Bibliographie sélective OHADA

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) <br>Please refer to full text to view abstract

CISG, yeknesak satım hukuku oluşturma çabasının bir sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. CISG'in temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturur. Satım sözleşmesi insanların mal alımını sağlayarak ihtiyaçlarını karşılamasını sağlayan bir sözleşmedir. Satım hukukunun temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturmaktadır. Satım sözleşmeleri tarafların mal ve satım bedeli üzerinde anlaşmaları ile kurulur. Satım sözleşmesinde satıcının asıl borcu ise sözleşmeye konu malın teslimidir. Malın doğru yer ve zamanda teslim edilmesi ve teslim edilen malın sözleşmeye uygun olması konuları teslimin en önemli unsurlarıdır. Malın sözleşmeye uygun olmaması veya sözleşmeye uygun yer ve zamanda teslim edilmemesi satıcının sözleşmeye aykırı davrandığını gösterir. Sözleşmeye aykırılığın tespiti, aykırılığın derecesine göre alıcıya bazı haklar tanımaktadır. Bu çalışma, hem teslim borcunun içeriğini hem de teslim borcu açısından sözleşmeye aykırılığı ayrıntılı olarak ele almaktadır. CISG emerges as a result of the effort to create a uniform selling law. The basis of the CISG is the contract of sale. The sale contract is a contract that allows people to buy goods and meet their needs. The sales contract constitutes the foundation of the law of sale. Sale contracts are established with the parties agreeing on the goods and sales price. The actual debt of the seller on the sales contract is the delivery of the goods subject to the contract. The fact that delivery at the right place and time and the delivered goods conform to the contract are the most important elements of delivery. The fact that the merchandise is incompatible with the contract or not delivered at the proper time and place indicates that the seller is breaching the contract. The determination of breach of contract gives the buyer some rights according to the degree of breach. This study elaborates on the contradiction to the contract in terms of both the content of the delivery debt and the delivery debt.

La lettre de garantie P&I est un instrument né de la pratique, qui permet de sécuriser une créance maritime, tout en permettant aux transactions commerciales sous-jacentes au voyage maritime, de perdurer. Sa force réside dans le fait qu’elle fasse converger des intérêts pourtant opposés, à savoir les intérêts cargaison d’une part et les intérêts corps d’autre part, en répondant aux exigences de rapidité et de fluidité qu’impose le commerce maritime mondial. Sa négociation, au même titre que son exécution, impliqueront l’intervention d’une multitude d’acteurs, qui défendront donc des intérêts variés mais qui auront tous comme objectif de résoudre leur litige par la voie amiable. La lettre de garantie, en tant qu’instrument du commerce maritime, reflète également les rapports de force existant entre les intérêts en jeux et permet de mettre en lumière la bataille de compétences, opposant principalement l’Angleterre à la France. Cette étude a donc pour but d’analyser les différentes implications légales et pratiques de ce formidable instrument.

Los Textos internacionales sobre garantías mobiliarias constituyen, actualmente, un reto para nuestro Derecho interno. No es posible omitir la referencia a ellos y es necesario abrir una reflexión sobre las ventajas de la armonización jurídica, a la vista de la emergente hegemonía del sencillo y flexible modelo anglosajón plasmado en el artículo 9 del Uniform Commercial Code. Este es precisamente el objeto del libro que el lector tiene en sus manos. En un mercado globalizado, la actualidad de los referidos textos internacionales hace ineludible la tarea de repensar el derecho interno en materia de garantías mobiliarias. Con mayor razón cuando forman parte de nuestro Derecho interno. Así, entre los textos de Derecho uniforme, España ha ratificado el Convenio relativo a las Garantías internacionales sobre elementos de equipo móvil, del Instituto Internacional para la Unificación del Derecho privado (UNIDROIT, Ciudad del Cabo, 2001), y uno de sus correspondientes protocolos, relativo a aeronaves. En el ámbito europeo, España ha traspuesto la Directiva 2002/47/CE, y puede tener como referencia -en el contexto del Soft Law- el Libro IX del DCFR. En todo caso, no puede resultarnos ajena la proliferación de Leyes Modelo en la materia, emanadas de diversos organismos internacionales, y su impacto en otros países (así, la Ley Modelo sobre Garantías mobiliarias de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional, CNUDMI, 2016; La Ley Modelo Interamericana sobre Garantías Mobiliarias de la Organización de Estados Americanos, OEA, 2002; La Ley Uniforme de la Organización para la Armonización de la Legislación empresarial en África, OHADA, 1997; o la Ley Modelo sobre Operaciones garantizadas del Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo, BERD, 1994). El propósito de este libro es presentar las líneas que encontramos en los más destacados textos de Derecho uniforme, y facilitar su comprensión, contagiar el interés por asomarse a ellos.

