Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L’extension des obligations d’information en matière de durabilité aux entreprises de pays tiers est présentée comme l’un des principaux apports de la directive CSRD, permettant de saisir les impacts sociaux et environnementaux du groupe transnational de sociétés. L’effectivité de la directive à l’égard de ces groupes semble toutefois relative. D’un côté, la directive saisit le groupe comme unité au travers de la filiale européenne en l’obligeant à publier une information couvrant le groupe entier. Mais d’un autre côté, elle laisse une large place à l’autonomie de la filiale en retenant une limitation de l’obligation au stade de l’exécution : si la société mère ne lui fournit pas l’information, la filiale peut se contenter de publier une information partielle accompagnée du refus de la société mère. La directive se contente donc d’exercer une contrainte réputationnelle sur le groupe transnational. Ce manque d’effectivité invite à réfléchir à des moyens d’y remédier, dont le principal semble être une restriction de l’accès au marché européen en l’absence d’une information consolidée suffisante en matière de durabilité. Parallèlement, la directive CSRD pourrait se trouver renforcée par la multiplication des obligations « ascendantes » en matière de durabilité, invitant le groupe transnational à rationnaliser la publication d’information afin de satisfaire les exigences des différents systèmes auxquels il est soumis. The extension of the sustainability reporting obligations to non-EU companies is presented as one of the CSRD’s major contributions, making it possible to grasp the social and environmental impacts of transnational corporate groups. However, the effectiveness of the Directive with regard to these groups seems relative. On the one hand, the Directive captures the group as a unit through the European subsidiary, binding it to publish consolidated information at a global level. On the other hand, it leaves room for the subsidiary’s autonomy, by limiting the obligation at the performance stage: if the parent company fails to provide the information, the subsidiary can simply publish a partial information, accompanied by the parent company’s refusal. The Directive therefore imposes a merely reputational constraint on the transnational group. This lack of effectiveness calls for remedies, the main one being restricting access to the European market in the absence of sufficient consolidated sustainability information. At the same time, the CSRD could be strengthened by the multiplication of “bottom-up” sustainability obligations, inviting the transnational group to rationalize the publication of information in order to meet the requirements of the various systems to which it is subject.

The principle of independence of legal persons within corporate groups means that the rights and obligations of each company in the group are assessed individually, without taking account of the fact that they belong to the group. However, in terms of reporting obligations, the CSRD directive provides for a derogatory system of “consolidated sustainability reporting” for groups of companies. In essence, this requires the dominant company to provide sustainability information on behalf of all group companies under its control. This logic is not new, and has its origins in the system of consolidated accounts which, in terms of financial reporting, obliges the parent company to communicate on the financial position and results of group companies as if they were a single entity. This substantial approach to accounting law, which aims to communicate information that is useful for economic decision making, seeks to reflect the reality of transactions, beyond their legal form. From this point of view, the group is considered to be a single entity, due to the dominant company’s power of control over the resources of its subsidiaries. This logic has permeated company law, and the obligation to draw up consolidated financial statements is enshrined both in European Union directives and in the French Commercial Code. The legal basis for this is the control of the dominant company, i.e. the power of the parent company to impose its views on its subsidiaries at shareholders’ meetings, and to exert influence over the management of its subsidiaries. The consolidated reporting regime had been extended to non-financial information since the NFRD directive in 2014, at European level, and since the law of July 12, 2010, in domestic law. It is set out in Article 29 bis of the CSRD Directive, with a few changes. Consolidated sustainability information reveals an extension of the consolidation logic. Indeed, consolidated sustainability reporting requires the publication of strategic and qualitative information that goes far beyond the scope of financial data required for consolidated accounts. Moreover, unlike the obligation to draw up consolidated financial statements, the system provides for an exemption from the obligation to provide information, on an individual basis, at the level of each subsidiary, so that the obligation only weighs on the head company of the group. We have thus moved from a purely informative and descriptive consolidation logic to the obligation for the head company of the group to report on the environmental and social consequences of the activity of the companies in the group. As a result, the consolidation of information within groups obliges, to a certain extent, the head companies to assume the risks generated by the activity of all the companies included in the scope of consolidation and, above all, the measures implemented to deal with them. Stakeholders of the parent company or of one of the group’s subsidiaries will theoretically be able to have an overall view of the activities of the companies in the group, without the head company being able to conceal activities with harmful social and environmental consequences within a subsidiary. This is all the more true given that the scope of consolidation is broadly understood, since the consolidation thresholds are calculated and added up at the level of all the companies in the group, on the one hand, and that the CSRD directive provides for the inclusion of non-European parent companies which carry out an activity in the European Union through a subsidiary or branch, on the other. However, this observation must be tempered by the conditions under which the information obligation is implemented. Although the CSRD requires that information be traceable, this is hardly sufficient to ensure that the consolidated sustainability report remains comprehensive. The provision of global data on the environmental and social risks generated by the activities of group companies leaves considerable scope for concealing individual data, specific to the sustainability impacts of each subsidiary, and encourages deceptive transparency. It therefore seems essential to require that subsidiaries be exempted from the requirement to provide detailed information on a subsidiary-by-subsidiary basis, to ensure that the consolidated reporting system is not just a tool for optimizing information within groups.

