Bibliographie sélective OHADA

تمثل البنوك التجارية الجزائرية المعبر الرئيسي للوساطة المالية والمصرفية في الاقتصاد الوطني، إذ تساهم بشكل كبير في أغلب المعاملات الاقتصادية داخل وخارج الوطن، وبالتالي فهي تساهم بعدة أدوار مهمة في التنمية الاقتصادية واستدامتها عبر الأجيال، قام ت الحكومة بإنشاء فروع ونواف ذ إسلامية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية على مستوى هذه البنوك وطرح منتجات مصرفية إسلامية قرر ساعد على جذب المتعاملين بالسوق الموازية لضخ أموالهم بالبنوك الوطنية واستخدامها بصيغ تطبق احكام الشريعة الإسلامية، تعمل الصيرفة الإسلامية على نبذ الربا وتعزيز التكافل الاجتماعي والعدالة. إن استخدام مثل هذه الخدمات يهدف إلى تحقيق المشاركة في الأرباح والخسائر بين البنوك والزبائن. وفي دراستنا تبين لنا مدى تبني البنوك التقليدية الجزائرية للمعاملات المالية الإسلامية من خلال فتح نوافذ إسلامية تعمل وفق الشريعة الإسلامية لتحقيق رضا وإستقطاب الزبائن Algerian commercial banks represent the main catalyst for financial and banking intermediation in the national economy. They to contribute significantly the majority of economic transactions within and outside the country. Consequently, they play several crucial roles in economic development and its sustainability across generations. The government has established branches and windows for Islamic financial transactions in these banks and introduced Islamic banking products. This decision has helped attract participants in the parallel market to channel their funds into national banks and utilize them in accordance with Islamic law principles. Islamic banking aims to eliminate usury (riba) and promote social solidarity and justice. The use of such services aims to achieve profit and loss sharing between banks and customers. Our study has revealed the extent to which Algerian traditional banks have embraced Islamic financial transactions by opening Islamic windows that operate in accordance with Islamic law, aiming to achieve customer satisfaction and attract clients

لقد تطرّقنا في موضوع دراستنا على تحدّيات فرض الضّرائب على معاملات التّجارة الإلكترونية باعتبار موضوع التّجارة الإلكترونية من المواضيع الهامّة التي تلقى اهتماما كبيرا من قبل الكثير من الباحثين لما لها من انعكاسات على اقتصاديات دول العالم المتقدّمة والنّامية، حيث تعدّ إحدى النّظم الحديثة في إتمام وتنفيذ المعاملات التّجارية عبر شبكات الأنترنت. ولقد أسفرت دراستنا الميدانية في المركز الجواري للضّرائب دائرة السّوقر التي واجهت عدّة صعوبات لإخضاع المعاملات الإلكترونية بسب غياب قوانين والتّشريعات المتعلّقة بتنظيم الضّريبة الإلكترونية وغياب رقمنة القطاع وصعوبات تقنية تطبيق هذا النّوع من الضّرائب. هذا ما أوجب على الجزائر بذل مجهوداتها من أجل دعم وإرساء البنية التحتية للاتّصالات ومسايرة التّقدّم التّكنولوجي في العالم وتسليط الضّوء على القوانين والتّشريعات الجبائية الخاصّة بهذه التّجارة وسَنّها والعمل بها على أرض الواقع. In the subject of our study, we have addressed the challenges of imposing taxes on electronic commerce transactions, considering the issue of electronic commerce as one of the important topics that receive great attention by many researchers because of its implications for the economies of the developed and developing countries of the world, as it is one of the modern systems in the completion and implementation of commercial transactions. Via internet networks. Our field study resulted in the neighborhood tax center, in Sougueur Department, which faced several difficulties in subjecting electronic transactions due to the absence of laws and legislation related to the organization of electronic taxation, the absence of digitization of the sector, and the technical difficulties of applying this type of taxation. This is what required Algeria to exert its efforts to support and establish the telecommunications infrastructure, keep pace with the technological progress in the world, shed light on the laws and fiscal legislation related to this trade, enact them and implement them on the ground.

L’avènement du système comptable OHADA est une innovation de grande envergure dans l’organisation de la profession comptable dont l’importance pour les gestionnaires des plus petites entreprises de l’informel ne souffre d’aucune contestation. Aujourd’hui, mieux qu’hier, il s’avère impossible de s’en passer dans la mesure où ce nouveau système de gestion constitue une panacée aux maux qui rongent l’organisation comptable dans les entreprises, d’où l’adaptation au changement est plus que nécessaire.

