Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Bu çalışma İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Özel Hukuk Doktora Tezi olarak hazırlanmıştır. Tezin konusunu anonim şirketlerde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme imtiyazı oluşturmaktadır. 6012 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile imtiyazlara ilişkin yeni bir düzen getirilmiş, ayrıca yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı normatif düzenlemeye kavuşturulmuş ve belirli gruplar ile azlığa temsil edilme hakkı tanınabileceği hükme bağlanmıştır. Tez kapsamında ilk olarak imtiyaz kavramı ve imtiyazlara ilişkin temel ilkeler incelenmiştir. Takip eden bölümde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı irdelenmiştir. Tezde en önemli amaç, temsil edilme hakkını etraflıca incelemek ve temsil edilme hakkıyla imtiyazlar arasında kurulan köprüyü tanıtmak olmuştur. Bu itibarla, bir imtiyaz olarak nitelendirilen temsil edilme hakkının, diğer imtiyazlardan ayrılan özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca temsil edilme hakkının tanınabileceği zümreler ile tanındığı her bir zümre özelinde hakkın hukuki niteliğine yönelik tespitlerde bulunulmuş ve öğretide pek tartışılmamış olan temsilci üyenin niteliği ele alınmıştır. Devamında temsil edilme hakkına dair yöntemler incelenmiş ve çeşitli esas sözleşme hükümleri yorumlanmıştır. Tezde karşılaşılan hukuki sorunların işlevsel bir menfaat hukukçuluğu çerçevesinde yanıtlanmasını hedefleyen bir yöntem benimsenmiştir. Yorum yapılırken amaçsal yorum metodu kullanılmış, saptanan hukuki sorunlar için de lege lata çözüm önerilerinde bulunmaya gayret edilmiştir. This paper is prepared as Istanbul Bilgi University Faculty of Law Private Law PH.D. Dissertation. Subject of the dissertation is the privilege to be represented in the board of directors of joint stock companies. Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 introduced a paradigm shift in relation to the privileges, regulated the right to be represented in the board of directors and set forth that such right may be granted to certain groups and minority. Firstly, privilege concept and principles surrounding the privileges have been examined in the dissertation. Following section focuses on the right to be represented in the board of directors. The substantial purpose of the dissertation is to introduce the right to be represented and the correlation between such right and privileges. Thus, the differences between the right to be represented which is a privilege and other privileges have been set forth. Further, determinations have been made on classes that may be granted with the right to be represented and legal qualifications of the right by taking into consideration each class that may be granted with such right, and characteristics of the representative, a subject so far that has not been examined in detail by doctrine, have been discussed. Methods of right to be represented are examined and miscellaneous articles of association provisions are interpreted in this regard. The method adopted in the dissertation aims to respond to the legal problems within the frame of taking into consideration the interests of the shareholders. The teleological interpretation methodology has been used for interpretations and proposals of de lege lata solutions to the legal problems have been endeavored.

Anonim şirketin yönetim ve temsil yetkileri 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ayrı başlıklarda düzenlenmiştir. TTK'da, anonim şirketlerde yönetim yetkisinin devri için esas sözleşmede devre izin veren bir hükmün bulunması ve yönetim organizasyonuna ilişkin bir iç yönerge hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Bu hususlara uygun şekilde, yönetim kurulu alacağı bir karar ile yönetim yetkisinin tamamını veya bir kısmını kurul üyelerine ve/veya üçüncü kişilere devredebilecektir. Temsil yetkisinin devri ve sınırlandırılmasına ise TTK, kanuni ve iradi sınırlandırmaların yanısıra 371. maddenin 7. Fıkrasında yapılan ekleme ile sınırlı temsilci tayini hususunda yeni ve eleştirilen bir rejim getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda, yönetim ve temsil yetkilerinin devir ve sınırlandırılmasının kapsamı, devir ve sınırlandırmalar için uyulması gereken şartlar, yönetim yetkisi ile temsil yetkinin devri arasındaki ilişki ve bu yetkilerin devredilebileceği kişiler inceleme konusu yapılmakta ve bu konulara ilişkin güncel tartışmalar ele alınmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anonim Şirket, Yönetim Kurulu, Yönetim Yetkisi, Temsil Yetkisi, Yetki Devri, Örgüt Yönergesi, Sınırlı Yetkili, Sınırlı Temsilci, Sorumluluk. Management rights and representation rights in joint stock companies have been regulated under separate subjects in 6102 numbered Turkish Commercial Code. According to Turkish Commercial Code, joint stock companies that want to delegate the management rights should have a provision on their articles of association that allows such delegation and should prepare internal rules regarding the organization of management. According to such terms, the board of directors may delegate its management Powers fully or partially to one or more board members and/or third parties by issuing a decision on such matter. Regarding the delegation and limitation of representation rights, the addition of seventh paragraph to article 371. of Turkish Commercial Code, has introduced a new and highly criticized regime on such matter besides the legislative and voluntary limitations. In this context, our study will review the limits of delegation and limitation of management and representation right, requirements for such delegation and limitation, the relationship between right of management and right of representation, persons whom the powers may be delegated and the up-to-date discussions on such subjects. Keywords: Joint Stock Company, Board of Directors, Management Right, Representation Right, Delegation of Rights, Internal Rules, Limited Authority, Representative with Limited Power, Responsibility.