Adoptée après la mise en application des textes relatifs à la finance durable, mais avant la proposition de directive sur le devoir de vigilance, la CSRD vient parfaire l’édifice législatif sur lequel l’Europe construit sa stratégie en matière de durabilité dans le prolongement du Green Deal. Elle est porteuse d’avancées majeures puisqu’elle renforce les exigences entourant le reporting de durabilité, mais reste laconique sur la phase pourtant cruciale d’élaboration de l’information préalablement à la publication. Cet article tente d’esquisser, à l’aune de l’obligation de s’informer pour informer, un régime afin d’encadrer ce travail préalable. Si cette piste soulève davantage de questions qu’elle n’apporte de réponses, elle permet au moins de mettre en lumière la manière dont la substance et le périmètre de l’information influent sur le comportement que l’on peut attendre de la part des entreprises assujetties. Adopted after the implementation of the texts relating to sustainable finance, but before the proposal for a directive on due diligence, the CSRD completes the legislative edifice on which the European Union is building its sustainability strategy in the wake of the Green Deal. It represents a major step forward, as it strengthens the requirements for sustainability reporting, but remains silent on the crucial phase of preparing information prior to publication. This article attempts to sketch out, in the light of the obligation to obtain information in order to inform others, a framework for this preliminary work. While this approach raises more questions than it answers, it does at least shed light on the way in which the substance and scope of the required information influence the behaviour that can be expected from the undertakings subject to the CSRD.

تمثل البنوك التجارية الجزائرية المعبر الرئيسي للوساطة المالية والمصرفية في الاقتصاد الوطني، إذ تساهم بشكل كبير في أغلب المعاملات الاقتصادية داخل وخارج الوطن، وبالتالي فهي تساهم بعدة أدوار مهمة في التنمية الاقتصادية واستدامتها عبر الأجيال، قام ت الحكومة بإنشاء فروع ونواف ذ إسلامية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية على مستوى هذه البنوك وطرح منتجات مصرفية إسلامية قرر ساعد على جذب المتعاملين بالسوق الموازية لضخ أموالهم بالبنوك الوطنية واستخدامها بصيغ تطبق احكام الشريعة الإسلامية، تعمل الصيرفة الإسلامية على نبذ الربا وتعزيز التكافل الاجتماعي والعدالة. إن استخدام مثل هذه الخدمات يهدف إلى تحقيق المشاركة في الأرباح والخسائر بين البنوك والزبائن. وفي دراستنا تبين لنا مدى تبني البنوك التقليدية الجزائرية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية من خلال فتح نوافذ إسلامية تعمل وفق الشريعة الإسلامية لتحقيق رضا وإستقطاب الزبائن Algerian commercial banks represent the main catalyst for financial and banking intermediation in the national economy. They to contribute significantly the majority of economic transactions within and outside the country. Consequently, they play several crucial roles in economic development and its sustainability across generations. The government has established branches and windows for Islamic financial transactions in these banks and introduced Islamic banking products. This decision has helped attract participants in the parallel market to channel their funds into national banks and utilize them in accordance with Islamic law principles. Islamic banking aims to eliminate usury (riba) and promote social solidarity and justice. The use of such services aims to achieve profit and loss sharing between banks and customers. Our study has revealed the extent to which Algerian traditional banks have embraced Islamic financial transactions by opening Islamic windows that operate in accordance with Islamic law, aiming to achieve customer satisfaction and attract clients