<p>Art. 11 of the Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts, adopted by the Council of the Hague Conference in March 2015 contains provisions governing the relationship between the system of law1 chosen by the parties under Art. 2(1) (the “chosen law”) and the laws and policies of other systems. It provides as follows:</p> <p>1. These Principles shall not prevent a court from applying overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the forum which apply irrespective of the law chosen by the parties.</p> <p>2. The law of the forum determines when a court may or must apply or take into account overriding mandatory provisions of another law.</p> <p>3. A court may exclude application of a provision of the law chosen by the parties only if and to the extent that the result of such application would be manifestly incompatible with fundamental notions of public policy (ordre public) of the forum.</p> <p>4. The law of the forum determines when a court may or must apply or take into account the public policy (ordre public) of a State the law of which would be applicable in the absence of a choice of law.</p> <p>5. These Principles shall not prevent an arbitral tribunal from applying or taking into account public policy (ordre public), or from applying or taking into account overriding mandatory provisions of a law other than the law chosen by the parties, if the arbitral tribunal is required or entitled to do so.</p> <p>In brief summary, therefore, the first and third paragraphs address the relationship between the chosen law and certain laws and policies of the forum, the second paragraph addresses the relationship between the chosen law and certain laws of legal systems other than the forum, the fourth paragraph addresses the relationship between the chosen law and the certain policies of the legal system whose laws would have applied but for the parties’ choice under Art. 2(1) and the fifth paragraph addresses the limits of the application of the chosen law in arbitration proceedings.</p>

La gouvernance d’entreprise, est apparue comme le sujet qui a soulevé le plus de débats en matière de management au cours de ces dix dernières années, dans le monde des affaires, politique et académique. Sans aucun doute, une bonne gouvernance d’entreprise, est un levier indispensable au développement de la nation.De nombreux efforts sont à noter, visant à encourager et à inciter les nationaux à développer la culture de la gouvernance. Très clairement, cette communication s'inscrit dans cette vision de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'efficacité du système de contrôle et de développement de la culture de la gouvernance tout en mettant en avant un cadre théorique expliquant la contribution du contrôle interne et d’audit à la bonne gouvernance d’entreprise.Les résultats ont permis de tirer deux grandes conclusions. Premièrement, l’impact toujours aussi conséquent du contrôle interne et d’audit sur la gouvernance d’entreprise.Deuxièmement, cette recherche a pu avoir porté un éclairage assez important sur un autre type de mécanismes assez pesant sur le comportement des dirigeants notamment en matière d’organisation et de clarification des responsabilités. Corporate governance has emerged as the subject that created the most debate in management over the last decade in the business, political and academic world. Undoubtedly, good corporate governance is an essential lever to the development of the nation. Many efforts are noteworthy, to encourage and stimulate the national economic agents to develop the culture of governance. Clearly, this communication is part of this vision to contribute to improving the effectiveness of the control system and development of the culture of governance while highlighting a theoretical framework explaining the contribution of internal control and audit to good corporate governance. The results yielded two main conclusions. First, the impact still as a result of internal control and audit of corporate governance. Second, this research may have brought a sizable lighting on another type of mechanisms quite heavy on the behavior of such leaders in organizing and clarifying responsibilities.

