Bibliographie sélective OHADA

La saisie de soutes est une figure originale du droit maritime. En tant qu’ « élément du navire », les soutes sont susceptibles de faire l’objet d’une saisie indépendamment du navire. Elles constituent ainsi un gage pour les créanciers dénués de « créance maritime » ou de privilège maritime. En période d’instabilité économique, la saisie de soutes est indispensable à la confiance des fournisseurs de navires. Cependant, depuis l’arrêt Saint Pierre de 1998 et l’analyse qui en a été faite par les auteurs, la saisie conservatoire de soutes a quasiment disparu des prétoires. Elle a aujourd'hui vocation à être remplacée par la saisie-revendication, instrument de recouvrement efficace même en cas de faillite du débiteur.

LL.M. (International Commercial Law) <br>Please refer to full text to view abstract

CISG, yeknesak satım hukuku oluşturma çabasının bir sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. CISG'in temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturur. Satım sözleşmesi insanların mal alımını sağlayarak ihtiyaçlarını karşılamasını sağlayan bir sözleşmedir. Satım hukukunun temelini satım sözleşmesi oluşturmaktadır. Satım sözleşmeleri tarafların mal ve satım bedeli üzerinde anlaşmaları ile kurulur. Satım sözleşmesinde satıcının asıl borcu ise sözleşmeye konu malın teslimidir. Malın doğru yer ve zamanda teslim edilmesi ve teslim edilen malın sözleşmeye uygun olması konuları teslimin en önemli unsurlarıdır. Malın sözleşmeye uygun olmaması veya sözleşmeye uygun yer ve zamanda teslim edilmemesi satıcının sözleşmeye aykırı davrandığını gösterir. Sözleşmeye aykırılığın tespiti, aykırılığın derecesine göre alıcıya bazı haklar tanımaktadır. Bu çalışma, hem teslim borcunun içeriğini hem de teslim borcu açısından sözleşmeye aykırılığı ayrıntılı olarak ele almaktadır. CISG emerges as a result of the effort to create a uniform selling law. The basis of the CISG is the contract of sale. The sale contract is a contract that allows people to buy goods and meet their needs. The sales contract constitutes the foundation of the law of sale. Sale contracts are established with the parties agreeing on the goods and sales price. The actual debt of the seller on the sales contract is the delivery of the goods subject to the contract. The fact that delivery at the right place and time and the delivered goods conform to the contract are the most important elements of delivery. The fact that the merchandise is incompatible with the contract or not delivered at the proper time and place indicates that the seller is breaching the contract. The determination of breach of contract gives the buyer some rights according to the degree of breach. This study elaborates on the contradiction to the contract in terms of both the content of the delivery debt and the delivery debt.

La lettre de garantie P&I est un instrument né de la pratique, qui permet de sécuriser une créance maritime, tout en permettant aux transactions commerciales sous-jacentes au voyage maritime, de perdurer. Sa force réside dans le fait qu’elle fasse converger des intérêts pourtant opposés, à savoir les intérêts cargaison d’une part et les intérêts corps d’autre part, en répondant aux exigences de rapidité et de fluidité qu’impose le commerce maritime mondial. Sa négociation, au même titre que son exécution, impliqueront l’intervention d’une multitude d’acteurs, qui défendront donc des intérêts variés mais qui auront tous comme objectif de résoudre leur litige par la voie amiable. La lettre de garantie, en tant qu’instrument du commerce maritime, reflète également les rapports de force existant entre les intérêts en jeux et permet de mettre en lumière la bataille de compétences, opposant principalement l’Angleterre à la France. Cette étude a donc pour but d’analyser les différentes implications légales et pratiques de ce formidable instrument.