لقد تطرّقنا في موضوع دراستنا على تحدّيات فرض الضّرائب على معاملات التّجارة الإلكترونية باعتبار موضوع التّجارة الإلكترونية من المواضيع الهامّة التي تلقى اهتماما كبيرا من قبل الكثير من الباحثين لما لها من انعكاسات على اقتصاديات دول العالم المتقدّمة والنّامية، حيث تعدّ إحدى النّظم الحديثة في إتمام وتنفيذ المعاملات التّجارية عبر شبكات الأنترنت. ولقد أسفرت دراستنا الميدانية في المركز الجواري للضّرائب دائرة السّوقر التي واجهت عدّة صعوبات لإخضاع المعاملات الإلكترونية بسب غياب قوانين والتّشريعات المتعلّقة بتنظيم الضّريبة الإلكترونية وغياب رقمنة القطاع وصعوبات تقنية تطبيق هذا النّوع من الضّرائب. هذا ما أوجب على الجزائر بذل مجهوداتها من أجل دعم وإرساء البنية التحتية للاتّصالات ومسايرة التّقدّم التّكنولوجي في العالم وتسليط الضّوء على القوانين والتّشريعات الجبائية الخاصّة بهذه التّجارة وسَنّها والعمل بها على أرض الواقع. In the subject of our study, we have addressed the challenges of imposing taxes on electronic commerce transactions, considering the issue of electronic commerce as one of the important topics that receive great attention by many researchers because of its implications for the economies of the developed and developing countries of the world, as it is one of the modern systems in the completion and implementation of commercial transactions. Via internet networks. Our field study resulted in the neighborhood tax center, in Sougueur Department, which faced several difficulties in subjecting electronic transactions due to the absence of laws and legislation related to the organization of electronic taxation, the absence of digitization of the sector, and the technical difficulties of applying this type of taxation. This is what required Algeria to exert its efforts to support and establish the telecommunications infrastructure, keep pace with the technological progress in the world, shed light on the laws and fiscal legislation related to this trade, enact them and implement them on the ground.

L’avènement du système comptable OHADA est une innovation de grande envergure dans l’organisation de la profession comptable dont l’importance pour les gestionnaires des plus petites entreprises de l’informel ne souffre d’aucune contestation. Aujourd’hui, mieux qu’hier, il s’avère impossible de s’en passer dans la mesure où ce nouveau système de gestion constitue une panacée aux maux qui rongent l’organisation comptable dans les entreprises, d’où l’adaptation au changement est plus que nécessaire.

The paper aims to review the relation between Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Performance. We reviewed these variables and develop a Theoretical and Analytics framework. First introduction (study background, Problem Statement, Research Objectives and research questions). Second literature review (A) financial performance such as ROA, ROE, EPS and Tobin’s Q, (B) Corporate Governance as Board of Directors, Board Composition, CEO Duality and Board Size (C) Risk Management. Third, we discussed Underpinning Theories such as, Agency Theory and Institutional Theory. Fourth, we developed a Theoretical Framework where we illustrated (A) Corporate Governance and Financial Performance, (B) Risk Management and Financial Performance (C) Compliance with Accounting Standards and Financial Performance. Finally, we developed a comprehensive reviewing based on above variables.

