین‌الملل نیز خود تا حدِ ارتباط، حقوق داخلی را در نظر خواهد گرفت. بنابراین اگرچه توصیف خصوصیات یک عمل به عنوان عملی غیرقانونی از عملکردهای مستقل حقوق بین‌الملل است که تحت ‌تأثیر توصیف خصوصیات این عمل بموجب حقوق داخلی قرار نمی‌گیرد لیکن این گفته بدین معنی نیست که حقوق داخلی با توصیف عمل متخلفانه‌ بین‌المللی بی‌ارتباط ‌است؛ بالعکس، ممکن ‌است به طرق مختلفی به آن مرتبط‌ باشد. در این مقاله سعی بر‌ آن است که تلاقی چالش‌برانگیز حقوق داخلی و حقوق بین‌الملل در بحث قابلیت انتساب اعمال ‌صورت ‌گرفته در چارچوب معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری توسط ارگان‌های دولتی و نهادهای نیمه‌دولتی که عناصر اختیارات دولتی را اعمال می‌نمایند مورد واکاوی قرار‌ گیرد.

Patents are considered as investments protected under the International Investment Law. Although, these properties are protected under the principle of territoriality, similar to other investments, they can be expropriated as a result of host states’ regulatory measures inconsistent with protection standards stemming from foreign investment protection regulations and treaties including fair and equitable treatment and legitimate expectations of foreign investors. Considering the fact that few arbitration awards have been issued by arbitration panels in this regard, it is yet difficult to claim there is a strong precedent in International Investment Law. Nevertheless, reflecting the provisions of international regulations, the stance of the domestic law and the most important relevant case, this article provides the most significant elements of indirect expropriation as well as existing doctrines in this respect and further investigates whether invalidation of patents can amount to indirect expropriation. It will also be mentioned that despite the fact that according to several foreign investment protection treaties, invalidation of patents shall not be subject to regulations regarding indirect or creeping expropriation, the final determination lies with the arbitration panel. یکی از مصادیق سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی مورد حمایت در حقوق بین‌الملل سرمایه‌گذاری، اختراعات است. این دسته از دارایی‌ها علی‌رغم به رسمیت شناخته شدن در پرتو اصل سرزمینی بودن حمایت، همانند سایر سرمایه‌گذاری‌ها می‌توانند تحت تدابیر حاکمیتی دول میزبان که مغایر با استانداردهای حمایتی نشأت گرفته از قوانین و معاهدات بین‌المللی حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی همچون شرط رفتار عادلانه و منصفانه و صیانت از انتظارات مشروع و معقول سرمایه‌گذار می‌باشند، با خطراتی همچون سلب مالکیت مواجه شوند. نظر به صدور آرای معدود مراجع بین‌المللی در این خصوص، سخن گفتن از شکل‌گیری رویه‌ای متقن در این راستا دشوار می‌باشد. با این حال، در این نوشتار ضمن بررسی مهمترین عناصر متشکله سلب مالکیت غیرمستقیم و دکترین‌های موجود در این زمینه، به بررسی قابلیت تطبیق ابطال گواهی ثبت اختراع با سلب مالکیت غیرمستقیم پرداخته و با تشریح مقررات برخی اسناد بین‌المللی، موضع حقوق داخلی و مهم‌ترین پرونده مربوط به این موضوع در حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی در ابعاد گوناگون آن مداقه نموده و در نهایت به این نتیجه خواهیم رسید که حتی در صورت مستثنی نمودن ابطال گواهی ثبت اختراع از مقررات مربوط به سلب مالکیت در معاهدات حمایت از سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، تشخیص نهایی تحقق سلب مالکیت با دیوان داوری است.

In an era of economic distress, some organizations have found refuge and growth potential in cooperation. Mediation, a highly recommended cooperative concept, has been enabled in certain countries but not all. Some applications lacked local cultural support making it, despite government efforts, a failure to launch. In this article, we investigate attempts to launch mediation in the Cairo Business Community (CBC). This study enabled us to revisit how Egyptian culture was prototyped by Hofstede and to question its representativeness. Hofstede has consistently described Egyptian culture as being highly cooperative / collectivist but our observations indicate that this culture is now more of an individualistic / competitive type, due to the tremendous economic difficulties that Egyptian society is going through. These difficulties and their impact on culture are at the heart of the explanation of the failure to launch mediation in the CBC.