The paper aims to review the relation between Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Performance. We reviewed these variables and develop a Theoretical and Analytics framework. First introduction (study background, Problem Statement, Research Objectives and research questions). Second literature review (A) financial performance such as ROA, ROE, EPS and Tobin’s Q, (B) Corporate Governance as Board of Directors, Board Composition, CEO Duality and Board Size (C) Risk Management. Third, we discussed Underpinning Theories such as, Agency Theory and Institutional Theory. Fourth, we developed a Theoretical Framework where we illustrated (A) Corporate Governance and Financial Performance, (B) Risk Management and Financial Performance (C) Compliance with Accounting Standards and Financial Performance. Finally, we developed a comprehensive reviewing based on above variables.

This study aims to understand the accounting effects of the Corona pandemic in more depth and clarity, where the study explores the accounting choices during the pandemic period and the impact of the firm's strategic orientation and its social responsibility performance on those choices. Using data from non-financial Saudi companies, the accounting choices divided into aggressive accounting strategy and conservative accounting strategy, and regression models used to examine the study hypotheses. The results of the study provide a clearer and in-depth vision about the nature of accounting practices during the pandemic and indicated that business strategy affects accounting choices, while corporate social responsibility does not affect. The results can imply useful information for the market regulators that help them in controlling and stabilizing the market, as well as for professional accounting organizations to help them issue guidelines for accounting work during crises.

Esta dissertação analisa a evolução do sistema contabilístico da Guiné-Bissau, nomeadamente o processo de convergência do Sistema de Contabilidade da Organização para Harmonização do Direito dos Negócios em África (SYSCOHADA) com as normas internacionais de relato financeiro (NIRF). Pretende-se perceber em que medida os laços políticos e culturais influenciaram este processo de convergência no país, e ainda as ligações entre as dimensões culturais, sociais, económicas e financeiras, assim como as respetivas influências na fiscalidade, no ensino e na formação profissional, na organização da profissão contabilística, com base na classificação dos sistemas contabilísticos de Nobes (1998). A Guiné-Bissau é um país membro da Organização para Harmonização dos Negócios em África (OHADA), entidade responsável por edificar e oficializar as normas contabilísticas, que são aprovados através de ato uniforme que envolve dezassete países africanos, o que explica que seja influenciado ou influencie outros países membros daquela organização. Esta investigação contribui para a literatura no domínio da contabilidade e relato financeiro no continente africano, em geral, área ainda pouco explorada e pouco conhecida da comunidade académica, e da Guiné-Bissau, em particular, país independente desde 1973, depois de um período de vários séculos de existência como antiga colónia portuguesa.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar tendências de investigações científicas, publicadas no período de 2008 a 2020, sobre a aplicação das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) nos países africanos. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura, foram analisados, em particular, os tópicos abordados, motivos e teorias aplicadas nos estudos. As fontes de recolha de dados foram as bases de dados da Emerald Insiht e Sience Direct. A amostra consiste em 31 artigos extraídos das revistas internacionais de contabilidade que publicaram sobre a adoção, compliance e consequências das IFRS no continente africano. Ainda que tenham ocorrido numerosas variações na aplicação dos normativos internacionais, principalmente relacionados à conformidade, a maioria dos países africanos tem adotado às normas IFRS. No entanto, mesmo que a maioria tenha prolongado a implementação das IFRS, os resultados apontam que a adoção das mesmas gera criação de vantagens competitivas e integração para os mercados globais. Concluiu-se que: (i) a regulamentação institucional limita a aplicação das IFRS na África; (ii) as práticas contábeis são influenciadas pelos ambientes externos e internos da organização institucional; (iii) elas devem ser baseadas em decisões racionais e nas crenças das instituições. Por fim, os achados apontam as influências culturais como justificativas da forma escalonada de como os países do mundo, não somente africanos, vem adotando às normas IFRS.

The health of a country’s banking system is a key determinant to the development of the country. A fragile banking system portends danger not only to the financial system but the entire economy. This study investigates the state of the Nigerian banking system in terms of stability or fragility from 1981 to 2020. We used the banking system fragility index (BSFI) proposed by Kibritçioğlu (2003) to analyze Nigerian banking industry aggregate data from three risk areas: credit, market and liquidity. We estimated that out of the 40 years examined, the banking system was fragile for 23 years given their BSFI less than 0 while it was not fragile for 17 years with BSFI = 0 or greater. We found that most of the years when the Nigerian banking system was fragile were periods of relaxed monetary policies, deregulation and credit expansion. Secondly, the years of banking system stability were when the county’s banking system was subjected to stiff regulation and consolidation. Given the number of years that the system was fragile, we observed that sustained economic growth and development requires that the banking system remain strong as long as possible, and that the Nigerian situation could not promote this important objective. We recommend that the financial regulatory authorities put in place more stringent policies as banks are more fragile during the deregulation of the banking industry.