This study aims to understand the accounting effects of the Corona pandemic in more depth and clarity, where the study explores the accounting choices during the pandemic period and the impact of the firm's strategic orientation and its social responsibility performance on those choices. Using data from non-financial Saudi companies, the accounting choices divided into aggressive accounting strategy and conservative accounting strategy, and regression models used to examine the study hypotheses. The results of the study provide a clearer and in-depth vision about the nature of accounting practices during the pandemic and indicated that business strategy affects accounting choices, while corporate social responsibility does not affect. The results can imply useful information for the market regulators that help them in controlling and stabilizing the market, as well as for professional accounting organizations to help them issue guidelines for accounting work during crises.

Esta dissertação analisa a evolução do sistema contabilístico da Guiné-Bissau, nomeadamente o processo de convergência do Sistema de Contabilidade da Organização para Harmonização do Direito dos Negócios em África (SYSCOHADA) com as normas internacionais de relato financeiro (NIRF). Pretende-se perceber em que medida os laços políticos e culturais influenciaram este processo de convergência no país, e ainda as ligações entre as dimensões culturais, sociais, económicas e financeiras, assim como as respetivas influências na fiscalidade, no ensino e na formação profissional, na organização da profissão contabilística, com base na classificação dos sistemas contabilísticos de Nobes (1998). A Guiné-Bissau é um país membro da Organização para Harmonização dos Negócios em África (OHADA), entidade responsável por edificar e oficializar as normas contabilísticas, que são aprovados através de ato uniforme que envolve dezassete países africanos, o que explica que seja influenciado ou influencie outros países membros daquela organização. Esta investigação contribui para a literatura no domínio da contabilidade e relato financeiro no continente africano, em geral, área ainda pouco explorada e pouco conhecida da comunidade académica, e da Guiné-Bissau, em particular, país independente desde 1973, depois de um período de vários séculos de existência como antiga colónia portuguesa.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar tendências de investigações científicas, publicadas no período de 2008 a 2020, sobre a aplicação das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) nos países africanos. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura, foram analisados, em particular, os tópicos abordados, motivos e teorias aplicadas nos estudos. As fontes de recolha de dados foram as bases de dados da Emerald Insiht e Sience Direct. A amostra consiste em 31 artigos extraídos das revistas internacionais de contabilidade que publicaram sobre a adoção, compliance e consequências das IFRS no continente africano. Ainda que tenham ocorrido numerosas variações na aplicação dos normativos internacionais, principalmente relacionados à conformidade, a maioria dos países africanos tem adotado às normas IFRS. No entanto, mesmo que a maioria tenha prolongado a implementação das IFRS, os resultados apontam que a adoção das mesmas gera criação de vantagens competitivas e integração para os mercados globais. Concluiu-se que: (i) a regulamentação institucional limita a aplicação das IFRS na África; (ii) as práticas contábeis são influenciadas pelos ambientes externos e internos da organização institucional; (iii) elas devem ser baseadas em decisões racionais e nas crenças das instituições. Por fim, os achados apontam as influências culturais como justificativas da forma escalonada de como os países do mundo, não somente africanos, vem adotando às normas IFRS.

