Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le mouvement progressiste de la mondialisation pose des exigences fortes sur les ports africains, comme le Sénégal, en termes de volumes et de la qualité des infrastructures, de la fréquence des opérations de dragage et de l'efficacité des ports. Cela est aisément compréhensible, du fait qu'une bonne politique de gestion portuaire est importante pour assurer l'efficacité du transport maritime d'un pays. L'objectif étant la compétitivité des ports. Seulement, au Sénégal, cet objectif n'est pas toujours facile à atteindre à cause de la difficile cohabitation entre service public et développement économique. En effet, la plupart des règlements régissant la gestion des ports fait référence au service public, instaurant du coup un mode de gestion étatique. Or, le développement économique fait plutôt intervenir des principes du droit privé. En outre, ces textes datant du lendemain de l'indépendance, se pose le problème de compatibilité entre les besoins réels et actuels du pays et l'efficacité de ces textes. Ainsi peut-on s'interroger sur la rentabilité de ce mode de gestion : le Sénégal est-il capable de protéger son domaine public portuaire et de le rentabiliser en même temps (au vu de ce qui se passe surtout dans les autres ports du pays) ? Ou devrait-il y avoir un autre mode de gestion qui, bien sûr, tiendra compte de l'intérêt du système ?

L'impressionnante évolution de l'industrie de la gestion au cours de ces quinze dernières années, notamment par l'utilisation des techniques de gestion ct de financements novatrices ainsi que le recours à des produits structurés de plus en plus complexes, a conduit l'industrie des d'OPCVM à vivre de profondes mutations. En effet, le caractère puhlic de l'épargne collective et le rôle stratégique que jouent les OPCVM en matière de sa canalisation vers le secteur productif, ont conduit le législateur à confier le contrôle de ces organismes à divers organes. L'efficacité, la productivité et la transparence sont de nos jours les maîtres mots dans les milieux financiers. Tous les opérateurs se trouvent dans l'obligation de mettre en œuvre des règles plus pertinentes et plus rigoureuses pour gagner cette bataille. L'étude du contrôle des OPCVM, revient à occulter l'un des principes essentiels des marchés financiers : la nécessité de sécurité et de confiance. En effet, les investisseurs ne s'engageront dans des placements financiers, que si les produits proposés offrent des garanties suffisantes. Cette confiance peut être établie par le contrôle exercé sur ces derniers, ce contrôle est réglementaire ou légale, il s'agit du commissaire aux comptes, en tant qu'organe classique des sociétés, le contrôle interne comme atout des OPCVM, le dépositaire comme organe original de ces derniers et enfin l'organe clef de la protection des marchés financiers qui est l'autorité de tutelle.

This paper describes the origins, structure, and practical impact of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). It analyzes the institutional framework created via the OHADA Treaty and the legal, jurisprudential, and functional challenges that OHADA Member States are still grappling with. Details of the nine substantive laws that have so far been ratified as uniform acts by means of the treaty have also been provided. The authors conclude that in making OHADA law effective, Member States face continuing and substantial resource deficits, institutional deficiencies, language ambiguities, and intransigent official attitudes toward the need for appropriate mechanisms for the pursuance and enforcement of OHADA laws and processes.

Using a gravity model for 35 countries and the years 1995-2006 we estimate the impact of regional trade agreements in Africa (in particular ECOWAS and SADC) and compare this to the a benchmark of North South trade integration (Europe‟s preferential trade agreement). We find that  ECOWAS and SADC membership significantly increases bilateral trade flows (and by more than for example preferential trade agreements with the EU do),  SADC membership has a stronger impact compared to ECOWAS and  that the impact of multi-membership critically depends on the characteristics of the overlapping RTA We find a positive impact if an additional membership complements the integration process of the original RTA: overlapping memberships had a significant positive effect on bilateral trade within the ECOWAS bloc but it is insignificant for SADC.

