Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Günümüzde ticaretin globalleşmesi ile birlikte tahkim, uluslararası uyuşmazlıkların çözümünde devlet mahkemelerine nazaran kişiler, şirketler ve devletler tarafından daha çok tercih edilir hale gelmiştir. Bu tercihin en önemli sebeplerinden biri tahkim yargılaması sonucunda verilen hakem kararlarının tıpkı mahkeme kararlarında olduğu gibi kesin ve bağlayıcı olmasıdır. Ancak aleyhine karar verilen taraf, ilgili hakem kararının adalete uygun olmadığını düşünebilir. Bu bağlamda hakem kararlarının devlet mahkemeleri tarafından denetlenebilmesi için neredeyse tüm milli hukuk sistemlerinde hakem kararlarına karşı denetim yolu olarak "iptal davası" öngörülmüştür. İptal talebinde bulunan taraf belirli sebeplerin olması halinde tahkim yeri mahkemesinde iptal davası açabilecektir. Hakem kararına karşı iptal talebinde bulunan tarafın amacı, kararın bir kısmını ya da tamamını geçersiz hale getirmek ve icrasını engellemektir. UNCITRAL Model Kanun ve ulusal hukuk sistemlerinde iptal sebepleri sınırlı şekilde sayılmıştır. Ancak bazen bu iptal sebeplerinin faklı şekillerde yorumlandığı görülmüştür. İptal sebeplerinin geniş yorumlanması hakem kararlarının iptal olasılığını orantısız şekilde arttıracaktır. Bu durum alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolu olan tahkimin güvenirliğine zarar verdiği gibi uzun, meşakkatli ve masraflı tahkim yargılama sürecini de boşa çıkaracaktır. Ancak, iptal sebeplerin adaletsizliğe yol açacak şekilde çok dar yorumlanması da keyfiliğe, tutarsızlığa ve tarafların istemediği sonuçlara yol açacaktır. Bu çerçevede Türk kanunları dahil çeşitli ülkelerdeki kanunları ve mahkeme uygulamalarını dikkate alarak kanımızca iptal sebepleri bakımından doğru yaklaşımları ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Çalışmamız üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde milletlerarası tahkime ilişkin genel bilgiler, yabancı hakem kararlarının tabiiyetinin belirlenmesi ve iptal davasına konu olabilecek yabancı hakem kararlarının türleri yer almaktadır. Bunun devamında, ikinci bölümde, çeşitli ülkelerin tahkime ilişkin kanunları, tahkime ilişkin milletlerarası literatürde kabul gören hukuki metinleri de dikkate alınarak iptal sebepleri ortaya konulacaktır. Aynı zamanda, konu ile ilgili doktrindeki görüşlere yer verilerek çeşitli ülkelerde verilen mahkeme kararları çerçevesinde iptal sebeplerine ilişkin yaklaşımlara ver verilecektir. Çalışmamızın üçüncü ve son bölümünde ise iptal davasının tarafları, iptal davasında görevli ve yetkili mahkeme ve iptal davasından feragat konuları Türk hukuku ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk bakımından incelenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Along with the globalization of trade, arbitration has become more preferred by individuals, companies and states than state courts in resolving international disputes. One of the most important reasons for this preference is that the arbitral awards given after the arbitration proceedings are final and binding, just as the court decisions. However, the party rendered against the award may consider it unjust. In this context, in order for the arbitral awards to be audited by the state courts, "annulment case" is designed as a legal remedy in almost all national legal systems. The party requesting annulment may file an action for annulment in the court of the place of arbitration if there are certain reasons. The purpose of the party requesting annulment against the arbitral award is to invalidate some or all of the decision and to prevent its execution. Although the reasons for annulment are limited and similar in many legal systems, the interpretation of these reasons is of great importance. A broad interpretation of the grounds for annulment will disproportionately increase the possibility of annulment of arbitral awards. This situation will not only harm the reliability of arbitration, which is an alternative dispute resolution method, but will also nullify the long, laboursome and costly arbitration proceedings. On the other hand, much narrower interpretation of the grounds for annulment in a way that leads to injustice may lead to arbitrariness and inconsistency, as well as result in undesirable results by the parties. Considering these, we will try to put forward approaches that can be consistent in terms of the grounds for annulment, taking into account the laws and court practices in various countries, including Turkish laws. This study consists of three parts. In the first part, general information about international arbitration, determination of the nationality of foreign arbitral awards and types of foreign arbitral awards that may be subject to annulment proceedings are included. Following this, in the second part, the reasons for annulment will be presented considering the arbitration laws of various countries and the internationally accepted legal texts on arbitration. At the same time, we try to put forward the approaches regarding the reasons for annulment within the framework of the court decisions given in various countries by giving place to the opinions in the doctrine on the subject. In the third and final part of our study, the parties of the annulment case, the competent court in charge of the annulment case and the waiver of the annulment case are to be examined in terms of Turkish law and comparative law.