This thesis investigates the relationship between cross-country mandatory environmental, social and governance (ESG) regulations and firm-level outcomes, such as ESG performance, corporate finance, and investment, for both developing and developed countries. ESG performance is initially examined to determine whether mandatory ESG regulations affect it and to what extent. Second, the study investigates the impact of mandatory ESG on corporate finance and investment. Lastly, the study explores whether mandatory ESG regulations affect firm-level outcomes based on countries' governance and economic systems, and industries. The study uses a large sample of 69,010 firm-years across 73 countries, over the period 2005 – 2020 to address the foregoing issues. In addressing the impact of mandatory ESG regulations on ESG performance, the study employs a difference-in-differences (DiD) design. The DiD technique can isolate the effect of regulatory shocks to firm-level outcomes. According to the DiD analysis conducted, cross-country mandatory ESG improves firm-level ESG performance in developed countries, but not in developing countries. The study also concludes that mandatory ESG regulations have a positive impact only on ESG components in developed countries and have a more dominant impact on environmental (E) component. The findings are robust to a range of checks and test cases, including a triple DiD design set-up and propensity score-matched sample. The study employs an investment Euler equation framework and generalised method of moments (GMM) estimators to explore how mandatory ESG impacts corporate finance and investment. Euler frameworks account for the dynamic nature of investment, whereas GMMs account for endogenous dynamics in dynamic models. The study demonstrates that mandatory ESG increases corporate investment by increasing firms' access to external funds. The findings are robust to a battery of tests, including a triple DiD design set-up, propensity score-matched sample and the parallel trends assumption. Using an investment Euler equation framework and the GMM estimators, the study explores whether the impact of mandatory ESG on corporate finance and investment is dependent on a country's governance and economic system. When mandatory ESG is affected by country factors such as governance systems and economic well-being, the effect of mandatory ESG on investment via internal finance channel persists, according to the study. However, while consistent results are found in developed countries, inconsistent results are found in developing countries. According to the study, oil, gas, and mining firms are likely to respond effectively to mandatory ESG regulations because of increased scrutiny and pressure. Overall, the findings from the study imply that cross-country mandatory ESG has had a positive impact on corporate ESG performance, finance, and investment. For firms located in developed countries, these findings hold consistently, while for those located in developing countries, the opposite holds true. Also, the study reveals that firms in the oil, gas, and mining industries effectively respond to regulatory requirements. As a result, this study provides policy makers and accountants with an understanding of how mandatory ESG impacts firm ESG activities and performance, which is crucial for regulatory reforms.

The health of a country’s banking system is a key determinant to the development of the country. A fragile banking system portends danger not only to the financial system but the entire economy. This study investigates the state of the Nigerian banking system in terms of stability or fragility from 1981 to 2020. We used the banking system fragility index (BSFI) proposed by Kibritçioğlu (2003) to analyze Nigerian banking industry aggregate data from three risk areas: credit, market and liquidity. We estimated that out of the 40 years examined, the banking system was fragile for 23 years given their BSFI less than 0 while it was not fragile for 17 years with BSFI = 0 or greater. We found that most of the years when the Nigerian banking system was fragile were periods of relaxed monetary policies, deregulation and credit expansion. Secondly, the years of banking system stability were when the county’s banking system was subjected to stiff regulation and consolidation. Given the number of years that the system was fragile, we observed that sustained economic growth and development requires that the banking system remain strong as long as possible, and that the Nigerian situation could not promote this important objective. We recommend that the financial regulatory authorities put in place more stringent policies as banks are more fragile during the deregulation of the banking industry.

Si on eut un temps pu s'interroger sur la nécessité de régir les défaillances bancaires, l'intérêt de telles dispositions a été réaffirmé depuis les années 2000. Dans ce contexte, le législateur européen, désireux d'assurer la stabilité financière, a mis en place une véritable Union bancaire, dont le second pilier est composé d'un Mécanisme de résolution unique destiné à prévenir et à traiter les défaillances bancaires. Ont ainsi été conçus différentes procédures et instruments dits de résolution, pouvant être mis en œuvre par des autorités administratives spécialisées. Or, la notion de résolution bancaire est une notion qui semblait jusqu'alors inconnue. Pourtant, les dispositions qui la gouvernent ne semblent pas véritablement la définir, et lui octroient la nature de Mécanisme, qui parait inadaptée. En effet, en observant l'ensemble des éléments qui compose ce Mécanisme, il ne fait nul doute que le législateur ne s'est pas contenté de créer un dispositif de gestion des défaillances bancaires, mais est allé plus loin en élaborant un véritable droit sui generis. L'existence de ce droit doit être affirmée pour permettre à celui-ci d'être pleinement efficient. Il produit par ailleurs des effets considérables tant sur les sujets de droit qu'il gouverne, que sur les acteurs avec qui ceux-ci interagissent. Ces effets originaux participent à l'efficacité de la prévention et du traitement des défaillances bancaires. S'ils peuvent en ce sens être salués, certains risques doivent néanmoins être relevés, notamment à l'aune des droits fondamentaux. La jurisprudence naissante en la matière - mais déjà très instructive -, laisse présager un droit en évolution et aux enjeux multiples, qui fera sans nul doute l'objet d'un intérêt grandissant.

