Bibliographie sélective OHADA

En partant du récent projet de norme de l’OIT visant à favoriser la formalisation de l’économie informelle, cet article propose d’interroger la démarche institutionnelle à travers une réflexion sur le droit comme critère d’intelligibilité de la catégorie de l’informel. Sur la base d’une enquête réalisée au Togo, cette contribution présente les modalités nombreuses et complexes des manifestations du droit du travail et du droit de l’activité économique dans les deux espaces d’informalité du travail que sont la zone franche d’exportation et le secteur dénommé informel au Togo. Entre surformalisation spécifique et im-pénétration publique ou syndicale dans un cas, et intervention publique et syndicale relativement quotidienne dans l’autre, la manière de vouloir faire de l’économie informelle un objet d’intervention global, en distinguant l’emploi informel des unités économiques, n’est pas sans soulever des questions sur la pertinence de la démarche et le rôle de ce concept souvent critiqué mais, paradoxalement, d’usage permanent.

The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has proved popular, particularly outside Africa. However, only a few States have adopted it in Africa, with only two in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Taking into account the role that African countries have played in the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) and the creation of the CISG, it has always been pertinent to look at whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG as an instrument for harmonising the law of international sales in the region. Since it came into force, only two SADC Member States (Lesotho and Zambia) have ratified the convention. There is apparent reluctance from the rest of SADC Member States to ratify the convention despite calls to that effect and the genuine need for legal harmonisation. The article revisits the call for the ratification of the CISG in SADC and considers other realistic alternatives to ratification.

La réflexion sur l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique révèle la présence du numérique à travers plusieurs règles. Certaines conditions de validité du contrat, tout comme certaines règles générales relatives à l'exécution des contrats sont concernées par l'adaptation au numérique. Cette adaptation vise aussi certaines règles spéciales du droit des contrats. L'Avant-projet de loi sur les transactions électroniques au Mali envisage d'importantes mesures allant, en particulier, dans le sens de l'adaptation du droit des contrats au numérique, un domaine qui continue d'attirer l'attention. The reflection on the adaptation of contract law to the digital reveals the presence of the digital through several rules. Certain conditions of validity of the contract, and some general rules on contract enforcement are involved in the digital adaptation. This adaptation also concerns some special rules of contract law. The proposed draft law on electronic transactions in Mali is planning major steps up, especially in the sense of adaptation of contract law in the digital domain, an area that continues to attract attention

Depuis plusieurs années, on remarque une ruée sur les terres cultivables en Afrique. Ce déferlement peut s’expliquer par diverses raisons, telles que la recherche de nouvelles rentabilités à la suite de la crise financière actuelle, l’accroissement de l’investissement agricole pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire, l’encouragement de l’agrocarburant, etc. Toutefois, le phénomène n’est pas sans conséquence sur le bien-être des paysans locaux. Ces derniers, généralement réunis autour de sociétés coopératives, peuvent défendre leurs intérêts à travers diverses formes d’actions. À cet effet, le mouvement coopératif peut jouer un rôle important dans la lutte contre le phénomène de l’accaparement des terres en Afrique. For several years, an important rush for farmland is noticeable in Africa. This surge can be explained by various reasons, such as the search for new profits as a result of the current financial crisis, the increasing of investment in agriculture to ensure food security, the promotion of agro-fuel etc. However, the phenomenon is not without consequences for the well-being of local farmers. These latter, usually gathered around cooperative societies, can defend their interests through various forms of action. To this end, the cooperative movement can play an important role in the fight against the phenomenon of land grabbing in Africa.