Un article de la revue Revue du notariat, diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

The rights of freedom of association, to organise and to bargain collectively are recognised internationally and form part of the constitutional framework of progressive and democratic states. The full enjoyment of these rights by trade unions often is hindered by the imbalance in the power relations between the employer and the representatives of the workers, hence the need for statutory intervention. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA of 1995) postulates a collective bargaining regime which is voluntarist in nature and strengthens its effectiveness through a set of organisational rights and the right to strike. Incidentally, the current statutory framework for the enjoyment of organisational rights has had a direct impact on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of association and the right to organise. It is accepted that possession of the right to collective bargaining is internationally recognised as the basis of the authority to set thresholds of representivity in the workplace. The organisational rights framework in this context has been directly impacted upon. It is this direct impact that necessitates an enquiry to determine whether South Africa’s framework on the acquisition of organisational rights conforms to international standards set by the ILO and the Constitution, 1996. This thesis argues that the policy choice of the South African labour relations system in respect of some of the consequences of majoritarianism insofar as representation in individual cases is concerned does not necessarily foster the ideals of the Constitution, 1996 and the principles of international labour standards. The model of democracy as envisaged in the Constitution, 1996 is not one that promotes exclusivity. However, the effect of section 18 of the LRA of 1995, which allows threshold agreements, arguably may foster such exclusivity in the workplace. This situation has resulted in industrial democracy being a terrain of endless conflict between employers and labour, even more among trade unions themselves. As a result, the rivalry between unions in workplaces is exacerbated. The original intent behind the organisational rights of trade unions and their right to strike was to bolster their capacity to bargain collectively. It was meant to get them to focus on collective bargaining gains they can secure and to bargain more effectively. However, the current framework that favours majority trade unions has the effect of minority trade unions generally finding their existence threatened and their being systematically excluded from the acquisition of organisational rights. This study questions the power of majority trade unions to enter a collective agreement with an employer in the workplace and set unjustifiable thresholds of representivity in respect of organisational rights. This arrangement creates a hurdle in respect of the provisions of the LRA that seek to promote industrial democracy, the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of association, to organise and to engage in collective bargaining. Recent amendments to the LRA of 1995 are an attempt to mitigate the effect of sections 18 and 20 on the enjoyment of organisational rights. The CCMA, inter alia, has been granted powers to grant organisational rights to trade unions that do not meet the set threshold in terms of the empowering provisions of the LRA of 1995 if they meet certain requirements. However, these amendments do not go far enough to prevent employers and majority trade unions from continuing to set unjustifiable thresholds that can have potential to replace the determinations of the CCMA. Therefore, the study discusses the question whether the provision in the LRA of 1995 on the setting of thresholds of representivity for the acquisition of organisational rights and the concomitant amendments are in line with the democratic model envisaged by the Constitution, 1996 and to international labour standards which recognise the rights to freedom of association of minority trade unions. This research concludes by advancing recommendations pertaining to threshold agreements and the rights of minority trade unions and to what extent it is justifiable to permit them to enjoy them.

L’émergence de la notion de « bien commun » dans les travaux d’Elinor Ostrom incite le juriste à observer les conditions dans lesquelles peuvent s’établir des formes de propriétés communes. Si de nombreux projets ont vu le jour en ce sens, il convient de faire une place au droit des sociétés coopératives qui constitue une proposition stimulante. La question de la propriété y est, en effet, saisie de manière originale, et confère à ces sociétés un caractère durable et propice aux communs. Mobilisant les attributs classiques de la propriété en droit civil, cet article étudie les liens entre le coopérateur et sa part sociale et montre comment le rapport des personnes aux choses cède la place à un régime juridique soucieux du rapport entre les membres, relativement à la coopérative à laquelle ils participent. Starting from the idea of common-pool resources in the works by Elinor Ostrom, lawyers have been looking at the conditions for establishing forms of common ownership. Many projects have been developed in this area, and cooperative law should be included and presents a stimulating proposal. Cooperative law has a unique way of dealing with the issue of ownership that makes cooperative firms sustainable and suitable for commons. Taking into account the conventional characteristics of ownership in civil law, the article examines the relationship between the cooperative member and the member’s share and shows how the relationship of people to things is superseded by a legal model concerned with the relationship among members in relation to the cooperative to which they belong. El surgimiento de la noción de “bien común” en los trabajos de Elinor Ostrom incita el jurista a estudiar las condiciones de establecimiento de formas de propiedades comunes. Entre numerosos proyectos que han surgido en este sentido, conviene de incorporar el Derecho cooperativo que constituye una propuesta estimulante. En efecto, permite analizar de manera original la cuestión de la propiedad, confiriendo a estas sociedades un carácter sostenible y propicio para los comunes. A través la movilización de los atributos clásicos de la propiedad en derecho civil, el presente artículo analiza los vínculos entre el cooperador y su acción y muestra como la relación de las personas con las cosas es sustituida por un régimen jurídico respetuoso de la relación entre los miembros, en lo que respecta la cooperativa en la que participan.