Arabuluculuk tarafların tarafsız bir üçüncü bir kişinin yardımı ile ihtilaflarını çözmeye yardımcı olması olarak tanımlanabilir. Türkiye'de özel hukuktan doğan ve tarafların üzerinde serbestçe tasarruf edebilecekleri uyuşmazlıkların arabuluculuk ile çözümüne ilişkin 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu'nun 2013 yılında kabulü ile arabuluculuk uygulamasına geçilmiştir. 7036 sayılı İş Mahkemeleri Kanunu ile 2018 yılı itibariyle dava şartı arabuluculuk kavramı Türk hukuk literatürüne girmiştir. 7036 sayılı İş Mahkemeleri Kanunu md.3 uyarınca kanuna, bireysel iş sözleşmesine, toplu iş sözleşmesine dayanan alacak, tazminat veya işe iade talebi ile açılan davalarda arabuluculuğa başvurulması dava şartıdır. İtalya, Almanya ve ABD'nin bazı eyaletlerinde iş hukukunda dava şartı arabuluculuk uygulaması yoktur. İngiltere'de iş mahkemelerine başvurmak için önce ACAS isimli kuruma başvurmak gerekir. ABD 'de ise iş ilişkilerindeki ayrımcılık iddiaları öncelikle EEOC'de görülmektedir. Bireysel İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlıklı doktora tezi çalışmamız dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemleri kavramı ve belli başlı alternatif uyuşmazlık yöntemleri irdelenerek incelenmiş, ikinci bölümde arabuluculuk kurumu, amacı, prensipleri, türleri, arabulucunun hak ve yükümlülükleri, arabulucu ve arabuluculuk sözleşmelerinin hukuki mahiyeti ve arabuluculuk etiği gibi konular çalışılmıştır. Mukayeseli İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlıklı üçüncü bölümde, arabuluculuğun anavatanı olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Birleşik Krallık gibi Anglo Sakson sistemindeki devletlerde, İtalya, Almanya, Fransa gibi Roma Cermen sistemindeki devletlerde ve Avrupa Birliği müktesabatında arabuluculuğun nasıl düzenlendiği ve son olarak dördüncü bölüm olan Türk İş Hukukunda Arabuluculuk başlığı altında, dava şartı arabuluculuk kavramına ilişkin konular yargı kararları da işlenerek ayrıntılı olarak irdelenmiştir. Mediation can be defined as helping parties resolve their disputes with the help of a third party. With the adoption of the Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes in 2013, mediation has been implemented regarding the resolution of disputes arising from private law and on which the parties can freely dispose of. As of 2018, with the adoption of the Labor Courts Law numbered 7036 the concept of mediation as a cause of action in employment disputes litigation introduced in our legal literature. Pursuant to Article 3 of Labor Courts Law numbered 7036, lawsuits filed with the demand for receivables, compensation or reemployment based on the law, individual employment contract, collective bargaining agreement are subject to mediation as a cause of action. In Italy and Germany mediation in employment disputes does not exist. In England, in order to apply to the labor courts, firstly it must be applied to ACAS. In the United States of America, for discriminatory allegations in the employment relation firstly EEOC must be addressed. The doctoral thesis titled Mediation in Individual Employment Law consists of four parts. In the first part of the study, the concept of the alternative dispute resolution methods is investigated by examining the main alternative dispute methods, in the second part, the mediation institution, its purpose, principles, types, rights and responsibilities of the mediator, the legal nature of the mediator and mediation agreemets and mediation ethics are studied. In the third part titled Mediation in Comparative Employment Law, the Anglo-Saxon countries such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, which are the homeland of mediation, in the Roman Germanic system states such as Italy, Germany France and in European Union legal system are explained and lastly under the title of Mediation in Turkish Employment Law, which is the fourth part, the issues related to the concept of mediation as a cause of action are also discussed in detail adding judicial decisions.