Uluslararası ticaretle ilgili alım satım sözleşmelerinde temel olan edimlerden birisi de ödeme dir. Türk hukuk sisteminde kullanıldığı şekli ile Vesaik mukabili ödeme uluslararası ticaretin önemli ödeme araçlarından birisidir.Uluslararası ticaret hukukunda bu konu hakkında tüm ülkeler açısından geçerli olan bir yasal düzenleme yoktur. Bu yüzden bazı örgütler, bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamışlardır. Bu örgütlerden biri Uluslararası Ticaret Odası dır. Uluslararası Ticaret Odası, uluslar arası ticaretin yeknesak kurallara bağlanmasını amaç edinmiştir. Bunun için bazı broşürler yayınlamaktadır. Vesaik Mukabili Ödeme' ye ilişkin olarak, URC 522 kısaltmasıyla anılan, Tahsiller İçin Yeknesak Kurallar broşürünü yayınlamıştır. En son gözden geçirme çalışmaları 1995 yılında yapılmıştır. Bu yayının amacı, ortak dil ve anlayış birliğini sağlamak ve uluslar arası ticaretin daha hızlı, basit ve güvenli şekilde yürütülmesini gerçekleştirmektir.Türk hukuk sisteminde bu konuyu özel olarak düzenleyen bir yasa mevcut değildir. O yüzden uluslar arası ticaretle uğraşan kişilerin, vesaik mukabili ödeme yöntemini kullanarak ithalat-ihracat yapmak istediklerinde başvurabilecekleri kurallar URC 522 yayınıdır. Uluslararası ticarette taraflar URC 522 adıyla anılan yeknesak kuralların, kendi sözleşmelerine uygulanmasını sağlayabileceklerdir. Aksi durumda, yeknesak kurallar uygulanamayacaktır. Bu durumda, devletler özel hukuku kurallarına göre, söz konusu sözleşmeye uygulanacak hukukun tespiti gereklidir. Bu durumda ülkelerin milli hukuklarının, uluslar arası ticarete etkileri söz konusu olmaktadır. Yeknesak kuralların, kendiliğinden uygulanması söz konusu değildir.Uluslararası ticarette yeknesak kuralların varlığı olası problemleri en aza indirgemek açısından önemli ve gereklidir. […] One of the basic performances in international sale contract is payment. There are different types of payment methods in international trade law. Besides Letter of Credit Documents against payment? has an important place not only in Turkish export trade law but also in international business area.There is no current law arrangement about this payment method for all nations in international trade law. Therefore some organization have aimed to fill this legal loophole. One of this organizations is International Chamber of Commerce. This organization has aimed international trade to be tied with uniform rules. Therefore it has published some brochures. It has prepared and published Uniform Rules for Collections shortly called as URC 522 related documentary collections. Last revision was done in 1995. This brochure?s aim is to ensure common understanding and common language, and to be conducted more faster, guaranteed and easier of international trade.There are no special legal arrangement about this subject in Turkish legal system. Therefore, the actors who want to make export-import is mostly use the documents published in the brochure no URC 522.Parties of international trade can ensure application of the uniform rules called as URC 522 to their sales contracts. At the contrary case, uniform rules for collections is not applied. About this case, applicable law rules of Private International Law has to be determined to according contract. In such case, nations law regulations appear to effect in international trade. Uniform rules does not applicable per se.Existance of uniform rules in international trade is important and necessary for reducing possible problems.

La doctrine de l’intérêt assurable s’est développée en réponse à une pratique des paris jugée comme immorale ainsi que pour lutter contre la destruction volontaire de navires. Mais depuis, les standards de moralité ont changé, les paris ne sont plus interdits et ils sont mieux encadrés afin de protéger le consommateur. La réglementation sur l’assurance s’est développée tout comme le rôle de l’assurance dans l’économie mondiale. Ces observations poussent à la réflexion sur la nécessité de l’obligation d’intérêt assurable. Est-ce que la société a encore besoin de se prémunir contre les paris sous forme d’assurances ? La doctrine de l’intérêt assurable a‐t‐elle aujourd’hui une utilité différente ? L’intérêt assurable est-il un frein au développement de nouvelles formes d’assurances mieux adaptées au développement de l’industrie maritime ? Afin de pouvoir répondre à ces interrogations, il est important d’examiner la notion d’intérêt assurable (partie I) avant d’étudier son application aux assurances maritimes (partie II).

