Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La réforme du droit des obligations a fait naître une distorsion entre la vision que le droit positif et la science juridique adoptent du mécanisme de la représentation. Afin d'y remédier, les activités ressortissant à l'intermédiation financière sont apparues comme un matériau d'étude approprié. Le vocable réunit les prestations prodiguées par les professionnels habilités à opérer sur les plates-formes de négociation d'instruments financiers et d'actifs numériques dans le cadre du traitement des ordres émanant de leurs clients. Si les intermédiaires financiers ne peuvent être considérés comme des mandataires dans la mesure où ils n'agissent pas au nom d'autrui mais en leur propre nom, les contrats qu'ils concluent avec leurs donneurs d'ordres n'en demeurent pas moins des contrats de représentation. Ces prestataires agissent en effet pour le compte d'autrui, mode d'action qui constitue l'essence du mécanisme de la représentation. En considération du principe de correspondance entre l'expression de l'intérêt du sujet et l'exercice d'un droit subjectif, il en résulte que celui qui, tel l'intermédiaire financier, exprime par sa volonté l'intérêt d'un autre sujet de droit exerce des prérogatives qui se rapportent aux droits subjectifs d'autrui. L'assise spécifique du pouvoir ainsi mis en œuvre éclaire le processus d'imputation à autrui des effets de l'action, que l'on présente comme le second versant de l'action pour le compte d'autrui. Compte tenu de la corrélation instaurée entre la titularité du droit subjectif exercé et l'imputation des conséquences qui en résultent, c'est en effet l'exercice des droits subjectifs d'autrui qui justifie l'imputation au titulaire de ces droits des effets de l'action. Fondée sur une dissociation entre la titularité et l'exercice des droits subjectifs, cette analyse de l'action pour le compte d'autrui la fait coïncider avec la conception moderne de la représentation. Si l'essence de la représentation se loge dans le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui, le fait que l'agissement soit mené en nom propre ou au nom d'autrui doit être tenu pour une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif. La teneur des obligations assumées par les prestataires habilités envers leurs donneurs d'ordres est inextricablement liée à leur qualité de représentant. L'obligation faite à l'intermédiaire financier d'exécuter la mission qui lui est confiée par son donneur d'ordres dépend étroitement de ce que le premier agit pour le compte du second, dont il met en œuvre les droits subjectifs. En tant qu'il constitue la traduction technique du pouvoir de représentation dévolu à cet intermédiaire, le mécanisme de l'action pour le compte d'autrui conduit à lui imposer des obligations de diligence et de loyauté partagées par tout représentant. Agissant pour le compte d'autrui, l'intermédiaire financier exerce un pouvoir de représentation ayant pour assise les droits subjectifs du représenté, ce dont il résulte qu'il assume des obligations communes à tout représentant. Préalablement analysée comme une simple variable d'ajustement du phénomène représentatif, l'intervention en son propre nom de l'intermédiaire financier ne saurait en altérer l'essence, ainsi que le confirme l'étude de l'influence d'un tel mode d'action sur le régime de l'obligation d'exécuter la mission assignée à l'intermédiaire. L'obligation de rendre compte incombant à l'intermédiaire financier obéit à la même logique. Si l'analyse de l'intermédiation financière atteste du particularisme du droit la régissant, la conception renouvelée de la représentation qu'elle a permis de formuler confirme dans le même temps l'absence d'autonomie du droit financier. Nous formons ainsi le vœu que l'étude ici menée puisse constituer le socle d'une réconciliation entre la science juridique et le droit positif susceptible d'éclairer la compréhension du mécanisme de la représentation à l'œuvre dans d'autres branches du droit. The reform of the law of obligations created a distortion between the vision that positive law and legal science adopt of the mechanism of representation. In order to remedy this, financial intermediation activities have emerged as suitable study material. The term combines the services provided by professionals authorized to operate on trading platforms for financial instruments and digital assets as part of the processing of orders from their clients. While financial intermediaries cannot be considered as agents insofar as they do not act in the name of others but in their own name, the contracts they conclude with their principals nonetheless remain representation contracts. These service providers act on behalf of others, a mode of action which constitutes the essence of the mechanism of representation. Considering the principle of correspondence between the expression of the subject's interest and the exercise of a subjective right, it follows that the one who, such as the financial intermediary, expresses by his will the interest of another subject of law exercises prerogatives which relate to the subjective rights of others. The specific base of power thus implemented sheds light on the process of attributing the effects of action to others, which is presented as the second aspect of action on behalf of others. In view of the correlation established between the ownership of the subjective right exercised and the attribution of the resulting consequences, it is in fact the exercise of the subjective rights of others which justifies the attribution to the holder of these rights of the effects of the action. Based on a dissociation between ownership and the exercise of subjective rights, this analysis of action on behalf of others makes it coincide with the modern conception of representation. If the essence of the representation is lodged in the mechanism of the action on behalf of others, the fact that the action is carried out in own name or in the name of others must be considered as a simple variable of adjustment. of the representative phenomenon. The content of the obligations assumed by authorized service providers towards their principals is inextricably linked to their quality of representative. The obligation imposed on the financial intermediary to perform the mission entrusted to it by its principal depends closely on whether the first acts on behalf of the second, whose subjective rights it implements. In so far as it constitutes the technical translation of the power of representation vested in this intermediary, the mechanism of action on behalf of others leads to the imposition of obligations of diligence and loyalty shared by all representatives. Acting on behalf of others, the financial intermediary exercises a power of representation based on the subjective rights of the principal, which means that he assumes obligations common to all representatives. Previously analyzed as a simple adjustment variable of the representative phenomenon, the intervention in its own name of the financial intermediary cannot alter its essence, as confirmed by the study of the influence of such a mode of 'action on the regime of the obligation to perform the mission assigned to the intermediary. The obligation to render account incumbent on the financial intermediary follows the same logic. If the analysis of financial intermediation attests to the particularism of the law governing it, the renewed conception of the representation that it has made it possible to formulate confirms at the same time the absence of autonomy of financial law. We therefore hope that the study conducted here may constitute the basis for a reconciliation between legal science and positive law capable of shedding light on the understanding of the mechanism of representation at work in other branches of law.

