Bibliographie sélective OHADA

My main theoretical contention is that status hierarchies provide a source of guidance to firms for resolving disputes. A status hierarchy implies a system of deference rules among firms. When disputes arise, deference rules can provide a basis for shared expectations and protocols of conduct about how technical ambiguities should be resolved. In many contexts, technical merit is difficult to assess. However, deference rules can operate as social conventions to which firms default, helping to align potentially incompatible expectations. Within this general framework, my dissertation examines how competitors in the semiconductor industry manage uncertain and frequently overlapping patent rights. In practice, patent rights are highly imperfect legal instruments when it comes to demarcating each firm's contributions to innovation in the industry. Patent disputes arise because of the ambiguity this creates about how much of the collective market returns to innovation each firm is entitled to receive. Despite the prolific patenting and propensity for disputes, the industry has remarkably not ground to a halt from runaway litigation. Litigation events, while significant, are rare. I suggest that this degree of order is, at least partly, attributable to status processes. Status can operate as a stabilizing force in the market, helping to generate orderly competition in the face of disputes. To examine whether this is the case in the semiconductor industry, I theorize that disputes are less easily resolved when the parties involved face greater status ambiguity, i.e. are less clearly differentiated from one another in status. Under status ambiguity, deference rules lose the rule-like, universal quality that makes them persuasive in resolving disputes. This has two consequences. First, firms facing low status ambiguity are less likely to be involved in patent litigation than are firms facing high status ambiguity. Patent litigation events represent failures to resolve patent disputes out of court. Second, firms facing low status ambiguity increase their product line sizes more than do firms facing high status ambiguity. The threat of difficult-to-resolve patent disputes represents a cost that can deter firms from bringing products to market.

Menkul kıymetleştirme düzenli nakit akışı sağlayan alacakların likit hale getirilmesi esasına dayanan bir finansman yöntemidir. Bu yöntemde, finansman ihtiyacı içinde olan şirket, düzenli nakit akışı sağlayan alacaklarını özel amaçlı kuruluşa devreder. Alacakları devralan özel amaçlı kuruluş, bu alacakları karşılık göstererek menkul kıymet ihraç eder. Menkul kıymeti satın alan yatırımcılara, vadesi geldiğinde anapara ve faiz ödemeleri, havuzdaki alacaklardan sağlanan gelirlerle yapılır. Böylece, alacakların ilk sahibi olan kaynak şirket, alacaklarının vadesini beklemeden nakit ihtiyacını gidermiş olurken, ihraç edilen menkul kıymeti satın alan yatırımcılar da, güvenilirliği yüksek ve şirketin risklerinden arındırılmış bir alacaklar topluluğunun güvencesi altında sağlam bir yatırım yapmış olurlar.5582 sayılı Kanunun temelinde de, menkul kıymetleştirme yöntemi kullanılarak, konut finansmanı sisteminin ikincil piyasa ayağını oluşturma düşüncesi vardır. Bu kapsamda, ipotekli konut kredilerinin menkul kıymetleştirilmesi sonucunda ihraç edilecek ipotek teminatlı menkul kıymetler ve ipoteğe dayalı menkul kıymetler düzenlenmiştir. İpotek teminatlı menkul kıymetler bir bilanço içi menkul kıymetleştirme özelliği gösterirken, ipoteğe dayalı menkul kıymetler bilanço dışı menkul kıymetleştirme niteliğine sahiptir. Her iki menkul kıymet türünde de, menkul kıymet sahiplerinin korunmasına azami şekilde özen gösterilmiş ve her durumda menkul kıymet sahiplerinin alacaklarını almalarına öncelik verilmiştir. İflasın teminat varlıklara menfi bir etkisinin olması her iki menkul kıymet türünde kanun hükmüyle engellenmiş, gerek teminat havuzu gerek fon portföyü dokunulmaz bir statüye kavuşturulmuştur.Aynı Kanunda, varlık teminatlı menkul kıymetler ve varlığa dayalı menkul kıymetler yoluyla, ipotekli konut kredileri dışındaki alacak çeşitlerinin de menkul kıymetleştirilmesi kabul edilmiştir.Sonuç olarak, menkul kıymetleştirme günümüzün vazgeçilmez finansman metotlarından biridir. Ancak menkul kıymetleştirmeden beklenen faydaların sağlanabilmesi, ana prensiplerine riayet edilerek uygulanmasına bağlıdır. Securitization is a method based on liquidation of receivables enabling regular cash flow. In this method, the company in need of financing transfers such receivables to special purpose vehicle. The special purpose vehicle which take over the receivables issues securities by assuring them. On due the capital and interest payments to the investors purchasing securities are made by the income acquired from the receivables in pool. Therefore, while the company, the originator of receivables, solve the problem of liquidity without waiting for the receivables?s due, the investors make a safe invesment under the assurance of a community of receivables that is highly secure and free of credit risk.On the basis of the Law 5582, there?s also the idea of forming the secondary part of housing finance system by using securitization method. Within this framework, mortgage covered bonds and mortgage backed securities have been regulated, both of which are issued as a result of securitization of residential mortgage loans. Mortgage covered bonds display a characteristic of on-balance sheet, while mortgage backed securities have off-balance sheet property.In both types of securities, utmost great pains to protect securities owners is taken and that securities owners are satisfied under any circumstances is of high priority. Bankruptcy?s negative effect on cover assets is impeded with a law article, thus both cover pool and fund portfolio acquire an immune statute.In the same Law, other types of receivables except residential mortgage loans might be securitised is acknowledged through asset covered bonds and asset backed securities.Consequently, today, securitization is one of indispensible way of financing. However, that expected benefits from securitization can be obtained is possible provided that it is performed with respect to main principles.

Les pays africains de la zone franc ont entrepris, il y a maintenant deux décennies, des réformes de leurs secteurs financiers, avec pour ambition non seulement de restaurer les équilibres nécessaires à leur efficacité et la confiance des agents économiques envers les institutions financières, mais aussi de favoriser la mobilisation des épargnes et la diversification des canaux de financement. L'objectif final étant la relance d'une croissance économique stable et durable. Au sein de la zone UEMOA (Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine), le projet majeur au coeur de ces réformes fut la création d'un marché financier commun dont la mission est de doter les entreprises des moyens de financement à long terme, qui leur permettraient de réaliser leurs projets les plus productifs et d'accroitre leurs performances. L'autre mission dévolue à ce marché est d'attirer des capitaux étrangers dans la sous-région. Notre étude a pour but de déterminer si, une décennie après sa création, le marché financier a atteint ses objectifs en termes d'amélioration des performances des entreprises et de relance de la croissance économique. Globalement, nous observons que les entreprises cotées à la Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (Place boursière du marché financier de l'UEMOA) ont vu leurs performances opérationnelles s'améliorer, notamment au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie. Le développement du marché boursier semble également avoir eu un impact positif sur la croissance économique de la Côte d'ivoire, Pays phare de l'Union, qui détient 34 des 38 entreprises cotées. Cependant, le marché n'a pas réussi à attirer des capitaux étrangers; mais à l'inverse, l'écrasante majorité des entreprises qui lèvent des fonds sur le marché financier de UEMOA sont des filiales des multinationales occidentales. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Introduction en bourse, Croissance économique, Performance, Marché financier, Entreprises cotées.