It is nowadays generally accepted that international commercial arbitration is the most popular method of resolving international disputes between commercial parties. This popularity is the cumulative result of many advantages that international commercial arbitration offers to the parties. It is suggested in the literature that one of these advantages is the freedom of parties and the resulting procedural flexibility. In virtue of this principle, the parties have the opportunity to establish a specific method of adjudication adapted to the nature of their dispute. This opportunity is provided by the fact that the arbitration regulations do not include detailed rules on the collection of evidence, thus leaving the parties and the arbitrators' range of motion. Therefore, we consider that this procedural flexibility has emerged as a possibility obtained at the expense of certainty in international commercial arbitration proceedings. This uncertainty is to such an extent that it also warrants the question as to whether there is an applicable law to take evidence in international commercial arbitration proceedings. Such procedural flexibility afforded to the parties, however, comes at a price of uncertainty with respect to arbitral procedure. International commercial arbitration developed as a reaction to the failings of proceedings in domestic courts, which were subject to detailed rules of evidence. Thus, the consensus in the arbitration community is that party freedom and the procedural flexibility that comes with it are fundamental attributes of arbitration. Although this presumption is theoretically correct; in other words, the parties are indeed able to craft such a procedure that would perfectly fit for adjudication of their disputes, mostly it does not reflect the practical reality. In practice, when parties are negotiating the terms of an agreement to govern their business relationship, they generally tend to avoid discussions as to what will happen if things go wrong. As a matter of fact, according to our practice experiences, when one of the parties' legal counsel tries to address such hypothetical scenarios, the parties generally prefer to suppress such "negative thoughts" and refuse to make in-depth discussions as to how a possible dispute is to be handled. Hereby, this leaves open the question of the procedure to be followed in arbitration proceedings in case of potential disputes. As a result, the provisions on how to resolve disputes that may arise between the parties, in other words, the "dispute resolution" provisions, are left to the very end of the negotiations and passed over in a few sentences. When the relationship between the parties becomes truly strained and a dispute comes to an unavoidable stage, it becomes even less likely that the parties will agree on how to gather evidence on the dispute in question. In a such situation, any suggestions made by one party regarding the procedure for the taking of evidence will be viewed with suspicion by the other party. In an environment of suspicion and animosity, it is often unrealistic to expect productive negotiations to take place on procedural matters. As a result, although the parties have a wide range of motions to make agreements regarding the method of collecting evidence in arbitration proceedings, they are often unable to exercise this authority in practice. As the parties are not exercising their rule-making powers, this important task, which is decisive for the resolution of the dispute, shifts to the arbitrators. Therefore, in our opinion, it would not be a wrong assessment to say that the freedom of the parties has turned into the freedom of the arbitrator in practice. Once appointed, arbitrators have to decide on many issues with respect to the taking of evidence as rules applicable to arbitration are generally silent as to these matters. Although arbitrators have the opportunity to be guided by some non-binding rules, such as the IBA Rules and the Prague Rules, which are considered to be effective and instructive in the arbitration community, they are ultimately left to make their assessments and reach an award based on their judgment. The above-mentioned non-binding rules can undoubtedly assist arbitral tribunals to a certain extent with regard to the taking of evidence. However, it is not possible to say that these rules are enforceable guidelines that can be blindly followed by arbitral tribunals. A closer look at these rules reveals that they leave many issues to the discretion of the arbitral tribunals. Of course, any decision regarding the taking of evidence in international commercial arbitration is already within the discretion of the arbitral tribunals, even in the absence of these rules. Therefore, these provisions, which have been drafted to allow the arbitral tribunals to decide as they see fit, are no more than general guidance on how to exercise their discretion. For these reasons, even if the parties have agreed on the application of these non-binding rules, the fact remains that the collection and evaluation of evidence are still left to the discretion of the arbitral tribunals. This study takes an inductive approach by analyzing the normative and non-binding rules of law applicable to evidence in international commercial arbitration. Firstly, this study examines whether there is a body of rules that can be characterized as the law of evidence in international commercial arbitration. It is determined that there is a law of evidence in international commercial arbitration; however, its content is rather composed of general principles. After determining that these rules have normative value, it is examined how and to what extent these general principles are concretized in terms of the types of evidence used in international commercial arbitration. Although the degree of concretization of these principles varies according to the types of evidence, as a general characteristic, it is determined that arbitral tribunals are left with a very wide discretionary power. It is concluded that arbitral tribunals have a wide latitude of action with respect to the submission of documents, the presentation of witness testimony, the use of expert testimony, the use of discovery and the extent of the res judicata effect of a prior award. Subsequently, the rules on the admissibility and evaluation of evidence are analyzed and it is concluded that the arbitral tribunals have wide discretion in international commercial arbitration, as in other matters relating to