En matière de règlement des litiges commerciaux, la mise en place de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) est marquée par l’instauration d’un système de règlement des différends davantage axé sur la primauté du droit. Cette juridictionnalisation du mécanisme de règlement des différends n’entraîne toutefois pas un changement paradigmatique au niveau du mécanisme d’exécution des décisions et recommandations de l’Organe de règlement des différends (ORD). En effet, l’OMC a jusqu’à présent conservé en substance le principe du GATT de 1947; la partie plaignante qui constate le défaut de la partie visée par la plainte de se plier aux décisions et recommandations de l’ORD à l’expiration du délai raisonnable qui lui est accordé pour s’exécuter et qui ne peut s’entendre avec cette dernière sur l’octroi d’une compensation n’a d’autre option que de s’en remettre à l’emploi de contremesures. Parallèlement, le commerce international a, au cours de la même période, subi une métamorphose radicale : le phénomène de la fragmentation internationale des processus de production de biens et de services a connu une expansion fulgurante. Le présent mémoire propose une analyse de l’institution des contre-mesures à l’OMC à l’aune de ces changements qui affectent depuis peu l’économie mondiale ainsi que des développements récents du côté de la science économique. Misant sur une approche qui mobilise à la fois la science juridique et la science économique, le mémoire démontre que le système des contre-mesures n’est pas adapté à la réalité du commerce international du XXIe siècle. À la lumière de ces constats, l’étude explore de façon critique les diverses suggestions en vue de modifier la phase de mise en oeuvre des contentieux en plus de suggérer une réforme de l’institution pouvant s’opérer à l’intérieur du cadre juridique actuel. Mots-clés : Règlement des différends – Firmes multinationales – Commerce international – Chaînes de valeur mondiales – Intégration économique