Modern dönemde ticarî hayatta ortaya çıkan mübadele yöntemlerini İslâm ticaret hukuku açısından değerlendirebilmek ve İslâm'ın ticarî alandaki temel ilkelerine aykırı işlemlere alternatif yöntemler üretebilmek için öncelikle vahiy dönemindeki ticaret hukukunu tespit etmek gerekmektedir. Vahiy dönemindeki ticaret hukukunun sağlıklı bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi ise dönemin ticarî kurallarının sosyolojik açıdan incelenmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu amaçla yapılan bu araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçları kısaca şu şekilde ifade etmek mümkündür:Cahiliye döneminde Hicaz bölgesinde sosyal hayat, bölgenin coğrafî yapısı ile dönemin siyasî ve dinî şartları etkisi altında sürdürülmüştür. Yeni bir yaşam biçiminin hedeflendiği vahiy döneminde toplumsal hayatın bütün ünitelerinde değişikliğe gidilmiş, Hicazlılar'ın iktisadî tecrübe ve ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak yeni bir ticaret hukuku oluşturulmuştur. Mekke devrinde, Hz. Peygamber kanun koyup uygulayacak siyasî güce sahip olmadığı için, hayatın diğer alanlarında olduğu gibi ticaret hukuku alanında da temel ahlâkî değerler müslüman tebaaya benimsetilmeye çalışılmakla yetinilmiştir. Hicretten sonra Medine'de siyasî ve askerî bakımdan yeterli güce kavuşulunca ekonomik sisteme müdahale edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bir önceki dönemden devralınan ticarî kurum ve işlemler adalet eksenli yeni hukukî ve ahlâkî kurallara göre değerlendirilmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Ticaret hayatında yapılan değişiklikler içtimaî kurallara uygun bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yeni hukukî düzenlemelerin kargaşaya meydan vermemesi için gerekli görülen konularda tedricî yöntem uygulanmış ve alternatif uygulamalar devreye sokulmuştur. Öte yandan toplumsal yapıyı oluşturan diğer kurumlarda gerçekleştirilen değişiklikler de yeni ticaret hukukunun kolaylıkla topluma mal edilmesinde oldukça etkili olmuştur. […] Occurring in the commercial life of modern methods of exchange, to assess in terms of commercial law of Islam, and contrary to the fundamental principles of commercial transactions in the field of Islam in order to produce alternative methods, primarily trade law to determine the required period of revelation. Revelation during the period of commercial law in a healthy way to understand the rules of trade requires a review of the sociological perspective. For this purpose, the results achieved in this study, it is possible to briefly stated as follows:The period of ignorance of social life in the Hijaz, the region's geographical structure and the period continued under the influence of political and religious conditions. Revelation in a new way of life, social life aimed to change all the units were made, considering the economic needs of the people of Hijaz experience and created a new trade law. Mecca during the reign of the Prophet put the law does not have the power to implement the political, as in other areas of life in the field of commercial law to teach basic moral values were muslims. After the migration, the strength is reached Medina, the political and military respects, the economic system started to intervene. Commercial institutions and processes inherited from the previous period, according to the rules of justice-oriented evaluation has been subject to new legal and moral. Changes to trade in his life was carried out in accordance with social rules. New legal challenge to prevent confusion in the arrangements, gradual method is applied to matters deemed necessary and alternative practices were introduced. On the other hand, changes in social structure in the new trade law is easily performed by other institutions in society to be the goods have been quite effective.

After the end of the Cold War, students of International Relations observed an expansion of inter-state activities at the regional level. Regional and sub-regional groupings appeared to gain momentum as the way in which countries cooperate and should cooperate to pursue peace, stability, wealth and social justice. The surge and resurgence of regionalism has triggered the proliferation of concepts and approaches. The focus of this paper will be on processes and structures of state-led regionalism driven by the delegation of policies and political authority to regional institutions. Based on this understanding of regionalism, the existing literature will be reviewed with regard to three general questions. These questions do not only require research across regions but also allow developing a common research agenda to accumulate knowledge generated about specific regions. First, what are the outcomes of regionalism? How can we describe and compare the results of the delegation of policies and political authority? Second, what are the drivers of regionalism? Why do some governments choose to delegate policies and political authority while others do not? Finally, what are the internal effects of regionalism? How does the delegation of policies and political authority impact back on the domestic structures of the states involved?

