Bibliographie sélective OHADA

随着世界经济全球化，国内外企业之间的商贸往来迅猛发展，出现商事争议与纠纷的案件也呈现上升趋势，仲裁以其高效、快速等优点成为解决国际商事纠纷的最终方式之一。本文从仲裁的优点入手，首先阐述了完整仲裁过程中各个关键环节及注意事项，然后用流程图和横道图两种形式体现了一个完整的仲裁过程，最后就国际工程项目仲裁管理给出了具体建议。 With the globalization of the world economy, the commercial exchanges between domestic and foreign enterprises are developing rapidly, and the number of commercial disputes cases is growing quickly. Considering its advantages of high efficiency and speed, arbitration has become one of the final ways to solve international commercial disputes. This paper firstly presents the advantages of arbitration, then expounds the key stages and attention during the whole arbitration process. Flow chart and Gantt chart are drawn to show logics of the process. Specific suggestions on the arbitration management of international projects are given at the end of the article.

This paper analyses financial inclusion in Africa focusing on the role of political business cycles and pricing behaviour of banks. We employ a sample of 330 banks operating in 29 African countries to test for two related hypotheses. Panel fixed and random effects were estimated for the period 2002 to 2013. The regression results that ensued suggests first that loan price increases in pre-election and election years. Building on this result and employing various specifications of financial inclusion, the second results suggest that, high bank loan prices in election years tend to increase financial access more, compared to non-election years, and that, high deposit price reduces financial usage but increases financial access in election years, compared to non-election years. By extension, these results have important policy implications for policymakers.

That intellectual property is the creation of ideas in the form of new discoveries, literary works, and works of art, symbols, names and images used in trade. Of course, intellectual property is closely related to the world of commerce because its emergence is triggered by the desires of the members of the World Intellectual Property Organization who want to protect their economies in the era of free trade. In this case how the form of protection of intellectual property rights in the perspective of international trade, it can be seen that basically the laws and or regulations in every country in the world are different and each country has the right to implement its own legal rules in the jurisdiction of their country.

Le juge togolais a rendu une intéressante décision sur la contrefaçon en cas de cumul des droits, notamment de brevet et de marque, sur un produit. D’un côté, quant à l’appréciation de la contrefaçon de brevet d’invention, ne constitue pas une contrefaçon, la mise sur le marché d’une invention dont le mécanisme a une double fonction distincte de l’unique fonction de l’invention protégée. De l’autre, l’apposition de la marque d’autrui sur les emballages et l’étiquette du prix d’un produit constitue un comportement gênant et troublant susceptible de donner lieu à une réparation du dommage subi par le propriétaire de la marque. La portée de la décision dépasse de loin les seules conséquences de la contrefaçon. Elle implique également que, la propriété intellectuelle étant fille de la liberté de commerce et de l’industrie, l’appréciation de la contrefaçon ne puisse oblitérer l’aspect concurrentiel de ces droits. La liberté de commerce et de l’industrie peut donc aussi bien intervenir pour soutenir les titulaires de droit de propriété intellectuelle que pour encadrer leurs pratiques.