Globalisation has created a need for an international accounting language to facilitate the smooth flow of trade across countries. In 2003, in an effort to establish a global financial reporting language, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) developed a single set of high-quality accounting principles known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Over the last decade, several African countries have adopted IFRS, and Africa has become the second-largest adopting continent after Europe. IFRS promotes improved quality of disclosure of accounting transactions, reduces information asymmetry between preparers and users of financial information, lowers the cost of investing, and breaks down information barriers to cross-border investment. Researchers suggest many benefits of IFRS adoption for macroeconomic indicators such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The reduction in information acquisition and processing costs which translates into the reduction in investment costs, has been cited by most researchers. Researchers have argued, however, that the economic benefits of IFRS in Africa depend on the strength of the institutional environment. They also argue that the Western environment in which the IFRS was developed differs from the African environment. Thus, the universal approach of the IASB may not be appropriate due to the historical, social, economic and political context of African countries. The impact of the adoption of IFRS by African countries requires further examination, particularly as a weak institutional environment confronts many African countries. Three research questions are designed for this study; (1) Is there a significant change in FDI inflows for IFRS adopters in selected African countries after the adoption? (2) Is there a significant change in FDI inflows due to the institutional environment? (3) Does the institutional environment in IFRS-adopting countries moderate the effect of IFRS on FDI in selected African countries? The present study is underpinned by the new institutional theory, the information asymmetry theory, the eclectic theory and the signalling theory, each of which provide reasons why African countries have adopted IFRS. Nine hypotheses are developed, based on the research questions, and tested using the Systems General Method of Moments and the Difference-in-Difference method. The study uses data from 26 African countries, 15 adopting and 11 non-adopting countries, over the period 1996 - 2018. First, the study establishes that the adoption of IFRS positively and significantly affects FDI inflows into the selected sample of African countries. Second, the study concludes that legal enforcement, accounting and auditing standards enforcement, and language origin positively and significantly impact FDI inflows into these countries. Legal origin, however, has a positive but insignificant association with FDI inflows. Third, legal enforcement, historical ties, accounting and auditing enforcement and the quality of the institutional environment are found to moderate the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows. These results indicate that IFRS is a crucial determinant of FDI inflows into African countries, but a supportive institutional environment is needed for African countries to attract FDI inflows after adoption. The results contribute to the accounting and finance literature on FDI into African countries, and may assist the investment community to assess the institutional risk associated with investing in IFRS adopting African countries.

La banque est une entreprise dont les conditions de création et de fonctionnement sont fortement réglementées. Sa création est une démarche juridique à deux niveaux, dont la création d'une société commerciale d'abord, et ensuite la transformation de la société en banque. Le législateur de l'Organisation pour l'harmonisation en Afrique du droit des affaires (OHADA) amène une innovation en matière des sociétés avec possibilité de la création d'une société unipersonnelle, celle-ci présente l'avantage de faciliter la création d'entreprises par les particuliers en réduisant le circuit informel qui caractérise le monde des affaires en Afrique. Pour préserver sa stabilité, seule la personne morale en général, et la société anonyme en particulier, est autorisée à se transformer en banque. Toutefois, les conditions liées à l'actionnariat peuvent limiter l'accès de la société à la profession bancaire; tel est le cas de la société unipersonnelle. Les normes prudentielles sont strictes en ce qui concerne la forme et les conditions de création d'une banque. La banque joue un rôle très important dans l'économie d'un pays, qu'elle ne peut être laissée à toute personne. Les normes prudentielles tiennent à la stabilité du secteur bancaire à travers l'actionnariat, celui-ci joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement de la banque. La société unipersonnelle n'offre pas des garanties nécessaires de stabilité pour se constituer en banque, étant donné qu'elle est soumise à la volonté d'un seul individu représentant l'assemblée générale de la société.

En droit financier UEMOA, le dispositif de protection des investisseurs se préoccupe beaucoup plus de la prévention des préjudices en ne s’intéressant à leur indemnisation que dans une moindre mesure. Prévoir la possibilité de recours aux modes alternatifs de règlement de conflit reste insuffisant pour régler la question de l’indemnisation des préjudices subis par les investisseurs sur le marché financier régional. En l’état actuel du droit UEMOA, il demeure toujours difficile d’assurer la réparation des préjudices boursiers en appliquant le droit commun de la responsabilité civile lorsque les investisseurs exercent leurs actions devant le juge civil. Pour une meilleure réparation des préjudices boursiers, il convient dans un premier temps de trouver des remèdes au mécanisme d’indemnisation existant et dans un second temps, de prévoir la possibilité de création d’un tribunal commun du marché financier régional.