Le droit de visite et de saisie de documents de l'article L. 16 B du LPF constitue entre les mains de l'Administration fiscale une mesure d'enquête coercitive portant atteinte à l'inviolabilité du domicile. Validé par le Conseil constitutionnel, et par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, qui ont toujours considéré que les nécessités de la répression des infractions fiscales et de la fraude fiscale justifiaient l'attribution de telles prérogatives à l'Administration fiscale, le régime des visites fiscales se caractérise par les fortes garanties procédurales dont dépend la protection du domicile. Au premier rang de ces garanties se trouve le contrôle du juge judiciaire. L'ensemble des garanties en question a été particulièrement renforcé après l'arrêt Ravon de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, qui a subordonné le contentieux des visites fiscales au droit à un procès équitable. Leur aptitude à répondre aux exigences d'un équilibre subtil est la clé de la prépondérance des garanties procédurales en la matière. Celles-ci permettent, d'une part, de tempérer un déséquilibre structurel au stade d'autorisation et d'exécution des visites fiscales, qui se caractérisent par leur nature unilatérale et qui mettent sous pression le respect du domicile, tandis que, d'autre part, elles stimulent l'équilibre déjà présent après la visite fiscale, moment auquel la personne bénéficie du droit à un recours juridictionnel. A côté de ces garanties, les lacunes, tout aussi procédurales, du régime n'ont pas permis de davantage promouvoir cette difficile conciliation et de mieux protéger le domicile. A travers leurs effets négatifs, le renforcement des garanties procédurales réapparaît comme la condition indispensable d'amélioration de cette protection. Cette prépondérance des garanties procédurales se retrouve au sein du contrôle des visites fiscales par le juge judiciaire. Ce contrôle est réel et sérieux et peut ainsi être qualifié d'effectif. Pour autant, sa structure ne se calque pas pleinement sur les garanties de procès équitable. Ainsi, l'efficacité du contrôle du juge judiciaire est réduite. La prise en compte des garanties procédurales résurgit comme la condition indispensable de protection du domicile. Parallèlement avec le juge judiciaire civil, ad hoc compétent en matière de visites fiscales, le juge pénal renonce à contrôler cette mesure, bien que son contrôle soit une garantie indispensable et de nature à consolider les garanties procédurales et à mieux préserver le domicile. Son contrôle se caractérise également par une méconnaissance des garanties nécessaires pour assurer le caractère équitable du procès pénal.Le dénominateur commun de l'ensemble du régime des visites fiscales est la force des garanties procédurales, afin de protéger le domicile. Par ailleurs, ce régime a fonctionné comme un point de départ de leur extension, notamment en matière de perquisitions pénales. Un fond commun de garanties procédurales, assurant la protection du domicile, a priori et a posteriori, se forge progressivement et donne les garanties entourant les visites fiscales demeurent le noyau.