evidence and even the discretion regarding the evaluation of evidence is relatively wider. Since it is difficult to review the discretionary power exercised in these matters, it is observed that the arbitral tribunals' decisions on evidentiary issues fall outside the scope of judicial review. This leads to a further blurring of the already grey evidentiary issues in international commercial arbitration proceedings. This is because it is not possible to determine the extent to which the arbitral tribunal has relied on evidence that ostensibly played a role during the proceedings. In the last instance, although the arbitrators' discretionary powers are limited by general principles such as due process and opportunity to be heard, the limits of such discretionary powers are, generally speaking, somewhat blurred as these are general principles. Another issue is that arbitral tribunals are often subject to pressure from the parties when making their decisions on the taking of evidence during the arbitral proceedings. The parties are more interested in being the winner of the concrete proceedings than in the proper conduct of the proceedings in accordance with the law, procedure and rules. In this sense, a party whose request for evidence is likely to be rejected will often argue that the arbitral tribunal's decision violates the principle of a fair trial, even if this is not the case. It is in these circumstances that arbitral tribunals must strike a balance between a fair trial and an efficient trial and make appropriate decisions on evidentiary issues. If arbitral tribunals emphasize procedural efficiency and defer to the parties' presentation of their claims and defences, this may not in itself constitute an obstacle to legally correct decisions. However, this would violate the fundamental procedural safeguards of the participants in the proceedings and may even lead to arbitration proceedings becoming a mechanism for arbitrary and haphazard decision-making. If the opposite approach is taken, in other words, if the priority is to uncover the material truth at all costs and the procedural economy is put on the back burner, this will result in costly and protracted proceedings that will far exceed the limits of reasonableness. Given the limited scope of the guidelines available to arbitrators on the collection and evaluation of evidence, striking this balance is not an easy task. Therefore, it is quite understandable that arbitral tribunals, when deciding on evidentiary issues, may prefer the safer route and give precedence to claims of breach of the principle of a fair trial, even at the expense of the efficiency of the proceedings. Additionally, the confidential nature of the international commercial arbitral proceedings also amplifies the problem. As a result of this principle, the available knowledge as to the practice of arbitration becomes limited to anecdotal stories as to what has happened in certain individual international commercial arbitration proceedings. The arbitrators do not have sufficient opportunity to know about how their colleagues have dealt with certain issues that may have similarities with the issues that they have been trying to solve. In conclusion, in light of the foregoing, since the arbitral tribunals are the rule-makers of arbitration proceedings, the extent to which arbitration proceedings will function correctly and efficiently depends on the experience of the arbitral tribunals and their knowledge of the law, procedure and rules. Basing a correct and efficient arbitration procedure solely on the initiative of experienced arbitrators reduces the 'certainty' of the arbitral procedure. In the face of this situation, it may be tempting to argue that it is inappropriate for arbitrators to have so much freedom and that the rules applicable to arbitral proceedings should be revised to be more detailed. Indeed, there are those who argue that such a change should take place. In the final analysis, a good system should be able to function well regardless of how qualified (or unqualified) its participants are. It is obvious that an argument that sees detailed procedural rules as a remedy for this would contradict the historical development of arbitration and therefore would not be accepted by the international arbitration community. Likewise, from the other side of the coin, it could be argued that detailed procedural rules that are not appropriate to the nature of the individual dispute would prevent qualified and experienced arbitral tribunals from formulating rules that are appropriate to the resolution of the dispute in question, and that the hands of arbitral tribunals may be tied in this way. Although it may be argued that these counter-arguments are equally justified, they do not negate the fact that certainty should be ensured in international commercial arbitration proceedings. Therefore, this suggests that it may be appropriate to resort to alternative methods to ensure certainty. Indeed, it would be a mistake to assume that the only way to achieve certainty is through a detailed set of rules, as we, as legal practitioners in the Continental European legal system, are accustomed to. In the countries subject to the Common Law system, many branches of law do not have such a detailed set of rules and therefore it is not possible to claim that these legal systems lack certainty. Especially in the common law, certainty is provided by case law. If the same logic were to be applied to international commercial arbitration proceedings, it would mean that making information on arbitration proceedings more accessible could help to achieve the goal of certainty. In recent years, there have been some initiatives recognizing the benefits of this approach. While arbitral tribunals are under no obligation to follow the decisions of other arbitral tribunals, having the opportunity to see that there is a consistent pattern of decisions on a particular issue would undoubtedly provide valuable guidance for arbitral tribunals. As the pool of information available to arbitral tribunals and the parties expands, it is obvious that the grey areas regarding evidence in international commercial arbitration will diminish over time. In this way, it will be possible to achieve greater certainty without undermining the fundamental values of the arbitral procedure. Reducing the uncertainty caused by procedural flexibility on procedural certainty in this way will contribute significantly to the development of international commercial arbitration.