Une profonde réforme du droit social est intervenue au Bénin en août 2017 par l’entrée en vigueur de la loi fixant les conditions et la procédure d’embauche, de placement de main-d’œuvre et de résiliation du contrat de travail. Dans ses mues, la nouvelle règlementation affirme la rupture d’avec la surprotection du salarié contenue dans le Code du travail et consacre l’introduction en droit positif béninois de la flexibilité considérée par certains comme synonyme de précarité de l’emploi. En réalité, il s’agit d’un changement de paradigme qui témoigne de l’articulation de l’adaptabilité du droit du travail aux exigences de compétitivité de l’entreprise. Dans le contexte béninois, la flexibilité induit une ambivalence. En conséquence, si l’on peut noter que la flexibilité introduite par la nouvelle loi fragilise le statut du salarié, on ne peut occulter que la réforme comporte des vertus faisant d’elle un outil de promotion de l’emploi : on a rendu vulnérable le salarié afin d’offrir plus de chance à l’embauche. Au-delà des remous qu’elle a pu susciter, la réforme aura le mérite d’opérer une courageuse et nécessaire révolution législative. A thorough reform of labour law took place in Benin in August 2017 with the entry into force of the law setting out the conditions and procedure for labour hiring, placement and termination of employment contracts. The new regulations mark a break with the overprotection of employees contained in the labour code and enshrine the introduction into Beninese positive law of flexibility, considered by some to be a source of job instability. This is a paradigm shift that reflects the articulation of the adaptability of labour law to the enterprise competitiveness demands. In the Beninese context, flexibility induces ambivalence. Consequently, while it can be noted that the flexibility introduced by the new law weakens the status of the employee, it can also be admitted that the reform has the merits to be a tool for employment promotion: the employee has been made vulnerable in order to offer more opportunities for hiring. Beyond the upheavals it may have caused, the reform will have the merit of bringing about a courageous and necessary legislative revolution. Uma profunda reforma do direito social teve lugar no Benin em Agosto de 2017 com a entrada em vigor da lei que estabelece as condições e o processo de contratação, colocação da mão-de-obra e da rescisão do contrato de trabalho. Nas suas alterações, a nova regulamentação afirma a ruptura com a superproteção do trabalhador contida no código do trabalho e consagra a introdução no direito positivo beninense da flexibilidade considerada por alguns como sinónimo de precariedade do emprego. Na realidade, trata-se de uma mudança de paradigma que testemunha a articulação da adaptabilidade do direito do trabalho às exigências de competitividade da empresa. No contexto beninês, a flexibilidade induz uma ambivalência. Consequentemente, se podemos constatar que a flexibilidade introduzida pela nova lei fragiliza o estatuto do trabalhador, não podemos esconder que a reforma comporta igualmente virtudes que a tornam num instrumento de promoção do emprego: tornou-se vulnerável o trabalhador para criar mais possibilidades de contratação. Paralém da turbulência que possa ter suscitado, a reforma terá o mérito de operar uma corajosa e necessária revolução legislativa. En agosto de 2017 se llevó a cabo en Benín una profunda reforma del derecho social con la entrada en vigor de la ley que establece las condiciones y el procedimiento de contratación, colocación de mano de obra y rescisión del contrato de trabajo. En sus mudas, la nueva reglamentación afirma la ruptura con la sobreprotección del trabajador contenida en el Código del Trabajo y consagra la introducción en el derecho positivo beninés de la flexibilidad considerada por algunos como sinónimo de precariedad del empleo. En realidad, se trata de un cambio de paradigma que demuestra la articulación de la adaptabilidad del derecho laboral a las exigencias de competitividad de la empresa. En el contexto beninés, la flexibilidad induce a una ambivalencia. En consecuencia, si bien se puede observar que la flexibilidad introducida por la nueva ley debilita la situación del empleado, no se puede ocultar que la reforma comporta virtudes que hacen de ella un instrumento de promoción del empleo: Hicimos vulnerable al empleado para ofrecer más oportunidades en la contratación. Más allá de las turbulencias que ha podido suscitar, la reforma tendrá el mérito de llevar a cabo una valiente y necesaria revolución legislativa.

The adoption of International financial reporting standards (IFRS) has been presented in several empirical literature as a factor that could improve the quality of financial reports. However, Ghana has not attained the desired levels of financial reporting quality after the adoption of IFRS. Literature reveals that lack of proper enforcement of these high-quality standards may result in limited compliance and will undermine the effectiveness of these standards in terms of attaining high-quality financial reports. This study therefore argues that the relationship between IFRS compliance and reporting quality revolves around some enforcement mechanisms like corporate governance structures. In view of that, by using random effect estimation technique, this study examined the role of corporate governance in the relationship between IFRS compliance and the reporting quality of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). The study found that the right corporate governance mechanisms will enhance the positive effect of IFRS compliance on reporting quality. This study further recommends that to gain an appreciable level of public confidence in the annual reports of firms listed on the GSE, the audit committee’s independence and the board’s independence should be strengthened to ensure that management does not only adopt IFRS, but that the standards are actually complied with.

Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is supposed to help enhance comparability of financial statement, improve the quality of financial reporting and accounting information of businesses in a country. This is expected to help improve Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the adopting countries. This study examined the effect of IFRS adoption on FDI inflows in Africa. Unlike previous studies that sample both adopting and non-adopting countries, this study sampled only Africa countries that have adopted IFRS to determine whether the adoption has improved FDI inflows. To achieve this objective, 20 African countries that have adopted IFRS were sampled covering a period 1980 to 2015. Data was sourced from The World Bank financial and Economic Data. Control variables such as GDP growth, openness of the economy, government debt and population growth were included in the model. The correlation and regression analysis showed that IFRS adoption has a positive and significant influence on FDI inflows in Africa. On the other hand, open economy, government debt and population growth had a positive and significant association with FDI. Overall, the results show that African countries that want to improve FDI inflows must improve the quality of their reporting environment by adopting IFRS.

Les États membres de l’OAPI forment un espace d’harmonisation du droit d’auteur en Afrique. Cette harmonisation est encore inachevée. Les règles conventionnelles relatives au contrat d’édition en témoignent. Aussi, enquêter sur le contrat d’édition dans l’espace OAPI nécessite un examen tant du texte de l’Accord de Bangui que des lois nationales des dix-sept États membres, dont il faut relever quelques différences sans éluder la question d’éventuels conflits de lois.

In international arbitration, arbitrators have procedural powers that allow them to manage and conduct the arbitration proceedings in a fair and efficient manner. These powers are typically set out in the arbitration rules that the parties have agreed to, such as the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules or the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) rules. Arbitrators have the authority to determine the procedure to be followed in the arbitration, including the admissibility, relevance, materiality, and weight of the evidence presented. They can also decide on the language to be used in the arbitration and the location of the hearings. In addition, arbitrators can issue orders and directions as needed to ensure the fair and efficient conduct of the proceedings. This may include ordering the production of documents or witness testimony, or setting time limits for the submission of evidence. The present paper critically examines the lex arbitri, the law that governs the arbitral proceedings, and makes out a case that lex arbitri cannot be challenged in court, as the parties to the arbitration have agreed to resolve their disputes through arbitration rather than through the courts. However, if the tribunal exceeds its powers or acts in a manner that is inconsistent with the lex arbitri, the parties may have grounds to challenge the tribunal's decision on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction or due process. The paper summarises some key judgments in which Courts have upheld or quashed the Tribunals procedural orders. It will be concluded that the procedural powers of arbitrators in international arbitration are real and not perfunctory, though bounded within powers extended by Parties to the arbitral tribunal.

Si ‘’se défendre’’ est un droit, avoir les moyens de le faire ne l’est pas moins. En matière pénale, ce droit est garanti par un certain nombre de principes qui, mis en ensemble, offrent à la personne poursuivie la possibilité de le faire valoir. Cependant, en droit burkinabè, les droits de la défense, bien que garantis par des textes à valeur constitutionnelle, internationale et législative, peinent surtout à être effectifs. Que ce soit à la phase d’enquête, devant le juge d’instruction ou pendant le jugement, la personne poursuivie ne dispose pas toujours de moyens adéquats pour assurer convenablement sa défense. Il conviendrait alors que les autorités compétentes déploient des efforts supplémentaires, afin que ce droit humain fondamental connaisse une pleine effectivité aussi bien théorique que pratique à toutes les phases de la procédure pénale.