Birbirinden bağımsız birden fazla şirketin bir araya gelmek suretiyle bir organizasyon oluşturmalarına sıklıkla karşılaşılmakta, bu organizasyona ise şirketler topluluğu denilmektedir. Kuruluşların faaliyet alanlarını genişletmek istemeleri, bu yönde maliyetlerini en aza indirerek kârlılıklarını arttırmak için bir araya gelmeleri sonucunda ticari açıdan bir organizasyon oluşturmaları ülkemizde de sıklıkla görülmektedir. Ancak mevcut kanunlarımızda bu şekilde oluşan organizasyonlara yönelik herhangi bir özel düzenlemeye daha önce yer verilmemişti. Bu tür durumlarla farklı hukuk alanlarında da sıklıkla karşılaşılması, zamanla şirketler topluluğu açısından yasal düzenleme yapılması gereğini doğurmuş ve şirketler topluluğuna ilişkin düzenlemeler ilk olarak 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile yapılmıştır. Bu düzenlemeler, topluluk yapılanmasının, organizasyon şemasının kurulmasını, işleyişi ve ilgililerin sorumluluğunun belirlenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Ticaret Kanununda düzenlenen şirketler topluluğuna ilişkin hükümlerin önemli bir bölümü Alman Konzern Hukuku esaslıdır. Çalışmamızda kanundaki şirketler topluluğu düzenlemeleri incelenirken, Türk Hukuku esas alınmış ve konu diğer hukuk dalları ile birlikte çok yönlü bir şekilde ele alınarak şirketler topluluğu düzenlemelerinin uygulanabilirliğinin sağlanması hedeflenmiştir. Bağlı şirketin borçlarından dolayı hakim şirketin sorumluluğunu irdeleyen çalışmamızda, şirketler topluluğunun temel kavramları, şirketler topluluğunda sorumluluk halleri ile bağlı şirketin üçüncü kişilere karşı sorumluluğu konusu, özellikle fiili şirketler topluluğu kapsamında ve anonim şirket temelinde incelenmiştir. Ayrıca şirketler topluluğu düzenlemelerinin uygulama yelpazesinin genişletilmesine katkı sağlaması amacı ile diğer hukuk alanlarına da değinilmek suretiyle çok yönlü araştırma yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Şirketler Topluluğu, Sorumluluk, Hakim Şirket, Bağlı Şirket. It is frequently seen that multiple companies independent from each other come together to form an organization and this organization is called a group of companies. In our country, it is frequently observed that entities form a commercial organization by coming together around the desire of extending their field of activity and in order to reduce costs and increase profitability. However, existing laws lacked a specific regulation in connection with organizations that are formed as such. Encountering such cases in different fields of law has, in time, led to the requirement of a legislative regulation about group of companies and regulations have been introduced for the first time in connection with group of companies under Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. These regulations are aimed at stipulating the structuring of the group of companies, forming the organizational chart, and determining operational aspects and responsibilities of the concerned persons. Substantial part of the provisions regarding group of companies regulated under Commercial Code is based on German Konzern Law. The present study is focused on group of companies regulations under the Law based on Turkish law and the subject matter is addressed in an in-depth approach based on other branches of the law in order to establish enforceability of the group of companies regulations. In the present study analysing liability of the Dominant Enterprise in connection with debts of an Affiliated Company, basic concepts related with group of companies, liabilities in a group of companies and liability of anAffiliated Company towards third persons are explained within the scope of actual group of companies and joint stock companies. In addition, an in-depth study has been conducted based on other fields of the law for the purpose of contributing to extension of the enforcement range of regulations on group of companies. Keywords: Group of companies, Liability, Dominant Enterprise, Affiliated Company.

Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

How do we legislate for the unknown? This work tackles the question from the perspective of copyright, analysing the judicial practice emerging from case law on new uses of intellectual property resulting from technological change. Starting off by comparing results of actual innovation-related cases decided in jurisdictions with and without the fair use defence available, it delves deeper into the pathways of judicial reasoning and doctrinal debate arising in the two copyright realities, describing the dark sides of legal flexibility, the attempts to ‘bring order into chaos’ on one side and, on the other, the effort of judges actively looking for ways not to close the door on valuable innovation where inflexible legislation was about to become an impassable choke point. The analysis then moves away from the high-budget, large-scale innovation projects financed by the giants of the Internet era. Instead, building upon the findings of Yochai Benkler on the subject of networked creativity, it brings forth a type of innovation that brings together networked individuals, sharing and building upon each other’s results instead of competing, while often working for non-economic motivations. It is seemingly the same type of innovation, deeply rooted in the so-called ‘nerd culture’, that powered the early years of the 20th century digital revolution. As this culture was put on trial when Oracle famously sued Google for reuse of Java in the Android mobile operating system, the commentary emerging from the surrounding debate allowed to draw more general conclusions about what powers the digital evolution in a networked environment. Lastly, analysing the current trends in European cases, the analysis concludes by offering a rationale as to why a transformative use exception would allow courts to openly engage in the types of reasoning that seem to have become a necessity in cases on the fringes of copyright.