Qu’il soit institutionnel ou adhoc, L’arbitrage est vu comme un mode de règlement des litiges qui a vocation à se dérouler, de la requête initiale à la sentence finale, sans l’intervention du juge étatique. Il arrive, cependant que, ce juge soit amené à intervenir dans le processus arbitral, pour une raison ou pour une autre. On a pu ainsi dire qu’il n’y a pas de bon arbitrage sans un bon juge. Bien que l’intervention du juge étatique doivent rester exceptionnelle en matière d’arbitrage, il importe que ledit juge soit identifié, d’autant qu’il n’est pas le mena selon la phase à laquelle il intervient et peut varier d’une organisation judiciaire à une autre.

Aujourd'hui plus qu'hier, la médiation suscite l’intérêt tant des chercheurs, des praticiens, que des politiques. Cet intérêt se matérialise notamment par les différents cadres juridiques dont elle bénéficie dans plusieurs législations. Afin de promouvoir la médiation au sein de ses États membres, L’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a adopté le 23 novembre 2017 un Acte Uniforme relatif à la Médiation (AUM). Après avoir adopté depuis plus de deux décennies un Acte uniforme sur l’arbitrage, l’organisation régionale confirme sa volonté de promouvoir les modes alternatifs de règlement de conflits dans le domaine du droit des affaires. Cependant, l’AUM est un instrument juridique particulier attendu qu'il est le premier de son genre à s’appliquer également aux domaines non encore régis par le droit OHADA. Toutefois, si la médiation tend à se développer de plus en plus, il convient de prendre garde à ce que cette évolution, notamment en ce qui concerne son encadrement légal, ne conduise pas à sa dénaturation. Voilà l’un des défis auquel est également soumis le législateur OHADA.

L'image de l’alternative et de la souplesse de la médiation semble aux premiers abords exclure les principes directeurs du procès équitable de ce mode de règlement des conflits. Mais la réalité en est tout autre. Entant qu'instrument de justice, la médiation ne saurait s’affranchir des garanties d’ordre procédurales. Cette survivance va donc de soi puisque tout comme le procès, la médiation fait intervenir un tiers. La présente étude consiste donc à examiner la question des principes du procès équitable appliqués à la médiation OHADA.

Le recours à l’arbitrage, comme mode de règlement des différends commerciaux internationaux qui s’applique aux contrats publics reliant les Etats et leurs démembrements et avec des investisseurs privés, s’est étendu au fur et à mesure de l’interventionnisme croissant de l’Etat dans l’économie et de la multiplication des leviers juridiques qui lui sont dédiés (marchés publics, gestion déléguée, partenariat public-privé, etc.). Or, ces contrats ainsi soumis à l’hypothèse de l’égalité des parties posent la problématique de l’équilibre entre la portée de la clause compromissoire et la souveraineté des Etats en matière du régime juridique et de la compétence juridictionnelle. Dans une approche comparée entre les Droits marocain et français, cet article analyse les effets du recours à l’arbitrage international sur les règles applicables aux contrats publics à l’origine du différend, notamment, au niveau de la clause attributive de compétence, la compétence juridictionnelle et l’exequatur des sentences arbitrales.

Conventionally, conflicts over intellectual property rights have been addressed primarily in national courts. Nonetheless, there has been a considerable inclination towards arbitration in recent years. For example, the number of cases decided under the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Rules is constantly increasing, and the number of specific IP-related arbitral institutions is rising as well. This is due, in part, to the territorially limited reach of state court procedures, which no longer match the needs of modern international commercial processes. The transition to arbitration is appropriate since arbitration is particularly well suited to settling intellectual property conflicts. Arbitration is a private process, which is especially beneficial in IP issues due to the sensitive nature of the material involved. Furthermore, specific knowledge is necessary to properly settle technological disputes, a challenge that might be overcome by choosing adequately competent arbitrators.

Le droit international des investissements résulte principalement d’une multitude de traités d’investissement, souvent bilatéraux, parfois régionaux et très rarement multilatéraux. Ce régime éclaté, ayant l’arbitrage comme moyen principal de règlement des différends entre investisseurs et État, ne favorise pas, en théorie, l’émergence d’une jurisprudence réellement cohérente et pertinente. Toutefois, la pratique arbitrale florissante en matière d’investissement s’est révélée constituer une véritable jurisprudence à l’importance non négligeable. Bien que le précédent n’ait pas de valeur juridique obligatoire, force est de constater sa valeur persuasive et la systématicité de son usage. Une telle utilisation des précédents arbitraux a pu permettre le développement d’une compréhension commune des normes des traités d’investissement et favoriser ainsi indirectement le développement conventionnel de ce droit. La jurisprudence arbitrale innerve de ce fait tous les pans du droit international des investissements, du discours des arbitres à l’évolution même des normes applicables. C’est en cela que la jurisprudence arbitrale peut s’entendre comme la composante principale du droit international des investissements.