La jurisprudence des juridictions communautaires contribue à affirmer l’idée selon laquelle le juge communautaire joue un rôle primordial dans la consolidation de la justice de l’intégration en Afrique. Il contribue à travers les fonctions contentieuses, consultatives et quasi-contentieuses à l’enracinement dans les ordres juridiques communautaires, d’une justice d’intégration accessible, efficace et de qualité. L’étude recherche dans la production jurisprudentielle, ce qui découle de la participation des juridictions communautaires, notamment des Cours de justice de la CEMAC et de l’UEMOA à la construction de l’intégration avec pour objectif de vérifier si le droit africain de l’intégration bénéficie de ces organes d’un même apport ou d’un traitement différencié. Il en ressort que les juridictions communautaires considérées jouent un rôle quasi similaire dans la régulation du processus d’intégration sous-régionale. En effet, il se dégage de leur politique jurisprudentielle une convergence des contributions au processus normatif primaire et une ambivalence des contributions au processus normatif dérivé de l’intégration. Par ailleurs, les décisions analysées restent fortement marquées par une asymétrie entre le contentieux socio-économique en plein essor et celui des droits fondamentaux resté en friche. En définitive, à travers une méthode juridique et une technique comparative des pratiques jurisprudentielles des organisations d’intégration, les juridictions communautaires contribuent de façon offensive à l’enracinement de « l’intégration par le droit » en Afrique en général et dans les Communautés sous-régionales envisagées en particulier. The case law of community courts helps to affirm that the community judge plays a key and primary role in consolidating integration justice in Africa. It contributes through its contentious, advisory and quasi-contentious functions to the establishment in community legal orders of accessible, efficient and high-quality integrative justice. These studies are to search in the case-law production, which results from the participation of community jurisdictions, in particular the Courts of Justice of CAEMC (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) and WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) in the construction of integration with the aim of verifying whether African law of the integration benefits from these bodies from the same contribution or from differentiated treatment. As a result, the community jurisdictions are considering playing an almost similar role in regulating the process of sub-regional integration. Indeed, from their jurisprudential policy emerges a convergence of contributions to the primary normative process and an ambivalence of contributions to the normative process derived from integration. The decisions indeed analyzed remain strongly marked by an asymmetry between the booming socio-economic litigation and that of fundamental rights which has remained unexplored. In conclusion, through a legal method and a comparative technique of the jurisprudential practices of integration organizations, community jurisdictions contribute in an offensive way to the entrenchment of "integration through law" in Africa in general and particularly the sub regional communities.

Les sûretés judiciaires OHADA permettent au créancier d’acquérir une protection conservatoire grâce à une procédure d’urgence connue sous le nom d’ordonnance sur requête. L’efficacité de cet instrument procédural à l’égard du créancier repose sur plusieurs aspects. Dans le but de conférer une protection juridictionnelle immédiate, l’ordonnance sur requête permet au créancier d’inscrire sa sûreté sur les biens du débiteur à son insu. Cet effet de surprise à l’égard du débiteur est renforcé par une certaine célérité dans l’exécution de la décision du juge qui, en facilitant la tâche au créancier, lui imposera éventuellement certaines conditions afin de garantir le caractère légitime de sa revendication. Judicial securities OHADA make it possible to the creditor to acquire a precautionary protection thanks to an emergency procedure known as order of request. The effectiveness of this procedural instrument, with regards to the creditor, based on several aspects. With an aim of conferring an immediate jurisdictional protection, the ordinance on request makes it possible to the creditor to register his security on the debtor's property without his knowledge. This effect of surprise with regards to the debtor is reinforced by a certain celerity in the execution of the decision of the judge who, by facilitating the task with the creditor, will impose possibly certain conditions to him in order to guarantee the legitimate character of his claim.

As globalisation intensifies, the environmental burden of economic development is being shifted to poor countries. This development manifests in waste trade involving the transboundary shipment of toxic waste from developed to developing countries. This article evaluates the strategies with which waste trade is being perpetuated to the detriment of sustainable development and human rights values in Sub-Sahara Africa. It argues that capitalism has influenced massive generation and commodification of waste, especially in industrialised countries. It has also established that globalisation has made the transboundary shipment of waste easy. Moreover, foreign investments in the waste industry in developing countries appear to be a means by developed countries to perpetuate waste shipment to developing countries, which helps waste traders to avoid stringent regulations and high costs of waste management in developed countries. Therefore, such investments in developing countries should not always be viewed as a breakthrough in attracting foreign investments. The findings made include that despite the existence of the Basel and Bamako Conventions at global and regional levels, respectively, waste trade has continued in different forms in Africa, where waste merchants exploit the low-cost facilities, cheap labour and weak regulatory frameworks. The trend includes the reckless dumping of hazardous industrial waste, electronic waste as well as ostensible investment in “dirty industries” in some African countries. It concludes by urging the states to individually establish robust mechanisms that protect the environment and enforce environmental rights. These measures will help complement the collective efforts they have made in multilateral and regional agreements.