Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Cet article s’intéresse aux pratiques démocratiques des banques coopératives en prenant appui sur la description du déroulement de deux assemblées générales de caisses locales. Sans prétendre aucunement à la représentativité, l’étude de terrain permet cependant de mettre en exergue certaines difficultés à faire vivre dans les structures de très grande taille les grands principes coopératifs : la libre adhésion, l’égalité de vote, la libre participation à la gestion et l’absence de but lucratif des représentants élus. Elle permet aussi de souligner l’absence de débat sur la construction d’un projet alternatif au fonctionnement financier capitaliste. This article looks at the democratic practices of cooperative banks based on how two local branches conducted their AGMs. While not claiming to be representative, the field research does however identify certain difficulties that very large-scale organizations face in putting into practice the main cooperative principles of open membership, one person – one vote, participation in decision-making, and the volunteer status of elected officials. The study also highlights the lack of debate about constructing an alternative to the way capitalist banks operate.

Türk Hukuku'nda navlun (deniz yolu ile eşya taşıma) sözleşmeleri; yolculuk çarteri sözleşmesi ve kırkambar sözleşmesi olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Bunlardan çarter sözleşmeleri arızi deniz taşımacılığında, kırkambar sözleşmesi ise genellikle düzenli hat taşımacılığında kullanılır. Günümüzde deniz taşımacılığında yaşanan gelişmelerin sonucu olarak düzenli hat taşımacılığının ve kırkambar sözleşmesinin önemi artmaktadır.Bu tezde; Türk Hukuku'nda kırkambar sözleşmesi kavramı, sözleşmenin asli unsurları, özellikleri, benzer sözleşmelerle karşılaştırılması, sözleşmeye uygulanacak hükümlerin tespiti gibi konuların yanında sözleşmenin tarafları, ilgili kişileri, sözleşmenin ifasında yer alan yardımcı kişileri, tarafların hak ve yükümlülükleri ve sözleşmenin sona ermesine değinilmiş Türk Ticaret Kanunu ve diğer mevzuat hükümlerinden, ilgili uluslararası andlaşmalardan, ticari örf-adet kurallarından, yüksek mahkeme kararlarından, öğretiden, uygulamada kullanılan tip sözleşme ve konişmento örneklerinden yararlanılmıştır. In Turkish Law, contracts of affreightment are divided into two main cathegories which are; voyage charter and contract of common carriage of goods. While the former is being used in tramp shipping, the latter is being used in liner shipping. As a result of recent developements in carriage of goods by sea, the importance of liner shipping and contract of common carriage of goods has been rising.This thesis is based on; Turkish Commercial Code, other related national regulations and international agreements, customs, decisions of high courts, doctrine, mostly used standard contract and bill of lading forms. In this thesis; the chracteristics, parties, differences from other contracts, rights and obligations of the parties and termination of contract of common carriage of goods have been analysed.

Modern juristic persons often are powerful entities and they play an influential role in society. Their activities are often accompanied by serious transgressions that have a severely detrimental impact on human beings and their environment. The effective prosecution of juristic persons is therefore necessary. The juridical foundations of the liability of juristic persons are, however, one of the most controversial issues in criminal law theory. Individualistic theories postulate that juristic persons are merely collections of individuals. The conduct and fault of individuals constituting a juristic person must therefore form the basis of the criminal liability of the juristic person. In the United States, for instance, the foundation for the criminal liability of corporations on federal level is vicarious liability. Another individualistic model (mostly associated with English common law jurisdictions) is the so–called doctrine of identification. Only the conduct of individuals who are regarded as the 'directing minds' of the organisation may be attributed to the organisation. These approaches deny the complex structures and decision making processes that exist especially in big corporate entities. According to realistic theories juristic persons are entities which are not dependant on their composite members. Each juristic person has its own unique personality. The culture and ethos of a juristic person influence the conduct of individuals attached to it as well as the degree in which the juristic person abides by the law. The identity of a corporation can be established by investigating the internal structure thereof. The existence of monitoring mechanisms and educational programmes within the organization, as well as the degree to which the organisation condones or disapproves of unlawful conduct, are some of the factors which may be indicative of the corporate culture. This approach is a development of the late twentieth century and has recently been adopted in the legislation of some foreign legal systems, most notably Australia. Section 332(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 provides the basis for the criminal liability of juristic persons in South Africa. In essence the conduct and fault of functionaries (and sometimes even outsiders) are attributed to the juristic person. In terms of the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act juristic persons may only be fined upon conviction. This approach reflects the individualistic view of corporate criminal liability. In this study recommendations are made for the purpose of improving the South African law in this regard so as to reflect a more realistic approach. The recommendations are based on an examination of realistic models proposed by legal and social theorists and legislation adopted by foreign countries which are based on these theories. It is also recommended that more sentencing options must be made available to bring about the restructuring of corporations which have committed crimes.

L’ordre juridique arbitral existe-t-il ? S’il est perçu par les arbitres, souvent de manière intuitive mais très réelle, c’est qu’il existe. L’ordre juridique arbitral ne doit pas cependant être exclusivement conçu comme une représentation mentale du rôle des arbitres et de la source de leur pouvoir de juger. Il existe en tant que système de droit.

L’histoire du droit coopératif français est marquée par la recherche d’une identité propre, tiraillée entre l’activité économique qui attire ces entreprises du côté des sociétés et les modalités de cette activité qui la rattachent au contraire aux associations. A l’heure où les spécificités coopératives sont questionnées, notamment par le droit communautaire, il est crucial d’approfondir cette identité. Seule la réaffirmation de la fracture entre coopérative et société est à même d’éviter le piège de la banalisation économique et, conséquemment, de la disparition juridique. The history of French cooperative law is marked by the search for a separate identity, torn between the business activity, which pulls these firms toward corporate law, and the way the business is run, which pulls them towards the laws governing nonprofits. At a time when the unique features of cooperatives are being challenged, in particular by EU legislation, this identity crucially needs to be defended. Only by reasserting the division between cooperatives and conventional firms can the trap of economic mainstreaming and consequently the disappearance of the legal form be avoided.

L’auteur soutient dans le texte qui suit que les aspects par lesquels l’harmonisation du droit fédéral avec les droits communs provinciaux, qui a été entreprise par le gouvernement fédéral, diffère de son éponyme, l’harmonie musicale, soulèvent de cruciales controverses relatives aux théories du fédéralisme canadien et à la philosophie du droit. Tandis que le projet d’harmonisation juridique, tel qu’il a été conçu par ses architectes, peut être caractérisé comme une approche par le haut (top-down), approche conforme avec le positivisme juridique, l’harmonie musicale est mieux décrite comme une approche par le bas (bottom-up), approche plus conforme au pluralisme juridique. Si elle atteignait ses objectifs, l’initiative d’harmonisation juridique fédérale aurait comme effet d’enchâsser une vision selon laquelle le droit civil appartient exclusivement au gouvernement québécois. Or, malgré les ambitions de ses architectes, l’initiative d’harmonisation, dans sa mise en oeuvre, se révèle indisciplinée, soulevant de nombreux débats et interrogations. D’ailleurs, loin d’être un signe négatif, les débats et les désaccords font eux-mêmes partie de la pratique de l’harmonisation.