Los Textos internacionales sobre garantías mobiliarias constituyen, actualmente, un reto para nuestro Derecho interno. No es posible omitir la referencia a ellos y es necesario abrir una reflexión sobre las ventajas de la armonización jurídica, a la vista de la emergente hegemonía del sencillo y flexible modelo anglosajón plasmado en el artículo 9 del Uniform Commercial Code. Este es precisamente el objeto del libro que el lector tiene en sus manos. En un mercado globalizado, la actualidad de los referidos textos internacionales hace ineludible la tarea de repensar el derecho interno en materia de garantías mobiliarias. Con mayor razón cuando forman parte de nuestro Derecho interno. Así, entre los textos de Derecho uniforme, España ha ratificado el Convenio relativo a las Garantías internacionales sobre elementos de equipo móvil, del Instituto Internacional para la Unificación del Derecho privado (UNIDROIT, Ciudad del Cabo, 2001), y uno de sus correspondientes protocolos, relativo a aeronaves. En el ámbito europeo, España ha traspuesto la Directiva 2002/47/CE, y puede tener como referencia -en el contexto del Soft Law- el Libro IX del DCFR. En todo caso, no puede resultarnos ajena la proliferación de Leyes Modelo en la materia, emanadas de diversos organismos internacionales, y su impacto en otros países (así, la Ley Modelo sobre Garantías mobiliarias de la Comisión de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional, CNUDMI, 2016; La Ley Modelo Interamericana sobre Garantías Mobiliarias de la Organización de Estados Americanos, OEA, 2002; La Ley Uniforme de la Organización para la Armonización de la Legislación empresarial en África, OHADA, 1997; o la Ley Modelo sobre Operaciones garantizadas del Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo, BERD, 1994). El propósito de este libro es presentar las líneas que encontramos en los más destacados textos de Derecho uniforme, y facilitar su comprensión, contagiar el interés por asomarse a ellos.

<p>Art. 11 of the Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts, adopted by the Council of the Hague Conference in March 2015 contains provisions governing the relationship between the system of law1 chosen by the parties under Art. 2(1) (the “chosen law”) and the laws and policies of other systems. It provides as follows:</p> <p>1. These Principles shall not prevent a court from applying overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the forum which apply irrespective of the law chosen by the parties.</p> <p>2. The law of the forum determines when a court may or must apply or take into account overriding mandatory provisions of another law.</p> <p>3. A court may exclude application of a provision of the law chosen by the parties only if and to the extent that the result of such application would be manifestly incompatible with fundamental notions of public policy (ordre public) of the forum.</p> <p>4. The law of the forum determines when a court may or must apply or take into account the public policy (ordre public) of a State the law of which would be applicable in the absence of a choice of law.</p> <p>5. These Principles shall not prevent an arbitral tribunal from applying or taking into account public policy (ordre public), or from applying or taking into account overriding mandatory provisions of a law other than the law chosen by the parties, if the arbitral tribunal is required or entitled to do so.</p> <p>In brief summary, therefore, the first and third paragraphs address the relationship between the chosen law and certain laws and policies of the forum, the second paragraph addresses the relationship between the chosen law and certain laws of legal systems other than the forum, the fourth paragraph addresses the relationship between the chosen law and the certain policies of the legal system whose laws would have applied but for the parties’ choice under Art. 2(1) and the fifth paragraph addresses the limits of the application of the chosen law in arbitration proceedings.</p>