Les normes de soft law, règles ou principes entendus comme les actes non-contraignants pouvant émaner des autorités publiques comme des acteurs privés, permettent d’appréhender ce qu’on appelle communément le droit souple. Classiquement écartées de la panoplie des sources formelles du droit, les normes de soft law sont reléguées le plus souvent au rang de sources nées de la pratique. Cependant, face aux nombreux effets juridiques qu’elles produisent et à la variété de leurs manifestations, on peut raisonnablement penser que les normes de soft law dont la compliance prend sa source, ont une réelle utilité pour encadrer l’activité bancaire et financière. La pertinence de recourir au soft law comme outil de conception de la compliance et de régulation du secteur bancaire et financier fera ainsi l’objet de notre réflexion dans une première partie. Après avoir démontré la diversification des sources dans l’encadrement normatif des activités bancaires et financières, nous analyserons le passé de la régulation. Nous nous interrogerons à cet effet, sur l’intégration du soft law dans l’ordre juridique interne. Puis, nous prolongerons notre réflexion en étudiant plus précisément la pratique de la compliance, qui dissimule un arsenal normatif complexe et des obligations éthiques visant à prémunir les établissements bancaires et financiers contre tout risque de non-conformité. Dès lors, nous tenterons de mesurer l’efficacité du système normatif de régulation dans la défense d’intérêts privés mais également d’enjeux nationaux et déterminerons les progrès restant à parcourir pour lutter contre ses insuffisances. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéresserons dans une seconde partie à la compliance comme expression de la densification normative du soft law en matière bancaire et financière.

Even though small and medium enterprises contribute significantly to the growth of national <br>economies, they are vulnerable in their early stages and may fail. Hence younger businesses <br>are more likely to fail than more established ones because they face complex challenges that <br>may limit their viability. This is a notion established in the liability of newness framework. <br>According to the liability of newness concept, the precarious existence of emerging <br>organisations is due to difficulties in managing relationships among strangers, not quickly <br>assembling resources, and not coping with difficult environments, among other issues. All <br>these elements notwithstanding, previous literature suggests that small businesses can, and <br>sometimes do engage in techniques or approaches to help reduce the liability of newness, such <br>as raising adequate capital. This study suggests that not only is adequate capital important but <br>that the right mix of capital also results in higher solvency, thereby mitigating the liability of <br>newness. Because the various funding forms have distinct advantages and disadvantages, an <br>appropriate capital structure reduces the cost of financing while increasing the value of the <br>firm. This study also advances the idea that profitable businesses are productive and financially <br>strong, and thus nascent enterprises with high profitability can minimise the liability of <br>newness. As a result, the study sought to examine the influence of capital structure and <br>profitability on the solvency of nascent small and medium enterprises. To put the study's <br>hypotheses to the test, 1106 nascent small and medium enterprises that are registered with the <br>National Board for Small Scale Industries were sampled across three major cities in Ghana. <br>Thus, data was gathered from every member of the population. Such data, gathered from the <br>SMEs' financial statements, was submitted to preliminary screening as well as a number of <br>statistical measurements. Operationally, the dependent variable, solvency, was defined as the <br>solvency ratio, working capital ratio, and net worth. As a result, three distinct regression models <br>were developed for robustness. The study's findings broadly indicate that capital structure and <br>profitability have an influence on the solvency of nascent small and medium enterprises. The <br>study also determined that emerging small and medium enterprises should follow the principles <br>of the pecking order theory to reduce the liability of newness. These findings, if adopted by <br>SME owners, can aid in the maturation of their fledgling businesses.