Dans un marché bancaire oligopolistique, marqué par un nombre limité d'institutions bancaires et financières offrant des services bancaires de plus en plus innovants et attractifs à une quantité innombrable de consommateurs, le système bancaire ouvert a engendré la multiplicité de ces services, grâce aux entreprises de technologie financière qui se présentent comme des concurrentes de taille face aux banques traditionnelles. Désormais, le consommateur peut procéder à des transactions électroniques, dont celles relatives au paiement ou au transfert électronique de fonds, sans devoir passer au comptoir de sa banque traditionnelle. Depuis la mise en place du Règlement général sur la protection des données et de la Directive révisée sur les services de paiement au niveau de l'Union européenne, les entreprises commerciales peuvent avoir accès aux renseignements personnels, dont les données financières des clients de banques, notamment pour initier un paiement, par le truchement des interfaces de programmation d'applications. Toutefois, le traitement des renseignements personnels des consommateurs par les entreprises commerciales augmente le risque de vol d'identité, étant donné la présence d'une quantité impressionnante de données sur le Web, sans un contrôle adéquat pour en assurer la confidentialité. Les conséquences d'une fuite de ces données sont pourtant non négligeables, aussi bien à l'égard de la banque, de la personne concernée que de l'État qui doit en assurer une protection optimale. Devant ce phénomène où le consommateur est vulnérable, l'État intervient pour le protéger et contrebalancer le déséquilibre dans sa relation contractuelle avec les prestataires de services financiers.

La préoccupation du recouvrement forcé de l’impôt au Cameroun ne date pas d’aujourd’hui. Elle a toujours retenu l’attention de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence au-delà des règles posées par le législateur fiscal. C’est la raison pour laquelle dans le cadre de notre démarche, une question essentielle nous est apparue fondamentale : compte-tenu des prérogatives de l’administration des impôts, peut-on affirmer que les procédures de recouvrement forcé telles qu’édictées dans les textes fiscaux et effectuées dans les faits, garantissent-elles l’épanouissement du contribuable ? la réponse à ce questionnement nous permettra d’évoquer une pratique du recouvrement forcé de l’impôt renforcée par les entorses avant d’analyser par la suite, une pratique du recouvrement forcé de l’impôt à améliorer par l’administration fiscale et le contribuable.

La préoccupation de l’ineffectivité de la sanction pénale des infractions fiscales au Cameroun ne date pas d’aujourd’hui. Elle a toujours retenu l’attention de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence au-delà des règles posées par le législateur fiscal. C’est la raison pour laquelle dans le cadre de notre démarche, une question essentielle nous est parue fondamentale : Au regard des atteintes liées à la mise en application de la sanction pénale des infractions fiscales et des incidences qui en découlent, peut-on encore dire que, celle-ci est effective ? la réponse à ce questionnement nous permettra d’une part, d’évoquer les raisons de cette ineffectivité, avant d’analyser d’autre part, les conséquences fiscales et les tentatives de solutions pour rendre cette sanction effective au Cameroun.

La recherche s'est concentrée sur la lutte contre la criminalité financière, en interrogeant ce qu'est la criminalité financière et la pertinence de sa lutte. Dans ce contexte, l'examen critique des politiques anti-crimes financiers au Royaume part de l'hypothèse qu'initialement, les efforts internationaux pour lutter contre les crimes financiers se sont concentrés principalement sur certaines formes spécifiques. Il s'agit notamment du blanchiment d'argent et du financement du terrorisme, même si tout crime financier est presque certainement à un impact négatif sur les économies concernées. Pour se faire, notre recherche a adopté une approche comparative de la lutte juridique contre les crimes financiers dans l'Arabie Saoudite et la France, avec un accent particulier sur le rôle des intermédiaires financiers dans certaines formes spécifiques de crimes.Pour mener à bien l'analyse tout au long de cette recherche, nous avons présenté la situation de lutte contre le crime économique et de la législation qui les accompagne dans chaque pays dans une perspective à la fois historique et juridique, en fournissant si nécessaire une critique de leur efficacité. Afin d'explorer comment les stratégies de criminalité économique de l'Arabie Saoudite pourraient être améliorées, notre recherche a adopté une approche comparative analysant les réponses politiques et législatives à la criminalité économique en France sur quatre chapitres distincts.les chapitres traitent du cadre théorique pour les marchés financiers, où nous aborderons dans la première partie la définition et les rôles des marchés financiers, leurs origines et ses différentes phases de développement, aussi bien en France qu'en Arabie Saoudite. Elle portera également sur une catégorie particulière d'acteurs sur ces marches : les intermédiaires financiers.La seconde partie de ce chapitre nous allons examiner la question suivante: quels sont les crimes et délits des intermédiaires? La finance et ses sanctions dans le système saoudien? Quelles sont les points de convergences et de divergences dans la qualification des crimes et leurs sanctions entre le législateur saoudien et français pour limiter les crimes et délits sur le marché financier ?