Globalisation has created a need for an international accounting language to facilitate the smooth flow of trade across countries. In 2003, in an effort to establish a global financial reporting language, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) developed a single set of high-quality accounting principles known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Over the last decade, several African countries have adopted IFRS, and Africa has become the second-largest adopting continent after Europe. IFRS promotes improved quality of disclosure of accounting transactions, reduces information asymmetry between preparers and users of financial information, lowers the cost of investing, and breaks down information barriers to cross-border investment. Researchers suggest many benefits of IFRS adoption for macroeconomic indicators such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The reduction in information acquisition and processing costs which translates into the reduction in investment costs, has been cited by most researchers. Researchers have argued, however, that the economic benefits of IFRS in Africa depend on the strength of the institutional environment. They also argue that the Western environment in which the IFRS was developed differs from the African environment. Thus, the universal approach of the IASB may not be appropriate due to the historical, social, economic and political context of African countries. The impact of the adoption of IFRS by African countries requires further examination, particularly as a weak institutional environment confronts many African countries. Three research questions are designed for this study; (1) Is there a significant change in FDI inflows for IFRS adopters in selected African countries after the adoption? (2) Is there a significant change in FDI inflows due to the institutional environment? (3) Does the institutional environment in IFRS-adopting countries moderate the effect of IFRS on FDI in selected African countries? The present study is underpinned by the new institutional theory, the information asymmetry theory, the eclectic theory and the signalling theory, each of which provide reasons why African countries have adopted IFRS. Nine hypotheses are developed, based on the research questions, and tested using the Systems General Method of Moments and the Difference-in-Difference method. The study uses data from 26 African countries, 15 adopting and 11 non-adopting countries, over the period 1996 - 2018. First, the study establishes that the adoption of IFRS positively and significantly affects FDI inflows into the selected sample of African countries. Second, the study concludes that legal enforcement, accounting and auditing standards enforcement, and language origin positively and significantly impact FDI inflows into these countries. Legal origin, however, has a positive but insignificant association with FDI inflows. Third, legal enforcement, historical ties, accounting and auditing enforcement and the quality of the institutional environment are found to moderate the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows. These results indicate that IFRS is a crucial determinant of FDI inflows into African countries, but a supportive institutional environment is needed for African countries to attract FDI inflows after adoption. The results contribute to the accounting and finance literature on FDI into African countries, and may assist the investment community to assess the institutional risk associated with investing in IFRS adopting African countries.

La banque est une entreprise dont les conditions de création et de fonctionnement sont fortement réglementées. Sa création est une démarche juridique à deux niveaux, dont la création d'une société commerciale d'abord, et ensuite la transformation de la société en banque. Le législateur de l'Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA) amène une innovation en matière des sociétés avec possibilité de la création d'une société unipersonnelle, celle-ci présente l'avantage de faciliter la création d'entreprises par les particuliers en réduisant le circuit informel qui caractérise le monde des affaires en Afrique. Pour préserver sa stabilité, seule la personne morale en général, et la société anonyme en particulier, est autorisée à se transformer en banque. Toutefois, les conditions liées à l'actionnariat peuvent limiter l'accès de la société à la profession bancaire; tel est le cas de la société unipersonnelle. Les normes prudentielles sont strictes en ce qui concerne la forme et les conditions de création d'une banque. La banque joue un rôle très important dans l'économie d'un pays, qu'elle ne peut être laissée à toute personne. Les normes prudentielles tiennent à la stabilité du secteur bancaire à travers l'actionnariat, celui-ci joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement de la banque. La société unipersonnelle n'offre pas des garanties nécessaires de stabilité pour se constituer en banque, étant donné qu'elle est soumise à la volonté d'un seul individu représentant l'assemblée générale de la société.

En droit financier UEMOA, le dispositif de protection des investisseurs se préoccupe beaucoup plus de la prévention des préjudices en ne s’intéressant à leur indemnisation que dans une moindre mesure. Prévoir la possibilité de recours aux modes alternatifs de règlement de conflit reste insuffisant pour régler la question de l’indemnisation des préjudices subis par les investisseurs sur le marché financier régional. En l’état actuel du droit UEMOA, il demeure toujours difficile d’assurer la réparation des préjudices boursiers en appliquant le droit commun de la responsabilité civile lorsque les investisseurs exercent leurs actions devant le juge civil. Pour une meilleure réparation des préjudices boursiers, il convient dans un premier temps de trouver des remèdes au mécanisme d’indemnisation existant et dans un second temps, de prévoir la possibilité de création d’un tribunal commun du marché financier régional.