The relationship between an employer and employee though governed by various laws and regulations can still at some point witness some disagreements and dispute. Labour disputes are not uncommon neither are they peculiar to a particular industry in a country. Usually, trade disputes are hinged on agitation of employees for compensation, good working conditions, job stability and agitation against unlawful termination or dismissal of from service. Over the years, employees have adopted different ways to exhibit their discomfort and grievances in order to convey their message such as strike actions, peaceful protest and so on.  There’s no doubt that these disputes will drastically reduce the level of productivity and overall beneficial impact of the industries in the economic growth of the country. Hence, there’s a need to adopt strategies for resolving these labour disputes. Some industries have applied round table discussions, arbitration, mediation, collective bargaining as well as grievances remedial processes. This work will provide an overview of the causes of disputes in the corporate sector, examine the features of the Nigerian and United States disputes resolution system and also juxtapose the strategies for resolving labour disputes in the two countries. Furthermore, it will provide recommendations to effectively addressing labour issues within the business sector.

Dünya genelinde, uyuşmazlıkların mahkeme dışında alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yolları ile çözülmesi konusunda artan bir eğilim bulunmaktadır. Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarından biri de arabuluculuktur. Arabuluculuk gönüllülük esasına dayanan bir uyuşmazlık çözme biçimidir. Arabuluculuk sistemi, AB'ye üye bazı ülkeler başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede özellikle ticari uyuşmazlıklarda uygulanmakta ve sonuçları itibariyle tarafları memnun etmekte, yargının yükünün de ciddi şekilde azaltılmasına destek olmaktadır. Yargının iş yükünün hızla arttığı, yargılamadaki gecikmeler nedeniyle adalete duyulan güvenin azaldığı bir ortamda arabuluculuk uygulamaları birçok ülkeye örnek olmaktadır. Ülkemizde de arabuluculuk uygulanmaya başlanmış; hatta en sık karşılaşılan uyuşmazlıklardan iş uyuşmazlıkları, ticari uyuşmazlıklar ve tüketici uyuşmazlıkları dava şartı arabuluculuk kapsamına alınmıştır. Ticari davaların zorunlu arabuluculuk yoluyla çözülmesi uygulamada bazı sorunlara ve çelişkili yargı kararlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Arabuluculuk, Ticari Davalar, Ticari Davalarda Arabuluculuk, Avrupa Birliği, Zorunlu Arabuluculuk, Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolları, Dava Şartı Arabuluculuk, Uzlaşma. There is an increasing trend around the world related with the resolution of disputes through alternative dispute resolution methods out of court. One of the alternative dispute resolution methods' is mediation. Mediation is a form of dispute resolution on a voluntary basis. The mediation system is applied especially in commercial disputes in many countries, also in some member countries of European Union. The mediation not only satisfies the parties in terms of its results but also helps to reduce the burden of the judiciary. In a world where the workload of the judiciary increases rapidly and trust in justice decreases due to delays in the trial, commercial mediation practices in European countries set an example for many other countries. Mediation is not also practised in Turkiye but also mandatory in labor disputes, commercial disputes and consumer disputes. Contradiction and discrepancy between the court decisions and other judicial problems arised arised as a result of mandatory mediation. Mediation, Commercial Disputes, Mediation in Commercial Disputes, European Union, Mandatory Mediation, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Condition of Litigation, Commercial Mediation. Reconciliation, Voluntary Mediation