Insolvency and business recovery laws in Nigeria have not evolved to incorporate reorganisation, reforming insolvent oil firms' operations to boost commercial oil firms' steadiness and economic suitability like other moderately developed countries. In Nigeria, liquidation is understood by many as the panacea to indebtedness. The research evaluates the Nigerian insolvency and business recovery legal regime to sustain indebted oil firms from economic shocks due to the global decline in the oil price to avert imminent business failures due to insufficient cash flows. The aim is to fill the gaps in Nigeria's insolvency and business recovery laws by recommending a model for the sustenance of oil firms and to suggest the reform of the gaps identified in the existing laws and the extant literature on the subject. The paper opted for conceptual legal review, comparative legal and policies analyses of solvency and business recovery legislations in Nigeria, Malaysia, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. These nations were designated for this study because their insolvency and business recovery legal regime are business rescued driven, not winding up centred. The study is library research-based to address some of the flaws in Nigeria's insolvency and business recovery laws. The study finds that Nigerian legislation on insolvency is flawed in oil firms' salvage, improvement and rearrangement. It ends that, statutory bodies in the designated case study nations are efficient than those in Nigeria due to the strong political will of their governments in supporting insolvent oil firms for successful financial recovery, to safeguard jobs, to protect creditors and to enhance the wealth of their nations through sound business recovery policies and laws. The study, advocates, remodel of Nigeria's insolvency and business recovery legislations and policies in compliance with the international standards on insolvent oil firms salvaged and creditors focused policies for a robust economy. The study concludes with the recommendation for further study to consider quantitative analysis research methodology to project further scholarship on the subject.

L’actionnariat n’est pas l’apanage des personnes privées. L’Etat actionnaire est devenu une réalité manifeste. Lorsqu’il est le seul à détenir les titres sociaux d’une société, le droit sénégalais qualifie celle-ci de société nationale pour lui appliquer un régime dérogatoire. Se pose alors la question de l’articulation entre un tel régime et celui posé par l’OHADA. Quel droit pour la société nationale ? Réceptacle de deniers publics, la société nationale est-elle appréciée comme une simple société commerciale ? Shareholding is not the prerogative of private individuals. The State as shareholder has become an obvious reality. When it is the only one to hold the shares of a company, Senegalese law qualifies it as a national company in order to apply a derogatory regime to it. This raises the question of the articulation between such a regime and that of OHADA. Which law for the national company? As a recipient of public funds, is the national company appreciated as a simple commercial company?

Çağdaş hukuk düzenlerinde geniş yankı uyandıran irade muhtariyeti ilkesi, kimi zaman maddi hukuk hükümlerinde sözleşme özgürlüğü olarak kendini belli ederken kimi zaman da milletlerarası özel hukuk alanında taraflara hukuk seçimi imkânı ile gündeme gelmektedir. Bazı ülkelerin sınırlandırdığı ölçüde serbest ekonomik düzenlerine dahi etki eden irade muhtariyeti ilkesi, hukukların yeknesaklaştırıldığı kadarıyla uygulanabilir hale gelmektedir. Çalışmamıza konu olan Afrika kıtası ülkelerinde, hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması gereği bölgede anlaşılmış olup gerekli adımların atıldığı OHADA kanunları ile açığa çıkarılmıştır. Bunun dışında yer yer milletlerarası özel hukukta genel olarak kabul görmüş bağlama noktaları dışına çıkan ülke bazında uygulamaların söz konusu olduğu da görülmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı irade muhtariyeti prensibinin milletlerarası özel hukuka yansıması olan hukuk seçiminin Afrika’da uygulanabilir olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Bu tespiti yapmak Afrika ülkelerindeki çeşitli uygulamaların çağdaş düzenlemeler ile karşılaştırılmasını gerektirmiştir

Comment répare-t-on les dommages causés par les marchandises dangereuses ? Quels sont les principes qui gouvernent cette réparationsurtout au niveau de la quantification des indemnités à verser aux victimes? Ces questions trouveraient bien une réponse dans une étude consacrée au transporteur. Par contre, concernant le chargeur de marchandises dangereuses, aucun texte ne prévoit de façon cohérente et suffisamment claire, des régimes de réparation et de quantification des indemnités. Le flou juridique existant en la matière à conduit à s’intéresser aux mécanismes d’assurance existant. Les législations sur le transport de marchandises dangereuses par mer n’exigent pas de façon spécifique une assurance de responsabilité civile du chargeur. Le Code CIMA par exemple ne régit pas les assurances maritimes. L’assurance qu’on peut qualifier de classique et qui peut concerner tous les opérateurs du transport de marchandises dangereuses, bien que revêtant une importance à nul autre comparable, n’a pas retenu l’attention du législateur. On a donc assisté au développement des clubs de protection et indemnisation propres aux armateurs, qui essayent tant bien que mal de compenser les insuffisances textuelles. Cet état de chose a permis de donner à l’assurance une double facette. L’urgence de l’institutionnalisation d’une assurance de responsabilité civile se fait donc ressentir dans la zone CEMAC. How is the damage caused by dangerous goods repaired? What are the principles that govern this compensation, especially when it comes to quantifying what should be paid to victims? These questions would be answered in a study of the carrier. Conversely, as far as the shipper of dangerous goods is concerned, no text provides in a coherent and sufficiently clear way, schemes of repair and quantification of indemnities. The legal uncertainty in this area has led to an interest in existing insurance mechanisms.Legislation on the carriage of dangerous goods by sea does not specifically require shipper's liability insurance. The CIMA Code for example excludes marine insurance. The insurance which can be described as classic and which may concern all transport operators of dangerous goods, although of greater importance than any other, has not drawn the attention of the legislator. We have therefore seen the development of protection and compensation clubs specific to shipowners, who are trying somehow, to compensate for textual inadequacies. This state of affairs has given insurance a double facet. In particular, as far as the shipper is concerned, the urgency of the institutionalization of a liability insurance related to him is felt in the CEMAC zone.