There is tension between the South African Revenue Service’s duty to collect taxes on the one hand, and its duty to respect taxpayers’ rights on the other. An environment where there is clearly respect for the rights of the taxpayer may indeed result in increased voluntary compliance. This thesis constitutes a comparative appraisal of whether the following enforcement powers of the South African Revenue Service (“SARS”) in the South African constitutional context, namely (i) SARS’ power to conduct searches and seizures in order to verify compliance and investigate the commission of offences; (ii) the “pay now, argue later” rule; and (iii) the appointment of a third party on behalf of a taxpayer are in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“Constitution”). It is argued that these powers do not necessarily conform to the Constitution’s values and the fundamental rights contained in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution. To address the apparent shortcomings in the current dispensation, the thesis compares these enforcement powers of SARS with similar powers afforded to the revenue authorities of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Nigeria. Important conclusions are drawn from this comparative review and a number of recommendations for law reform are proposed which, if implemented, would align these enforcement powers with the provisions of the Constitution. The recommendations entail, inter alia, that the seizure component of a search and seizure process should be treated separately, that half of the payment obligation should be suspended until the dispute is heard by an impartial forum, and that an objective measure must be in place to ensure that a taxpayer is able to afford basic necessities when a third party appointment is made.

A crise financeira de 2007-2008 proporcionou perdas de legitimidade política e econômica aos EUA no sistema interestatal. Até então, o modelo de organização socioeconômica estadunidense era hegemônico na economia-mundo capitalista. Mas, mais do que um modelo de capitalismo, as desregulações financeiras e a defesa excessiva da austeridade orçamentária para os demais Estados foram adotadas pelos EUA com o objetivo de assegurar a emissão exclusiva da moeda internacional dos sistemas financeiro e monetário internacional. A possível substituição do dólar como fundamento do padrão monetário desses sistemas diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA. Assim, eles mantiveram as vantagens políticas e econômicas propiciadas pelo poder monetário e pelo estadismo monetário e asseguraram a manutenção da configuração hierárquica favorável desse sistema interestatal. Por outro lado, essa crise estimulou a formação de novas alianças geopolíticas e novas relações de cooperação entre Estados localizados na semiperiferia e na periferia da economia-mundo. Esses Estados propõem, em maior ou menor grau, outros modelos de desenvolvimento e procuram mudar a configuração hierárquica interestatal, com uma aposta no multilateralismo. O Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NBD) criado pelos BRICS é uma das alternativas que surgiram como possibilidades de reordenamento hierárquico nesse sistema, começando o elo conflito em torno da moeda e das finanças. Desse modo, o objetivo geral desta tese doutoral é avaliar qual a viabilidade de possíveis mudanças nas relações de poder monetário e de estadismo monetário no sistema interestatal capitalista a partir do NBD dos BRICS. Para tanto, analisa-se de que maneira, em geral, a relação entre moeda e poder influencia na hierarquia de Estados e moedas no sistema interestatal da economia-mundo capitalista. Da mesma forma, examina-se especificamente o processo de construção do poder monetário e do estadismo monetário dos Estados Unidos a partir da construção do regime Dólar-Wall Street e de que forma essa estratégia contribuiu, de forma não intencional, para enfraquecer a própria hegemonia estadunidense no pós-crise. E, por fim, avalia-se a capacidade da influência do NBD para a reforma monetária e financeira internacional no sentido de maior multilateralismo. Nesse processo, o NBD representa uma alternativa de acesso a financiamento para a acumulação autônoma de capital e de defesa contra a manipulação monetária e financeira por parte dos Estados do núcleo orgânico desse sistema, em particular os EUA. Da mesma forma, o NBD reforça as demandas para reformar o sistema financeiro e monetário internacional, o que pode alterar a capacidade de exercício do poder monetário estadunidense e suas consequentes vantagens políticas e econômicas. Assim, haveria uma mudança qualitativa na hierarquia desse núcleo orgânico. A possível substituição, ou perda de importância, do dólar diminuiria a autonomia relativa dos EUA e contribuiria para mudanças na configuração hegemônica da economia-mundo capitalista.