Chapter 6 of the companies Act has attempted to resolve problems created by the ineffectiveness of judicial management which has failed to provide suitable alternative to the liquidation. The process of business rescue proceedings has made some impact on the liability of sureties in so far as it relates to creditors. Moratorium has been imposed once the business rescue proceedings commences and therefore the principal debtors are protected against any legal action unless the court or business rescue practitioner has consented thereto. The question is what is the impact of the business rescue proceedings on the rights of creditors against the sureties of the company under business rescue proceedings and what is the judicial position in so far as it relates to liabilities of sureties during business rescue proceedings, finally what is the position of comparative law in respect of other foreign Jurisprudence terms of business rescue proceedings and the liability of sureties. The South African Companies Act does not regulate the situation of creditor’s rights against sureties of a financially distressed Company. In terms of American law, the situation is different. Creditor’s rights against non-debtors (including sureties) is regulated by Bankruptcy Codes. In terms of bankruptcy codes, the discharge of a debtor does not affect the liability of the nondebtors or other entities. There are divergent views in terms of South African Court decisions in respect of liability of sureties. Some Judges believe that the commencement of business rescue proceedings does not affect the liability of sureties and others are of the view that the beginning of business rescue proceedings releases sureties from their obligations towards creditors unless business rescue plan or deed of suretyship provides otherwise. It is therefore recommended that our legislature introduces some new sections into the companies act. One Section should be similar to section 524(e) of the bankruptcy codes which expressly states that a discharge granted to the principal debtor does not affect the liability of sureties towards creditors. Another section should be similar to section 105(a), which provide courts with powers to make any order to realize the objectives of the companies act. This to avoid conflicting courts decisions on this issue.

Over the last years, academics, practitioners and policy makers have focused their attention on an emerging technology: three-dimensional printing (“3DP”). 3DP is often portrayed as a game changer, showing the potential to disrupt established socioeconomic paradigms and exert profound implications in disparate areas of law. 3DP not only is well integrated in the manufacturing industry, but also increasingly adopted at consumer level. Recent developments have made it possible for ordinary people to take an active role in the production, customization and distribution of goods, and likewise paved the way for the proliferation of new market entrants, such as 3DP online platforms. Against this background, this thesis aims to shed some light on the implications that 3DP may have for Intellectual Property Law. In particular, this work attempts to predict and grasp the consequences that the digitization of real world things may carry in the area of IP law, both from the side of protection and infringement. This contribution is intended to create general awareness about the current state of the art and likewise delineate possible future scenarios in the 3DP ecosystem. The research question at the core of the analysis is whether the current legal framework of different IPRs already offers suitable means for regulating the thin dividing line between the digital and the analogue world, or rather needs to be amended, in order to cope with such a fascinating reality. To this end, the analysis contributes insights to the best legal treatment that CAD files shall receive, in case such files embed products protected by copyright, designs, patents and trademarks. Hence, it addresses right owners’ concern that the online transmission of CAD files, combined with the ease of converting such files into the final printout, will facilitate mass-scale and worldwide infringement of all IPRs.

Please refer to full text to view abstract <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

No abstract available.

This PhD thesis explores pro bono practice among large, international law firms in Europe. The central question addressed by the thesis is: does “Big Law Pro Bono” contribute to access to justice in Europe? The thesis commences with a review of the literature which both contextualizes and situates the thesis. This review also identifies gaps in the existing literature particularly related to the globalization and localization of law firm pro bono and its practice beyond the United States (i.e. its practice in other parts of the world such as Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America). After identifying issues with the current definition of access to justice, used throughout much of the existing literature, the thesis proposes a new definition which is then used throughout the thesis to evaluate pro bono practice in Europe. Towards this end, the thesis first provides historical context to law firm pro bono practice by exploring the history of pro bono, legal aid and other models of progressive lawyering across Europe. Following this, the thesis closely explores the process by which large firm pro bono practice arrived in Europe (i.e. globalization), the contemporary practice and the process by which it adapted to the European legal, social and political ecosystem (i.e. localization). Ultimately, it is suggested that large firm pro bono does not contribute to access to justice in Europe insofar as access to justice is defined narrowly - in the way that it has been conceived of in much of the existing literature. However, by embracing a broader definition of access to justice, it is possible to perceive the actual (and possible) social and political impact of large firm pro bono practice in Europe.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Abstract : Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)