La gouvernance d’entreprise, est apparue comme le sujet qui a soulevé le plus de débats en matière de management au cours de ces dix dernières années, dans le monde des affaires, politique et académique. Sans aucun doute, une bonne gouvernance d’entreprise, est un levier indispensable au développement de la nation.De nombreux efforts sont à noter, visant à encourager et à inciter les nationaux à développer la culture de la gouvernance. Très clairement, cette communication s'inscrit dans cette vision de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'efficacité du système de contrôle et de développement de la culture de la gouvernance tout en mettant en avant un cadre théorique expliquant la contribution du contrôle interne et d’audit à la bonne gouvernance d’entreprise.Les résultats ont permis de tirer deux grandes conclusions. Premièrement, l’impact toujours aussi conséquent du contrôle interne et d’audit sur la gouvernance d’entreprise.Deuxièmement, cette recherche a pu avoir porté un éclairage assez important sur un autre type de mécanismes assez pesant sur le comportement des dirigeants notamment en matière d’organisation et de clarification des responsabilités. Corporate governance has emerged as the subject that created the most debate in management over the last decade in the business, political and academic world. Undoubtedly, good corporate governance is an essential lever to the development of the nation. Many efforts are noteworthy, to encourage and stimulate the national economic agents to develop the culture of governance. Clearly, this communication is part of this vision to contribute to improving the effectiveness of the control system and development of the culture of governance while highlighting a theoretical framework explaining the contribution of internal control and audit to good corporate governance. The results yielded two main conclusions. First, the impact still as a result of internal control and audit of corporate governance. Second, this research may have brought a sizable lighting on another type of mechanisms quite heavy on the behavior of such leaders in organizing and clarifying responsibilities.

Un article de la revue Revue du notariat, diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

The rights of freedom of association, to organise and to bargain collectively are recognised internationally and form part of the constitutional framework of progressive and democratic states. The full enjoyment of these rights by trade unions often is hindered by the imbalance in the power relations between the employer and the representatives of the workers, hence the need for statutory intervention. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (LRA of 1995) postulates a collective bargaining regime which is voluntarist in nature and strengthens its effectiveness through a set of organisational rights and the right to strike. Incidentally, the current statutory framework for the enjoyment of organisational rights has had a direct impact on the enjoyment of the right to freedom of association and the right to organise. It is accepted that possession of the right to collective bargaining is internationally recognised as the basis of the authority to set thresholds of representivity in the workplace. The organisational rights framework in this context has been directly impacted upon. It is this direct impact that necessitates an enquiry to determine whether South Africa’s framework on the acquisition of organisational rights conforms to international standards set by the ILO and the Constitution, 1996. This thesis argues that the policy choice of the South African labour relations system in respect of some of the consequences of majoritarianism insofar as representation in individual cases is concerned does not necessarily foster the ideals of the Constitution, 1996 and the principles of international labour standards. The model of democracy as envisaged in the Constitution, 1996 is not one that promotes exclusivity. However, the effect of section 18 of the LRA of 1995, which allows threshold agreements, arguably may foster such exclusivity in the workplace. This situation has resulted in industrial democracy being a terrain of endless conflict between employers and labour, even more among trade unions themselves. As a result, the rivalry between unions in workplaces is exacerbated. The original intent behind the organisational rights of trade unions and their right to strike was to bolster their capacity to bargain collectively. It was meant to get them to focus on collective bargaining gains they can secure and to bargain more effectively. However, the current framework that favours majority trade unions has the effect of minority trade unions generally finding their existence threatened and their being systematically excluded from the acquisition of organisational rights. This study questions the power of majority trade unions to enter a collective agreement with an employer in the workplace and set unjustifiable thresholds of representivity in respect of organisational rights. This arrangement creates a hurdle in respect of the provisions of the LRA that seek to promote industrial democracy, the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of association, to organise and to engage in collective bargaining. Recent amendments to the LRA of 1995 are an attempt to mitigate the effect of sections 18 and 20 on the enjoyment of organisational rights. The CCMA, inter alia, has been granted powers to grant organisational rights to trade unions that do not meet the set threshold in terms of the empowering provisions of the LRA of 1995 if they meet certain requirements. However, these amendments do not go far enough to prevent employers and majority trade unions from continuing to set unjustifiable thresholds that can have potential to replace the determinations of the CCMA. Therefore, the study discusses the question whether the provision in the LRA of 1995 on the setting of thresholds of representivity for the acquisition of organisational rights and the concomitant amendments are in line with the democratic model envisaged by the Constitution, 1996 and to international labour standards which recognise the rights to freedom of association of minority trade unions. This research concludes by advancing recommendations pertaining to threshold agreements and the rights of minority trade unions and to what extent it is justifiable to permit them to enjoy them.