This thesis examines securities market development in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on securities law, securities law enforcement and securities markets integration. Adopting a primarily comparative methodology, the thesis examines the continued relevance of securities markets in sub-Saharan Africa; the way selected countries in the region regulate their markets and enforce compliance with securities law; and the potential of market integration to promote market development. This thesis advances 4 main claims. First, empirical evidence supports the link between liquid securities markets and economic growth, independent of the level of banking development. In this sense, securities markets can act as good complements to banks in providing capital to the real economy. Second, at the minimum, there is an arguable preliminary case that rules of securities regulation can hinder market development in select countries in sub-Saharan Africa, by imposing high compliance costs and eligibility requirements, without commensurate benefits in greater liquidity or reduced cost of capital. Third, enforcement of securities regulation in sub-Saharan Africa is generally weak. Whilst public regulators often have formal powers, budgets and staff; actual enforcement activity is sometimes limited by inadequate market monitoring and reliance on criminal as opposed to administrative sanctions. Poor public enforcement, in turn, reinforces poor private enforcement, leading to reduced market participation, illiquidity, and ultimately market underdevelopment. Fourth, although increased market integration can go a long way in facilitating market development in the region, integration cannot be a short/medium term solution to market underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa, given the significant economic, political and socio-cultural barriers to integration initiatives in the region. Ultimately, to develop their securities markets, policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa must focus their attention on making and credibly enforcing market-friendly rules of securities regulation. The thesis explores some ways this may be realistically accomplished.

Uluslararası ticaretin gelişimi ve artması dünyadaki bütün devletler tarafından hedeflenen bir amaçtır. Ancak devletlerin ulusal hukuk sistemleri arasındaki farklar bu gelişim için belirli engeller oluşturmaktadır. Bu engelleri aşmak için uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması, yani aynı uluslararası hukuki işleme uygulanacak iki veya daha çok ulusal hukuk sisteminin farklı kurallarının bir kuralla değiştirilmesi çare olarak görülmektedir. Bu amaçla şimdiye kadar bir çok çalışmalar yapılmış ve bir çok yeknesaklaştırma aracı ortaya konulmuştur. Uluslararası ticaret hukukunun bel kemiğini oluşturan uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler alanında hazırlanmış olan yeknesaklaştırma araçları ise bu bakımdan özellikle önem taşımaktadır. Hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması alanında çalışmalar sürdürülmekle birlikte bu konuya şüpheyle bakanlar ve yeknesaklaştırmanın kendi amacına ulaşamayacağını düşünenler de mevcuttur. Bu yeknesaklaştırma sürecinde ortaya çıkan bir takım sorunlarla ilgilidir. Ancak özellikle de uluslararası ticaret hukuku alanında yapılan yeknesaklaştırma çalışmalarında elde edilen başarılar umut vaat etmektedir. Uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler hukuku alanında yapılmış olan ayrı ayrı yeknesaklaştırma çalışmaları ile ilgili araştırmalar mevcut olsa da, konuyu daha kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alan ve meseleye daha geniş bir perspektiften bakan araştırmaların eksik olduğunu görmekteyiz. Özellikle de Türkiye'de bu tür araştırmalarda bir boşluğun mevcut olduğu hissedilmektedir. Uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması amacıyla ortaya konulmuş çalışmaların ve hazırlanmış olan araçların daha kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması, onların sağladığı faydaları göstermek, bu alanda ortaya çıkan sorunları belirlemek ve gerekli çözüm önerileri sunmak açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bütün bunları dikkate alarak biz bu araştırmamızda uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması kavramını, onun önemini ve sağladığı avantajları, yeknesaklaştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesi yöntemlerini, uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması alanında çalışmalar yapan ve bu sürece katkıda bulunan uluslararası kurumları, uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler alanında yapılmış olan ve şu an yapılmakta olan çalışmaları, bu konuyla ilgili ortaya çıkan sorunları ve bu sorunların ortadan kaldırılması için sunulan çözüm önerilerini incelemeye çalıştık. [...] The development and growth of international trade is an aim targeted by all states in the world. However, the differences between the national legal systems of states pose certain obstacles to this development. To overcome these obstacles, the unification of the international commercial law is considered a remedy, that is, changing the different rules of two or more national legal systems to be applied to the same international legal process with one rule. For this purpose, so far many studies have been done and many unification instruments have been introduced. The unification instruments prepared in the field of the international commercial contracts, which form the backbone of international commercial law, are particularly important in this regard. Although studies on the unification of the law continues, there are also those who are skeptical about this issue and those who think that it cannot achieve its own goal. It concerns a number of problems that arise in the process of unification. However, the successes achieved in the unification studies especially in the field of international commercial law promise hope. Although there are researches on individual unification studies in the field of international commercial contracts law, we see that there is a lack of research that covers the issue more extensively and looks at the issue from a wider perspecitve. Especially, a vacancy in this kind of research is available in Turkey. It is important to investigate the studies and the instruments that have been prepared for the purpose of the unification of the international commercial contracts law, to show their benefits, to identify the problems that arise in this field and to offer necessary solutions. Considering all these, in this research, we tried to examine the concept of the unification of the international commercial law, its importance and advantages, the methods of realization of unification, the international institutions that work in the field of the unification of the international commercial law and contribute to this process, the problems that arise about this issue and the proposed solutions to eliminate these problems.