Le juriste a coutume de dire que lorsque la chose est jugée, la vérité est dite. Le juge doit néanmoins crédibiliser sa décision en usant des moyens de droit mis à sa disposition non seulement pour objectivement révéler cette vérité, mais aussi pour imposer l’exécution de la décision rendue. Encore faudrait-il cependant distinguer selon que cette vérité est provisoire ou définitive. Le premier cas concerne la décision ayant acquis une simple autorité de chose jugée. Il suffit alors d’exercer la voie de recours appropriée pour que la décision soit contestée et son exécution éventuellement suspendue. Désormais, ce qui tenait lieu de vérité est mis entre parenthèse. La vérité est plutôt définitive dans le cas où, au-delà d’une simple autorité, la chose jugée a acquis une véritable force. Si cette affirmation ne peut être contestée, elle doit cependant être nuancée dans la mesure où même une décision investie de la force de chose jugée peut encore être remise en cause. Finalement, la décision du juge est une vérité judiciaire qui, pourquoi pas, est peut-être loin d’être la vérité. The legal person usually says that when a thing is judged, the truth is said. The judge should nevertheless give credibility to his decision using the law tools put at his disposal, not only to objectively reveal this truth, but also to enforce the implementation of the decision. But it should be necessary however to distinguish if this truth is temporary or final. The first case concerns a decision which has acquired the single authority of res judicata. Simply applying the appropriate way of appeal can cause that decision to be challenged and possibly suspended. Henceforth, what was truth is put in brackets. The truth is rather final where, beyond a single authority, res judicata has acquired a real force. If this assertion cannot be challenged, it must however be qualified insofar as even a decision appointing the force of res judicata may still be questioned. Finally, the decision of the judge is a judicial truth which, why not, is perhaps far from the truth.

“Banks are neither private attorneys general nor bounty hunters, armed with a roving commission to seek out defaulting homeowners and take away their homes in satisfaction of some other bank’s deed of trust.” This Article examines the judicial treatment of mortgage assignments across various jurisdictions in the foreclosure context. Although some courts do permit debtors to challenge suspicious or problematic assignments, most have ignored such problems and denied standing to debtors attempting to assert assignment-based defenses. This is particularly surprising given the widespread and well-documented problems with foreclosure “robo-litigation,” including backdated documents, fraudulent notarizations, and unauthorized signatures. Despite the abuse of process by foreclosing entities, courts have permitted foreclosures to continue unabated and, in some instances, have even precluded the possibility of discovery to debtors seeking to ensure that title and assignments are legally valid. Judicial ambivalence about formal compliance by mortgage assignors and assignees in the foreclosure context is somewhat ironic given most courts’ routine enforcement of instruments against debtors who do not formally comply with all contractual terms. Current adjudicative approaches to mortgage assignment are seemingly disconnected from the devastating reality of the home mortgage crisis and its causes. Moreover, there are several rationales that would support a more robust enforcement of technical compliance with assignment procedures, including the need for procedural equity, title certainty, and public records integrity. Thus, as evidence exists that banks are still making many of the same problematic mistakes regarding transfer documentation, courts can perform an essential monitoring role as an important spur towards reform. Although it would not address all of the underlying causes of the housing crisis, an adjudicative approach that liberally permits challenges to mortgage assignments would encourage lenders and servicers to be more circumspect in their foreclosure processes.

Depuis le troc muet entre Carthaginois et Africains qu’Hérodote d’ Halicarnasse appelait « commerce muet » cet échange entre les deux parties est fondé sur la confiance sans aucun contact physique entre eux. Pierre angulaire de toute relation d’échange, le concept de confiance a depuis longtemps attiré l’engouement des chercheurs. Sur le web, la question de la confiance se pose aves plus de sensibilité. En effet, les problèmes de fraude auxquels s’ajoute le caractère distant du commerce électronique, le manque de familiarité avec ce type d’échange ainsi que l’insécurité réelle du réseau, découragent beaucoup de consommateur à acheter via ce canal de distribution. Les vendeurs en ligne gagneraient à réfléchir donc sur les moyens susceptibles de dissiper les craintes qui tournent autour du e-commerce et d’instaurer la confiance vis-à-vis de leurs sites dans le but de promouvoir les ventes. Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre général d’une meilleure compréhension du comportement d’achat en ligne, nous proposons d’étudier la relation entre «confiance» et «intention d’achat en ligne» et nous allons nous intéresser particulièrement à la sécurité de transaction comme antécédent de la confiance électronique.

Until recently, doing business in developing countries, and in Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, was associated with high risk. Although each investment decision is associated with some risk, there are always obligations incumbent on host States in that regard. However, when domestic law is too obsolete to match the requirements of an evolving investment and commercial environment which it is supposed to regulate, and when its effects are unpredictable, one of the fundamental conditions for attracting investment goes missing. This eventually underscores the need for a legal reform. The phenomenon of 'globalisation' on the one hand, and the need for (developing) countries to integrate their economies into the global market, on the other hand, considerably accentuated the postulate of development through law.Against this background, some African countries, at the dawn of the 1990s, felt a need to 'modernise' their legal systems for the major part inherited from colonialism. In this vein, they entrusted a supranational organ, the OHADA, to perform that legal reform. This paper is an attempt to test the OHADA against the discourse of law as a development engine. Furthermore, this is an assessment of the extent to which OHADA, as a legal tool, could be useful in serving the purpose of regional integration and economic growth in Africa.