Il existe en droit commun et en droit de l’arbitrage deux mécanismes similaires ayant un objectif commun : rendre l’acte juridique apte à faire sentir ses effets à l’égard des tiers. Il s’agit, pour le droit commun, du principe de l’opposabilité et, pour le droit de l’arbitrage, de la règle de l’attraction des tiers à la procédure arbitrale. Ces deux techniques, qui procèdent de la même manière et partagent presque les mêmes conditions de mise en œuvre, ont en revanche une qualification distincte. En droit commun, l’opposabilité est connue pour être un principe à part entière dont la fonction principale, la fonction de sanction, est relativement offensive, puisqu’elle oblige les tiers, sujets auxquels l’opposabilité est habituellement attachée, au devoir général de respect, à l’obligation de ne pas nier l’existence des engagements d’autrui et de ne pas y porter atteinte au risque de subir les conséquences de leur immixtion. Le principe de l’opposabilité a également une fonction probatoire qui permet aux tiers d’opposer aux parties, ou aux autres tiers, l’existence d’un contrat pour apporter la preuve d’un fait. Alors qu’en droit de l’arbitrage, la règle de l’attraction permet une extension des effets de la convention d’arbitrage à l’égard des tiers qui se trouvent impliqués positivement ou négativement, directement ou indirectement à la négociation, la formation, l’exécution ou l’anéantissement du contrat dans lequel est insérée la clause d’arbitrage.Puisque les deux techniques partagent le même procédé et agissent sur les mêmes personnes, la présente thèse a pour but d’étudier la réception du principe d’opposabilité en droit de l’arbitrage. Cette réception passe par une intégration et un attachement de la règle de l’attraction au principe de l’opposabilité comme fonction nouvelle. L'objectif principal est donc de répondre à une question précise : comment faire en sorte que le principe de l'opposabilité soit accepté et transposé en matière arbitrale pour ainsi voir à l’œuvre toutes ses fonctions, y compris celle qu’il vient d’intégrer, sans que le système juridique ne subisse de profonds bouleversements.Notre analyse de la réception se déroule en deux étapes. Après avoir rappelé et établi le cadre théorique du principe de l'opposabilité, dans lequel avons-nous examiné les différentes conceptions, justifications et sujets de l’opposabilité ; cadre qui nous a offert une image plus claire et réaliste des applications de l'opposabilité en droit commun et nous a permis de voir si ces applications et fonctions étaient en mesure de justifier la règle de l'attraction. Nous avons donc conclu que l’opposabilité est parfaitement recevable en droit de l’arbitrage à condition d’y intégrer ladite règle de l’attraction comme fonction nouvelle. Convaincus de sa réception en droit de l'arbitrage, nous avons, ensuite, soumis la nouvelle fonction d’attraction à un ultime test, celui de l’efficacité. L’examen de l’efficacité aura permis de recenser les limites de la règle de l’attraction dont nous avons proposé un certain nombre de solutions de renouvellement, et ce, dans le but de mieux intégrer la fonction et pour que celle-ci puisse avoir un impact systématisé sur le droit de l’arbitrage.

Les contrats administratifs, plus précisément les marchés publics, sont moyens par lesquels l’Etat assure sa mission d’intérêt général. Ainsi, il peut arriver que pendant la phase de passation ou d’exécution d’un contrat de marché public, que l’une des parties ne puisse pas accomplir les formalités, d’où la naissance d’un litige. De ce fait, pour résoudre ce litige, les parties peuvent décider d’un règlement à l’amiable du différend. L’arbitrage étant le mode par excellence de règlement à l’amiable des litiges, il est donc opportun en partant de ces spécificités, de mettre en œuvre la procédure d’arbitralité des marchés public et l’issue positive de cette procédure qu’est la sentence arbitrale.

Terre attractive pour les investisseurs étrangers, le Maroc voit son économie muter au gré de l'implantation d'entreprises. Face à cette situation, l'adaptation du droit est essentielle. Il s'agit effectivement d'un instrument fondamental pouvant être mis à la disposition des entreprises pour leur offrir un cadre légal rassurant quant à la prospérité de leurs intérêts. Or la justice étatique inspire traditionnellement la crainte du fait de sa lourdeur administrative et de son incapacité à assurer des garanties procédurales suffisantes Pour résorber cela, le législateur marocain a tendu à développer les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits, tel que l'arbitrage. C'est dans ce contexte que la loi intitulée "arbitrage et médiation conventionnelle" a été ratifiée, le 6 décembre 2007. Elle s'inspire du droit français pour modifier les articles 306 à 327 du Code de procédure civile marocain. Ce cadre procédural vise à insuffler une vigueur nouvelle aux modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Néanmoins, la souplesse du régime a pour corollaire des pathologies qui peuvent affecter les conventions d'arbitrage. La rédaction des clauses approximatives, et la formation insuffisante de certains arbitres se traduisent par des conventions d'arbitrage bancales, sources de nouveaux problèmes là où elles devraient faciliter la résolution des litiges. Dans ces conditions, une nouvelle réforme a donné naissance à un Code de l’arbitrage, ratifié le 24 mai 2022. Il s’agira d’étudier l’évolution de la législation marocaine de l’arbitrage, dans une dimension comparatiste avec le droit français, et à la lumière d’une recherche constante de l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage. [Abstract] The arbitration agreement : a comparative study of French and Moroccan law : Morocco is an attractive country for foreign investors, and its economy is changing as companies are setting up. Faced with this situation, the adaptation of the law is essential. Indeed, it is a fundamental instrument that can be made available to companies to offer them a reassuring legal framework for the prosperity of their interests. However, the state justice system traditionally inspires distrust because of its administrative cumbersomeness and its inability to ensure sufficient procedural guarantees. In order to solve this, the Moroccan legislator has tended to develop alternative methods of dispute resolution, such as arbitration. It is in this context that the law entitled "arbitration and conventional mediation" was ratified on December 6, 2007. It is inspired by French law to modify articles 306 to 327 of the Moroccan Code of Civil Procedure. This procedural framework aims at breathing new life into alternative dispute resolution. Nevertheless, the flexibility of the regime has as a corollary pathologies that can affect arbitration agreements. The drafting of unprofessional clauses and the inadequate training of arbitrators result in flawed arbitration agreements, which are a source of problems where they should facilitate the resolution of disputes. In these conditions, a new reform has led to an Arbitration Code, ratified on May 24, 2022. The aim is to study the evolution of Moroccan arbitration legislation, in a comparative dimension with French law, and in the light of a constant search for the efficiency of the arbitration agreement.