L'uniformité du droit du transport international de marchandises par mer GURVAN BRANELLEC Docteur en droit Enseignant-chercheur ESC Bretagne-Brest Chercheur associé UMR AMURE L'uniformité du droit exerce un attrait idéologique sur les esprits épris de systématisation. Comme le souligne le Professeur DELMAS-MARTY, « le droit a horreur du multiple. Sa vocation c'est l'ordre unifié et hiérarchisé, unifié parce que hiérarchisé ». Cette uniformité apparaît comme un idéal de simplicité, de méthode, d'ordre. L'uniformité étant rarement spontanée, l'intervention du législateur est nécessaire. Dans cette optique, l'unification législative apparaît comme un travail d'élaboration scientifique de la solution la plus appropriée aux besoins communs : un droit le plus efficace et le plus simple possible. L'uniformité semble ainsi être porteuse de simplification. Cette simplification résulte de la substitution d'un droit unique à la complexité du système juridique. L'uniformité permettrait aussi d'assurer l'effectivité du droit car « il semble que la multiplication des normes, leur instabilité, leur excessive complexité faite de sédiments successifs pas ou peu cohérents, rend presque impossible un respect scrupuleux du droit » .

This thesis addresses issues of the Niger Delta question which represents one of the most intractable sources of socio-political destabilization in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The study is on the intricate dynamics amongst the Nigerian state, the transnational oi l corporations, the oil producing communities and the insurgent militia conflict. It investigates and explicates the "paradox of plenty" and the "resource curse", the "absentee government" and "state capture" and the debilitating effects of petroleum politics in Nigeria. The economic exploitation of the Niger Delta region's vast crude oil reserves by transnational oil corporations and government authorities is juxtaposed with the spectre of environmental degradation, human rights violations, and the recurrent rule of impunity. The protracted problems of the Niger Delta region thus, provide us with a pertinent analytical and contextual framework for the study of the dynamics and issues of transparency in other African petro-dollar states. It is argued in this study that the Niger Delta crisis is a conflict of values and fight for resources arising from decades of unacceptable standards of oil exploration and the absentee character of the Nigerian State . By its very nature, the study called for a qualitative approach, supplemented by unstructured interviews using aide memoirs with selected officials, on the basis of their innate knowledge of the subject matter. The legal comparative research method, with a historic component also played an integral role in this study. Some key findings and conclusions: 1. The study found that the Niger Delta crisis graduated from mere political agitations for state creation and provision of social amenities to extreme acts of hostage-taking and a twist of violence as a result of treating a major problem affecting the development of the Niger Delta people with levity for too long a period. 2. The study found that the on-going crisis in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a conflict of values and fight for resources amongst the oil-bearing people of the Niger Delta, transnational oil corporations and the Nigerian Government. 3. The study established some causal nexus between oil and poverty; oil and corruption; and, oil and human rights abuses. 4. That, the Niger Delta crude oil conflict is essentially a manifestation of state capture and inertia on the part of the Nigerian Government. 5. The study found that the Niger Delta economies are "criminalized" and are often characterized by conditions of anarchy and impunity. And this disorder is embedded in the dynamics of resource extraction, the nature and role of "shadow" state actors, as well as the interplay and patterns of relationships between organized criminal syndicates and the transnational oil corporations in the host communities. The study recommends, inter alia: I. That steps be taken by government to re-define its philosophy of national economic development from a state-driven to citizens-driven philosophy. To this end, Nigeria must seek to develop by developing its citizens, the aggregate of whose satisfactory living conditions should form the criteria for measuring national development. II . That effort must be made to steer the nation towards proper fiscal federalism. The present "food is ready" economy whereby federating units are enslaved to national "cake sharing" instead of value generation, discourages entrepreneurship and sustainable development. It promotes undue dependency on petroleum products, inequity and ethnic distrust. Ill. That Nigeria needs productive resource control, not just development in the sense of house and bridge building. What is needed is a noticeable leap in the standard of living in the Niger Delta. Thus, people and not federal accounts must be the object of improvement. IV. It is recommended that government should ensure robust, independent and co-ordinated oversight of the oil industry including its impact on human rights. V. Transnational oil corporations should undertake full corporate social responsibility and comprehensive assessment of the social and human rights impacts of all oil and gas projects, ensuring that adequate information is provided to affected individuals and communities and that the process is transparent. VI. It is strongly recommended that an Oil Pollution Liability Trust Fund should be established by the Federal Government in concert with oil companies. The fund will be made up of a percentage of tax levied on oil companies and a percentage of earnings of the Federal Government from oil. The fund should be used in ameliorating the conditions of the impacted environment and people. It is hoped that these findings and recommendations will go a long way in the quest for significant environmental and social improvements in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about the relationship of organisations with society as a whole, and the need for organisations to align their values with societal expectations. Generally, CSR practice in Africa is thought to be adopted from Western business theories although there is evidence to suggest that Western CSR theories are not totally applicable in Africa. This is due to differences in drivers or causes of CSR in the West and in Africa, as well as cultural and managerial traits in Africa. This paper explores the limits of Western CSR Theories in Africa and argues that improved ethical responsibilities, incorporating good governance should be assigned the highest CSR priority in developing countries. It further adds that increased legislation, change in CSR priorities and the application of indigenous CSR theories such as Ubuntu, African Renaissance and Omuluwabi are means of countering the limits of Western CSR theories in Africa. Keywords: CSR, Western CSR Theory, Africa, Ubuntu, African Renaissance, Omuluwabi