A constitutional analysis of a differentiated tax treatment of residents and non-residents in respect of income deriving from immovable property in South Africa', Daniel Baines explores whether South African resident taxpayers' constitutional rights to equality and property are infringed by current laws which tax residents at higher rates than non-residents on rental income and proceeds from the disposal of fixed property. He aptly sets out what the right to equality and property entails and how these relate to taxpayers. He finds that the higher effective tax rates paid by residents violates their constitutional right to equality. The thesis provides valuable insight into a resident's right to equality and property in terms of current tax rates and illustrates how current tax rates are unconstitutional. The recommendations brought forward contribute toward the discussion of how tax rates should be altered in order to ensure that residents' constitutional rights are no longer violated.

No abstract provided.

Face à la montée des technologies de l’information, les préoccupations en ce qui concerne la vie privée et la protection des données à caractère personnel ont émergé au sein de l’opinion publique. Plusieurs Etats avisés ont adopté des règles juridiques pour encadrer l’usage des données personnelles. Aux vues de l’importance que revêt la question de la gestion et de la protection des données à caractère personnel, et face au flux d’échanges économiques qui ont lieu dans les plateformes digitales et qui mettent en jeu les usagers et les opérateurs privés africains de la communauté OHADA, nous avons exprimé la nécessité d’examiner la problématique du « E-commerce et la protection des données à caractère personnel dans l’espace OHADA ». Il s’est agi dans le cadre de ce travail de comprendre, Comment les actes uniformes de l’OHADA protègent et préviennent la gestion abusive des données à caractère personnel, des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA à des fins économiques d’une part ; et de savoir en l’absence d’un Acte uniforme général sur la protection des données (AUGPD), quelle juridiction africaine serait matériellement compétente pour gérer des infractions liées à l’exploitation abusive des données à caractère personnel des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA, d’autre part. A l’issue de cette recherche, fort est le regret de constater que l’OHADA ne dispose jusqu’à ces jours d’aucun instrument sur la protection des données à caractère personnel et la libre circulation des données.

The arbitration of internal trust disputes has attracted significant attention in the arbitration and trust law communities in recent years with draft clauses and rules produced by arbitral institutions, several states undertaking legislative reform in order to provide such arbitrations with a statutory basis and numerous scholars as well as practitioners writing articles on the subject. Such enthusiasm is justified on the basis that arbitration has several advantages over litigation, such as confidentiality, international enforceability of judgments, the ability to choose one’s judge and the power to tailor the procedure. Notwithstanding these advantages, trust arbitration has failed to make any great inroad into trust disputes due to the many novel and complex points of legal practice and theory which it entails. For example, although arbitration does not typically involve minors or legally incapable parties’ trusts do, and thus trust arbitration raises numerous due process and human rights concerns. Similarly, court supervision and enforcement of trusts is sometimes considered essential to the very nature of trusts and questions therefore arise concerning the extent to which arbitral tribunals could supplant courts in that regard. Another complication is that trusts are not contracts and questions therefore arise about how to bind individuals to a trust arbitration agreement, particularly as regards beneficiaries who may be unascertained, minor or legally incompetent at the time the trust was created. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and present potential solutions to these complications from an English law perspective, although other common law legal systems will be analysed where relevant