Researching the judicial applications of Arab countries to one of the issues that have occupied legal thoughts in the Western world for decades and still in one form or another, the so-called Unilateral Arbitration Clauses, we did not find a discussion of the applicability of this clause within the laws. Even though this condition takes a reasonable space of the legal arguments as previously mentioned, it has even become widely used in contracts, such as tenancy, contracting, and financial investments. The study showed that the above-mentioned clause has recently increased its use in financing contracts, especially with the increasing globalization of banking services and bank transfers. Although banks usually prefer to resort to traditional litigation, lack of similarity in the legal rules and judicial applications related to banking transactions and their difference from one country to another was a reason for the banks preference of resorting to arbitration. There is no examination of the legitimacy of an unequal or optional arbitration clause in Bahrain. Also, the Bahraini and Egyptian courts, to the best of our knowledge, did not decide whether it should be considered null or valid. The same case is applied to the French courts which have no cases that examined this type of clauses except for a case in 2006 and the other is a judgment close to the same issue on October 7, 2015, from the French Court of Cassation. The English and American courts were different; they examined this clause and had several judicial implementations due to the fact that most of the arbitration terms are either related to multinational companies operating within the framework of the Wall Street Stock Exchange in New York or those that stipulate the enforcement of British and Wales law on the provisions of the contract . However, many Arab countries, in general, as well as Bahrain and some Gulf countries, in particular, are seeking in their economic model to attract foreign investments and capital, especially those related to financial and banking industries, to diversify sources of income. The decision of investing or not investing the capital in a country is made by the judicial authority in terms of independence as well as the judicial application of legal texts as these factors are directly reflected in the desire to invest and show the possibility of protecting investors.

The need Settlement of disputes arising from bank credit between national and international rules, protecting the interests of the bank and ensuring its financial rights before the debtor. As the Bank faces different technical and legal difficulties, as well as the multiplicity of legal adaptation, we deal with the rules governing banking accreditation from the point of pleadings law, and the methods of amicable settlement of these disputes and following, and compulsory execution. International efforts are taking the lead in establishing the technical regulation of bank accreditation and setting rules "DOCDEX" in 1997, and the 2015 amendments, which still need more as they do not provide a legal way to implement them. It is necessary to find out legal regulation at the domestic and international levels, which calls for the legislator to intervene to organize its rules and procedures. We have sought in this study to weave the legal entity to seize bank credit within the legally acceptable limits based on a system of seizure of the debtor with third parties against the background of the legal system of documentary credit and the relationships arising from it, and its financial and economic effects that go beyond the parties to the beneficiaries of companies, bodies, and economic institutions, As the matter still requires the existence of special legislation regulating the seizure of bank credit, to ensure the effectiveness of the guarantees surrounding the appropriations by the national legislator and at the international level. This would expand the insurance of bank credit so that the creditors recover their full right directly or by seizing the value of the credit, which calls for organizing this seizure with rules that consider the privacy of this seizure and its rules and are consistent with the required speed in such transactions in a way that protects the creditor from abuse, in a manner that ensures the observance of confidentiality, due process, and the spirit of banking work, anticipate the possible future that will witness the decline of documentary credit and replace it with electronic transactions, the establishment of specialized banking courts that save time and effort.