The advent of Internet and digital technologies has radically transformed the way information is being produced and consumed. The consequences for copyright law are twofold. While digital media provide new opportunities for authors to produce and disseminate their works to the public, they simultaneously encourage and facilitate copyright infringement. Traditionally, in order to ensure compliance with the law, the copyright regime could rely upon the properties of physical media to constitute a natural barrier against copyright infringement. As the medium went digital, however, its properties became a catalyst for infringement. Designed for the physical world, the structure of the copyright does not adequately address the issues inherent to digital media. Private regulation therefore came into play in order to resolve the problem. While restrictive licensing agreements combined with technological measures of protection purport to reestablish a technological barrier against copyright infringement, permissive licenses such as Creative Commons purport to reduce the scope of protection granted by default under the law. Although differing in method, these approaches share a common goal: to realign the properties of the work with the properties of the digital medium by readjusting the legal attributes and technical characteristics of digital copies. As a legal concept, however, the notion of a copy must be precisely defined. After performing an ontological analysis of the copyright regime within the scope of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records and the Information Artifact Ontology, the research concludes that physical copies fundamentally differ from their digital counterpart. While the former qualify as a token, the latter qualify as a class that is capable of multiple instantiations. Moreover, given that the identity of a digital copy can no longer be defined by its physical characteristics, it is fundamentally for the copyright license to determine the scope of the copy to which it refers.

Formule coopérative méconnue, la coopérative d’activités et d’emploi (CAE) propose une alternative aux dispositifs d’auto-entrepreneuriat et de micro-entrepreneuriat, ou encore aux sociétés de portage salarial, dont l’essor résulte moins d’une appétence prétendument répandue pour la création d’entreprise que d’une atomisation du travail. Cet article est le fruit d’une recherche-action menée au sein de la CAE Coopaname par deux entrepreneurs-associés : il témoigne d’un processus de reconstruction d’un collectif face aux donneurs d’ordre et de lutte contre le moins-disant social. S’interrogeant sur la pertinence d’une représentation du personnel dans une structure où les salariés sont économiquement autonomes, les auteurs soulignent l’intérêt de cette expérience, qui permet de recréer un droit du travail au sein même du travail indépendant. Les institutions représentatives du travail apparaissent alors comme un outil de résistance à la précarisation et à la tentation de l’entrepreneur de s’auto-exploiter. A cooperative form that is not widely known, ''business and employment cooperatives'' (cooperative d’activités et d’emplois -- CAE) provide an alternative to individual self-employment and micro-enterprise subcontractors as well as conventionally managed companies made up of freelancers, which have grown less from the supposedly widespread desire to create new companies than from the fragmentation of employment. This article is based on the action-research of two member entrepreneurs of the Coopaname CAE. It recounts the process of setting up a collective enterprise dealing with customers’ orders and the fight against poor conditions. Questioning the relevance of employee representation in an organization where the employees are economically independent, the authors highlight the value of this experience, which allows members the same rights as employees while being self-employed. Formal employee representation thus becomes a tool for resisting precarious employment conditions and the temptation for the self-employed to exploit themselves.