The sub-Saharan African region is characterized by a high relative degree of openness to trade. The region is also identified with increased inflows of foreign investments with no significant welfare improvement. Economic development emphasizes that the lack of domestic investment in the developing economies could be boosted by trade openness and inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for impactful enhancement of capital formation. In this article, the impact of trade openness and foreign capital inflow on economic welfare was examined on a sub-regional analysis for sub-Saharan Africa. The study also appraised the effect of openness to trade and FDI inflow on the region's economic welfare. The data for 30 countries from 2000 to 2018 were collected and analyzed, with the Generalized Least Square (GLS) technique to fit the model developed. The study showed that openness to trade has a significant impact on economic welfare for all sub-Saharan Africa regions, while FDI is only significant for the Western sub-region. Hence, the study recommends that the government of the countries in the sub-Saharan Africa region should boost trade openness to enhance efficiency in productivity, and improve industrial development.

L’action en revendication en droit des procédures collectives OHADA a connu un véritable toilettage lors de la réforme de l’Acte uniforme du 10 septembre 2015 portant organisation des procédures collectives d’apurement du passif (AUPCAP). Soumise à la production préalable de créance, il était difficile de faire la distinction dans l’espace OHADA entre le revendiquant et le créancier. L’AUPCAP nouveau a le mérite d’avoir dissocié l’action en revendication de la production de créance, tant il était incongru de lier ces deux formalités qui ont des objets différents. La revendication a pour objet de faire reconnaitre le droit de propriété tandis que la production vise à rendre la créance opposable à la procédure. Cette dissociation rend la procédure de l’action en revendication plus lisible et plus sécurisante pour les revendiquants. Par ailleurs le législateur OHADA a le mérite d’avoir élargi l’assiette des revendications, ce à travers le nouveau contenu donné à la notion de « biens réservés ». L’incorporation du bien à un autre bien, sa fongibilité ne sont plus incompatibles avec l’action en revendication, même si le silence de ce dernier sur la problématique des biens transformés laisse encore le revendiquant sur sa faim. The claim in the insolvency law OHADA has known a real grooming during the reform of the uniform act of 10 September 2015 relating to the collective proceedings for wiping off debts. Subject to the pre-production debt, it was difficult to make the distinction in the OHADA zone between the claimant and the creditor. The AUPCAP again has the merit of having dissociated itself from the claim of the production of debt, as long as it was incongruous to link these two formalities that have different objects. The claim was for a declaration of the right of property, while the production aims to make the debt enforceable in the procedure. This dissociation makes the process of the claim more readable and more secure for the claimants. Moreover, the legislature OHADA t has the merit of having extended the base of the claims, this through the new content given to the notion of " vested property ". The incorporation of the property to another property, its fungibility is no longer incompatible with the claim, even if the silence on the issue of processed goods still leaves the claimant on his hunger.

La constance dans l’arbitrage est sans doute la volonté dans le recours à ce mode de résolution de conflits. C’est parce que les parties trouvent un intérêt à l’arbitrage, qu’elles décident d’échapper à la compétence de principe des juridictions étatiques. Or, ce bel édifice est remis en cause par le législateur CIMA à l’article 276 par l’instauration d’une Commission Nationale d’arbitrage au sein des États membres dont les assureurs sont obligés de saisir lorsque nait un différend dans l’exercice des recours subrogatoires entre eux. Le paradoxe arbitral ainsi analysé comme ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler l’ « arbitrage forcé » n’empêche pas toute fois d’entrevoir dans ledit arbitrage institutionnel, un instrument au service de la justice et des assureurs tant les vertus sont variées.