Following the mandatory adoption of the revised OHADA Accounting Standards that have moved closer to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), this study examines whether the level of Earnings Management of Companies making public offers or listed firms, in the West African Stock Exchange Market Abidjan-Ivory Coast (BRVM) has reduced. The study avails of Financial Statement figures during pre-adoption (2014–2017) and post-adoption (2018–2021) periods, for 26 selected listed firms in the BRVM. Findings suggest that firms in the post-adoption period of the revised OHADA Accounting Standards (2018–2021) are less likely to smooth earnings compared to the pre-adoption period (2014–2017). This indicates that adopting accounting standards of higher quality can bring an improvement in Financial Reporting Quality, everything being equal.

This study examines factors influencing the international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS) implementation and presenting of accounting information related to the Jordanian public sector, also the information of reports is based on “Accounting principles and practices (No.39/1962) among government accountants. This study identified several important factors influencing the IPSAS implementation which are; lack of self-efficiency and assets evaluation. In addition, a quantitative approach was employed by distributed the questionnaires to 100 respondents enrolled at Jordanian General Budget Department using simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS to verify the relationships between the variables. The results found significant positive relationships between lack of self-efficiency and assets evaluation and IPSAS implementation resistance among government accountant in the public sector of Jordan. To sum up, this study contributes in expanding the literature concerning IPSAS implementation in Jordanian context, it’s also provides meaningful guideline to the government of Jordan for IPSAS implementation resistance. Finally, providing insights on the critical success factors to ensure successful implementation process.

O tema que envolve as diferenças entre o lucro contábil para fins societários e para fins tributários é sempre polêmico, ainda que o lucro, para fins societários, no Brasil, seja utilizado como ponto de partida para a determinação da base de cálculo do imposto sobre a renda das pessoas jurídicas. Nesta tese, entretanto, estas diferenças serão abordadas sob ângulos diferentes e com base em situações contemporâneas e pragmáticas que expõem, com maior profundidade e clareza, as razões e fundamentos delas, de modo que, a despeito da reconhecida contribuição da interdisciplinaridade envolvendo o direito societário e a contabilidade e, por outro lado, o direito societário e o direito tributário, tendo como objeto de conhecimento o referido lucro contábil, será possível, especialmente por conta das novas dificuldades trazidas pela introdução do novo padrão contábil no Brasil, provar a conveniência e a necessidade da desvinculação do lucro contábil e suas respectivas regras de apuração, nos termos da legislação societária, para efeito de consideração como ponto de partida, de acordo com as regras atuais, para apuração da base de cálculo do imposto sobre a renda das pessoas jurídicas. Nesse sentido, inicialmente, o caminho a ser trilhado no presente trabalho de pesquisa e desenvolvimento da tese de doutorado é determinado pela consideração do direito como objeto cultural, criado pelo homem e, como tal, para ser conhecido e apreendido, necessário se faz a sua expressão em linguagem. Por outro lado, importante abordagem do tema levará em consideração que há independência da linguagem em relação à realidade, bem como que a mesma linguagem constitui a realidade conceptual que, por sua vez, é a única passível de ser objeto de conhecimento. Portanto, é possível afirmar que uma das contribuições originais da tese corresponde a essa abordagem do lucro como uma realidade conceptual, constituída pela linguagem contábil, na medida em que será capaz de fornecer maiores subsídios e elementos para melhor se mensurar as dificuldades do compartilhamento desse objeto de conhecimento pelo direito societário e tributário, promovido pela interdisciplinaridade desses ramos do direito, especialmente quando a realidade conceptual que atende aos interesses específicos do direito societário se distanciou enormemente da realidade conceptual que se quer regular por meio do direito tributário, tendo em vista a aplicação de novas normas sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas da linguagem contábil. Para efeito de se demonstrar o distanciamento das realidades conceptuais correspondentes aos objetos de conhecimento do direito societário e tributário, a utilização das demonstrações financeiras das Concessionárias de Serviços Públicos de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica como parâmetro traz, também, originalidade à tese, correspondendo à prova efetiva de como a utilização do lucro contábil societário, também para fins tributários, pode gerar mais dificuldades para ambas as áreas do direito do que contribuições positivas.