The promotion of international trade is seen as one of the important instruments to ensure development in developing nations and regions. The history of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the drafting of many regional and similar international trade agreements are evidence of this. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is no exception.1 It is therefore strange that many states that are members of the WTO and actively encourage the opening up of international borders to free trade do not include public procurement2 in such free trade arrangements. This is particularly evident in developing states. If the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), which is a plurilateral agreement, is considered it is clear that many states do not wish to open their internal markets to competition in the public procurement sphere. It is therefore not surprising that public procurement has been described as the last rampart of state protectionism (Ky, 2012). Public procurement is an important segment of trade in any country (Arrowsmith & Davies, 1998). It is estimated that public procurement represents between 10% and 15% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of developed countries and up to 25% of GDP in developing states (Wittig, 1999). Unfortunately, governments often expect private industry to open up national markets for international competition but do not lead the way. Except for the limited use of pooled procurement,3 no specific provision is at present made for the harmonisation and integration of public procurement in the SADC. In view of the proximity of the member states, the interdependency of their economies and the benefits that can be derived from opening up their boundaries to regional competition in public procurement, the possibility of harmonisation and deeper integration in this sphere needs to be given more attention. The importance of public procurement in international trade and regional integration is twofold: first, it forms a substantial part of trade with the related economic and developmental implications; secondly, it is used by governments as an instrument to address socio-economic issues. Public procurement spending is also important because of its potential influence on human rights, including aspects such as the alleviation of poverty, the achievement of acceptable labour standards and environmental goals, and similar issues (McCrudden, 1999). In this article the need to harmonise public procurement in the SADC in order to open up public procurement to regional competition, some of the obstacles preventing this, and possible solutions are discussed. Reference is made to international instruments such as the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Model Law on Public Procurement and the GPA. In particular, the progress made in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) with regard to the harmonisation of public procurement, which was based on the Model Law, will be used to suggest possible solutions to the problem of harmonising public procurement in the SADC.

The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and other African regional economic communities (RECs) have as their ultimate objective the political and economic integration of the African continent. The SADC is home to a number of countries, all of them striving to improve their investment climate to attract foreign investors by reducing the costs of doing business in the region. One way of achieving this is by setting targets for and speeding up political and economic integration, improving interconnectivity and thereby enlarging the market size and enhancing its attractiveness. The SADC region still suffers from high levels of energy poverty through low access levels in all countries except South Africa and Mauritius. Numerous studies have shown that greater regional trading and cooperation on power development within the SADC could substantially reduce investment and operational costs as well as carbon emissions. The need for a regional power trading pool and regional cooperation grew out of the power utilities’ recognition of the vulnerability of individual countries if each continued to pursue a policy of self-sufficiency rather than out of a desire to minimise the social or financial costs of the region’s power. The power sector in southern Africa is undergoing tremendous reforms, more especially since the establishment of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) in August 1995. The SADC, however, faces serious challenges that include diminishing surplus generation capacity and the need to ensure that SADC citizens have equitable access to electricity at affordable prices. To meet these challenges, treaties and protocols have been adopted but are failing to deliver at the implementation stage. This article reviews the SADC energy-electricity regulatory framework in the context of economic and political integration and recommends the establishment of an independent regional regulatory authority to oversee the implementation of integrated holistic energy and air pollution control and prevention, and a common climate change policy. Such a regulator would be a highly resourced regional institution that will liaise with international institutions. This independent regional authority will serve as a catalyst for regional economic integration. It will also have a mandate to introduce and coordinate the establishment of an SADC regional emissions trading scheme that will contribute to managing the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the implementation of global warming adaptation strategies in the region.

La cyberjustice a révolutionné le système judiciaire dans les pays avancés permettant un accès à la justice de plus en plus probante. Mais quelle peut être sa plus-value en Afrique où le service public de la justice s'est dégradé depuis une décennie du fait des restrictions budgétaires ? Même si les obstacles auxquels se trouvent confronter l'appareil judiciaire et les justiciables ne sont pas négligeables, l'Afrique, qui aujourd‟hui apparaît comme le continent d‟avenir, gagnerait à dépasser ces obstacles en mettant la technologie au service de la justice. C'est ainsi que ce continent parviendra à une justice plus efficace en étant moins lente et plus impartiale entre autres.