This thesis explores the interactions between French and foreign influenced formal commercial law in the Republic of Benin and women's on-the-ground business practices. It uses a comparative, historical and inter-disciplinary and empirical methodology (Clinical legal pluralism). It contributes to the debate on the relationship between law and socio-economic development in African States where formal law is modeled on that of their former colonizing power. The dissertation looks at the evolution of business law and of economic activity in the region from pre-colonial times to present where OHADA Uniform Acts ("Acts") largely inspired by French and foreign law constitute Beninese formal commercial law's primary source. The thesis then examines elements of businesswomen's socio-cultural realities and economic practices in the region to assess the extent to which they are accounted for in formal law. The analysis reveals the considerable gap that continues to exist between the Western-inspired Acts and the realities and modes of Beninese women entrepreneurs. While the OHADA regime may benefit French and other foreign companies that contribute to the region's economic vitality to varying extents, the difficult appropriation and access by a majority of citizens and enterprises in Benin to OHADA laws prevent Beninese (in particular female) small and medium enterprises from playing a greater role in the socio-economic development of their countries. The dissertation suggests that the paradigms and methods currently used by OHADA and international organizations such as the World Bank in their law reform activities do not take appropriate account of economic, social and cultural realities of the regions where the new law is to be implemented. These include gender issues in business practices. It argues that commercial law reformers should recognise the central role of citizens in creating the law. Finally, it outlines an analytical framework for applying these objectives so as to empower citizens in Benin as lawmakers. This framework will integrate some of existing law reform paradigms with additional ones focused on the identity of legal actors in the region (banks, small, medium and large entrepreneurs, micro-credit institutions, financiers, etc.), the dynamics between them, the role of women in business and alternative legal reform methods based on bottom-up approaches to law. Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux interactions entre le droit commercial d'inspiration française ou étrangère dans la République du Bénin avec les réalités pratiques que les femmes commerçantes y vivent sur le terrain. Une méthodologie comparative, historique et interdisciplinaire y est employée (pluralisme juridique clinique). Il se veut une contribution au débat sur la relation entre le droit et le développement socio-économique dans les États Africains où le droit formel prend modèle sur celui de leur ancienne métropole.L'auteure débute en examinant l'évolution du droit des affaires et de l'activité économique dans la région à partir de l'époque précoloniale jusqu'à aujourd'hui, où les Actes Uniformes OHADA (les « Actes »), fondés largement sur le droit Français et étranger, constituent la source la plus importante du droit commercial Béninois.Elle poursuit en explorant les réalités socioculturelles et les pratiques économiques des femmes commerçantes dans la région afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure elles sont prises en compte par le droit formel. Cette analyse révèle un écart considérable qui perdure entre les Actes d'inspiration occidentale et les réalités et pratiques des femmes commerçantes Béninoises.Bien que le régime OHADA puisse bénéficier aux investisseurs Français et étrangers qui contribuent, à divers degrés, à l'activité économique dans la région, la difficulté pour une majorité de citoyens et d'entreprises Béninois à s'approprier ou accéder aux Actes empêchent les petites et moyennes entreprises Béninoises (particulièrement celles dirigées par des femmes) de jouer un plus grand rôle dans le développement socioéconomique de leur pays.L'auteure postule que les paradigmes et méthodes employés par l'OHADA ainsi que par des organisations internationales telles la Banque Mondiale dans le cadre de leurs activités de réforme législative ne tiennent pas suffisamment compte des réalités économiques, sociales et culturelles des régions où leurs réformes sont mises en œuvre. Ces réalités comprennent les questions liées au genre dans le cadre des pratiques commerciales. L'auteure suggère que les réformateurs du droit commercial reconnaissent davantage le rôle central que les citoyens jouent dans la création du droit.Enfin, le mémoire trace les contours d'un cadre analytique qui applique ces objectifs de façon à réhabiliter les citoyens Béninois à titre de créateurs de droit. Ce cadre intègre quelques-uns des paradigmes existants sur la réforme du droit avec de nouveaux paradigmes centrés sur l'identité des acteurs juridiques dans la région (les banques, les petites, moyennes et grandes entreprises, les institutions de microcrédit, les investisseurs, etc.), les dynamiques entre eux, le rôle des femmes dans le milieu des affaires et les méthodes alternatives de réforme législative fondées sur une approche juridique du bas vers le haut.