La réforme de la législation sur le transport maritime au Cameroun et dans la zone CEMAC était attendue. En effet, à la défaveur de la coexistence sur le plan international de la Convention de Bruxelles et des Règles de Hambourg, ainsi que de la nécessité d’arrimer la législation à l’évolution de la pratique, il était nécessaire de toiletter la législation en vigueur. L’adoption des Règles de Rotterdam s’inscrit ainsi dans un courant économique et juridique favorable à l’uniformisation, à la modernisation et à la prise en compte des pratiques contractuelles jusqu’alors dénuées de toute réglementation. La ratification du texte international par le Cameroun procède également d’une politique économique d’un Etat épris de développement, qui a fait de sa participation au commerce extérieur, un axe majeur de son émergence. Cette évolution juridique nécessaire mais insuffisamment encadrée s’effectue dans un contexte réglementaire tous azimuts. Ceci est susceptible de conduire non seulement à des conflits de lois, mais également à l’hibernation juridique du code communautaire de la marine marchande CEMAC, généralement non appliqué. Mots clés : Transport maritime, législation, enjeux, reforme. The reform of the legislation on maritime transport in Cameroon and in the CEMAC zone was expected. Indeed, to the detriment of the international coexistence of the Brussels Convention and the Hamburg Rules, as well as the need to align legislation with the development of practice, it was necessary to tidy up the legislation force. The adoption of the Rotterdam Rules is thus part of an economic and legal trend favorable to standardization, modernization and the taking into account of contractual practices hitherto devoid of any regulation. Cameroon's ratification of the international text is also the result of an economic policy of a development-loving state, which has made its participation in foreign trade a major axis of its emergence. This necessary but insufficiently supervised legal development is taking place in an all-out regulatory context. This is likely to lead not only to conflicts of laws, but also to the legal hibernation of the community code of the CEMAC merchant navy, generally non enforced.

The European-inspired bilingualism and bi-legal system in Cameroon lead to an irregular profile and may be interesting for the European Union (EU) in its quest for preservation of intercultural processes through translation. The Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) of which Cameroon is part is only affiliated to Civil Law. However, the two legal systems employed in Cameroon (where both Civil Law and Common Law are used) are based on a balance in what concerns the conceptual, epistemic and stylistic representation. Intercultural dysfunction is the consequence of the lack of methodology in legal translation. Collaboration between legal translators and practitioners is key to adopt an agreed-upon model in multilingualism.

Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle français constitue un régime de droit spécial des biens. Si les conditions d’appropriation sont spécifi ques et ne s’appuient guère sur le droit civil, le régime de la propriété, la circulation et l’exploitation des biens intellectuels font, en revanche, largement appel au droit commun civil, princi palement par le biais d’un mécanisme supplétif et, parfois, par le biais d’un renvoi express. Cet article propose quelques illustrations de ce lien constant qui permet, d’une part, d’apporter à la propriété intellectuelle les compléments de régime dont elle a impérativement besoin et, d’autre part, de confronter les solutions du droit civil aux meubles incorporels.

This study tries to get a clear grasp of the factors that might play positively or negatively in a country’s convergence or adoption of the international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Through a comparative analysis between Turkey and the OHADA countries and based on the existing literature, the transition process towards the IFRS and challenges faced by each one is discussed from a historical perspective to the level of development. As a result, it is understood that the adoption or convergence towards the IFRS can be a challenging and a long-term process requiring multiple adjustments. Also, countries may differ in terms of historical past, level of development, cultural and socio-economic aspects which can all influence their transition. In addition, given the lack of study on the new adoption of the IFRS in the OHADA countries, this paper will contribute to filling the gap in the literature on the transition process. Furthermore, it will help countries which are in their early stage of the transition process to avoid some missteps and learn from others experience to get better prepared for a successful shift towards a fully IFRS compatible accounting system as has done Turkey. Bu çalışma, bir ülkenin uluslararası finansal raporlama standartlarına (IFRS) yakınsaması veya tam olarak benimsemesinde olumlu veya olumsuz rol oynayabilecek faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye ile OHADA ülkeleri arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yoluyla ve mevcut literatüre dayalı olarak, UFRS'e geçiş süreci ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorluklar, tarihsel bir perspektiften tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IFRS’in benimsenmesi veya uyumlaştırılmasının zorlu ve birçok ayarlama gerektiren uzun vadeli bir süreç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Üstelik bu güçlükler, ülkelerin geçişlerini etkileyebilecek, tarihsel geçmiş, gelişmişlik düzeyi, kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik yönler açısından farklılık gösterebilir. Buna ek olarak, OHADA ülkelerinde IFRS'in yeni benimsenmesine ilişkin çalışma eksikliği göz önüne alındığında, bu makale geçiş süreciyle ilgili literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. Ayrıca, geçiş sürecinin erken aşamalarında olan ülkelere bazı yanlış adımlardan kaçınmalarına ve diğerlerinin deneyimlerinden öğrenerek, Türkiye'de olduğu gibi tamamen IFRS uyumlu bir muhasebe sistemine başarılı bir geçiş için daha iyi hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır.