Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A presente tese se ocupa de analisar a possibilidade de vinculação de não signatário da convenção de arbitragem ao processo de jurisdição privada via desconsideração da personalidade jurídica no âmbito de arbitragens domésticas. Para tanto, no Capítulo 1, examinam-se premissas teóricas ligadas ao processo de aquisição da personalidade jurídica; de como ele opera limitando a responsabilidade dos integrantes do ente personalizado; e do embate entre autonomia da atividade societária e abuso de direito do qual pode resultar a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. A teoria desconstitutiva é verificada desde sua criação até os dias atuais, enfatizando-se seu modo de funcionamento à luz dos pressupostos que autorizam sua incidência e os efeitos que se seguem desse reconhecimento segundo a concepção clássica da técnica desconstitutiva. No Capítulo 2, aborda-se o papel da autonomia da vontade para a teoria geral dos contratos e para a arbitragem, apontando-se o alcance e a classificação desta última para, a seguir, adentrar no tema da verificação do consentimento para arbitrar conflitos. Nesse contexto, são analisadas diversas teorias que fundamentam a participação de parte não signatária em arbitragens para se chegar à formulação daquilo que se denominou de consentimento suficiente para arbitrar conflitos. Ao ensejo do estudo das diversas teorias que embasam a extensão da cláusula compromissória, procura-se assinalar distinções, mas também semelhanças, que tornem viável apropriar seus argumentos, quando for o caso, para a específica hipótese de vinculação de terceiro via desconsideração da personalidade jurídica. No Capítulo 3, o epicentro da tese, são investigados os fundamentos que, segundo se defende, autorizam a hipótese. Para tanto, são levados em consideração implicações próprias da natureza jurídica da arbitragem e da regra do kompetenz-kompetenz; a equiparação entre árbitros e juízes togados no exercício de suas funções; o valor da efetividade para a jurisdição arbitral, com foco na análise econômica do direito e no impacto para os custos transacionais da arbitragem ao se rechaçar a hipótese defendida; a boa-fé objetiva como meio apto a identificar o consentimento suficiente; e, finalmente, uma análise individual de alguns trabalhos doutrinários que defendem a hipótese contrária, expondo criticamente seus motivos. Como resultado dos pontos abordados, procura-se responder se a análise da pretensão desconstitutiva por árbitros choca-se com o sistema por alargar os limites da convenção, seja em razão da matéria, seja em virtude dos sujeitos contratantes do pacto arbitral. A conclusão a que se chega é no sentido de que a conjugação desses fatores possibilita a vinculação de parte não signatária ao processo arbitral em razão da utilização abusiva da personalidade jurídica, sendo essa a solução mais consentânea com os propósitos da técnica desconstitutiva estampada no art. 50 do CC e conforme o que dispõe o sistema arbitral. This thesis is dedicated to analyzing the possibility of binding a non-signatory of the arbitration agreement to the private jurisdiction process via disregard doctrine in domestic arbitrations. To this end, Chapter 1 analyzes the theoretical premises linked to the process of acquisition of legal entity, the way it operates in limiting the liability of the members of the personalized entity, and the conflict between the autonomy of the companys activity and abuse of rights, which may result in the disregard of legal entity. The disregard doctrine is verified from its conception to the present days, emphasizing the way it works according to the requirements that allows its incidence and the effects from its recognition according to the classic doctrine of the corporate veil. Chapter 2 deals with the role of autonomy of the will in the general theory of contracts and arbitration, pointing out the reach and classification of the arbitration to then go into the theme of the verification of consent to arbitrate conflicts. In this context, the various theories that support the participation of a non-signatory party in arbitration proceedings are analyzed to formulate what is called "sufficient consent" to arbitrate disputes. In the course of analyzing the various theories on which the extension of the arbitration clause is based, an effort is made to point out distinctions as well as similarities that could make feasible to adopt their arguments, where appropriate, for the specific hypothesis of binding a third party through vail of legal entity. In Chapter 3, the epicenter of the thesis, the grounds by which, according to what has been defended, the arguments that authorizes the hypothesis are examined. To this end, the implications of the legal nature of arbitration are taken into consideration; the rule of kompetenz-kompetenz; the equivalence between arbitrators and judges in the exercise of their functions; the value of effectiveness for the arbitral jurisdiction, focused on the Economic Analysis of Law and the impact on the transactional costs of arbitration when the defended hypothesis is rejected; objective good faith as liable ground for identifying sufficient consent; and finally, individual analysis of some doctrinal works defending the contrary hypothesis, critically exposing their motives. As a result of all the points analyzed, an attempt is made to answer whether the analysis of the unconstitutional claim by arbitrators clashes with the system by extending the limits of the arbitration convention, whether due to the subject matter or to the contracting parties of the arbitration agreement. The conclusion is that the combination of these factors allows the binding of the non-signatory party to the arbitration process due to the abusive use of the legal entity, being this the most consistent solution with the purposes of the unconstitutional technique stamped in article 50 of Brazilian Civil Code and according to what the arbitration system disposes of.

A pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar se a positivação do princípio da preservação da empresa previsto na lei n.° 11.101/05 promove ou não a cooperação. As instituições desempenham relevante papel para a formação de um ambiente de cooperação e, consequentemente, para a promoção do desenvolvimento. O processo de evolução institucional é dinâmico e decorre principalmente da interrelação entre instituições e organizações. A formação e o sucesso das organizações dependem do ambiente institucional que, ao prover o necessário equilíbrio entre ordem e liberdade, oferece aos indivíduos e organizações os incentivos para a formação dos mais variados arranjos institucionais. O desenvolvimento econômico revela-se através da inovação decorrente do processo de destruição criadora que possibilita a conceituação do que se denominou autonomia privada criadora e que corresponde à engenhosidade dos homens de negócios que visualizam e empreendem as mais variadas estruturas de governança para produzir riquezas e ofertá-las em mercados. A alternância entre ciclos de inovação e de concorrência revelam a dinâmica do desenvolvimento econômico. Tratando especificamente da insolvência empresarial, buscando verificar o papel dos institutos falimentares na promoção ou não da cooperação, partiu-se da concepção do empresário como o típico devedor na economia que adquire poder de compra para financiar suas atividades. Tal financiamento se dá por meio de duas estruturas de governança distintas e que são utilizadas em simultaneamente pelo empresário, hierárquica (capital) e horizontal ou de mercado (dívida). A insolvência coloca-se como uma patologia manifestada na estrutura de governança horizontal e requer a aplicação de remédios jurídicos adequados para que a crise de um ente produtivo não se alastre para o mercado como um todo. Em um âmbito teórico os remédios são divididos entre a liquidação e a reorganização da empresa, procedimentos previstos em legislações falimentares e que visam a sanar a situação de crise econômico-financeira, enquanto o primeiro corresponde a solução liquidatório-solutória por meio de um processo de execução coletiva, o segundo corresponde a procedimento judicial que viabiliza um fórum para a renegociação coletiva de dívidas. Para a análise da dinâmica destes mecanismos é propostos um modelo de barganha de credores no qual estes são equiparados a co-proprietários do patrimônio do devedor. Em perspectiva macro verifica-se que credores costumam se alternar nas posições de credores garantidos e credores não garantidos em diferentes procedimentos falimentares e, por isso, é importante que na hipótese de falência as regras atribuam aos credores direitos mais próximos possíveis daquele atribuído fora da falência, provendo uma base mais segura para que se proceda negociações, especialmente em casos de reorganização. Partindo de uma perspectiva do mercado de crédito e não de um procedimento específico, cada decisão tomada por um agente em um procedimento específico serve de informação para os demais credores que, assim, podem optar por cooperar ou não cooperar e, com isso, ver emergir a cooperação com base na reciprocidade (tit for tat). Na análise do princípio da preservação da empresa são destacados os riscos de sua aplicação assistencialista, apontando-se os problemas que decorrem do fato de não ser o diploma falimentar a seara adequada para tratamento de questões relativas a políticas sociais de pleno emprego. Já a análise da existência de credores não sujeitos aos efeitos da recuperação judicial é vista à luz do dever de renegociação e de uma análise funcionalista das garantias fiduciárias. The research aims to verify whether the positivization of the principle of preservation of the company provided for in Law No. 11,101 / 05 promotes cooperation or not. Institutions play an important role in creating an environment of cooperation and, consequently, in promoting development. The institutional evolution process is dynamic and results mainly from the interrelationship between institutions and organizations. The formation and success of organizations depends on the institutional environment that, by providing the necessary balance between order and freedom, offers individuals and organizations the incentives to form the most varied institutional arrangements. Economic development is revealed through innovation resulting from the process of creative destruction that enables the conceptualization of what was called creative private autonomy and which corresponds to the ingenuity of businessmen who visualize and undertake the most varied governance structures to produce wealth and offer them in markets. The alternation between innovation and competition cycles reveals the dynamics of economic development. Specifically dealing with business insolvency, seeking to verify the role of bankruptcy institutes in promoting or not cooperation, the idea of the entrepreneur as a natural debtor who acquires purchasing power to finance his activities was started. Such financing occurs through two different governance structures that are used simultaneously by the entrepreneur, hierarchical (capital) and horizontal or market (debt). Insolvency poses itself as a pathology manifested in the horizontal governance structure and requires the application of appropriate legal remedies so that the crisis of a productive entity does not spread to the market as a whole. In a theoretical context, the remedies are divided between the liquidation and the reorganization of the company, procedures provided for in bankruptcy laws and which aim to remedy the situation of economic and financial crisis, while the first corresponds to the liquidation-solutory solution through a process of collective execution, the second corresponds to judicial proceedings that provide a forum for the collective renegotiation of debts. In order to analyze the dynamics of these mechanisms, a creditors' bargaining model is proposed, in which they are equated with co-owners of the debtor's assets. From a macro perspective, it appears that creditors tend to alternate in the positions of secured creditors and unsecured creditors in different bankruptcy procedures and, therefore, it is important that in the event of bankruptcy, the rules give creditors the closest possible rights to that assigned out of bankruptcy. , providing a safer basis for negotiations, especially in cases of reorganization. From a credit market perspective and not from a specific procedure, each decision made by an agent in a specific procedure serves as information for the other creditors who, thus, can choose to cooperate or not cooperate and, with that, see it emerge cooperation based on reciprocity (tit for tat). In the analysis of the principle of preservation of the company, the risks of its assistance application are highlighted, pointing out the problems that result from the fact that the bankruptcy diploma is not the appropriate area for dealing with issues related to full employment social policies. The analysis of the existence of creditors not subject to the effects of judicial reorganization is seen in the light of the duty to renegotiate and the functionalist analysis of fiduciary guarantees.

A l’instar de toute organisation humaine, les activités en mer ou vis-à-vis de la mer sont régies par des normes. Ces normes – nationales, régionales comme internationales – sont censées réguler ces activités et sauvegarder la sécurité ainsi que la sûreté maritime. Cependant, le développement des activités maritimes va malheureusement avec celui des infractions en mer. Ces infractions, qui jonchent les espaces maritimes, ébranlent les normes de régulation. Elles compromettent de facto la sécurité et la sûreté en mer, valeurs au coeur des activités dans cet espace immense, "source de richesses pour les hommes". Si ces normes visent à préserver l’ordre normal d’usage de la mer, alors la recherche de leur effectivité apparaît cruciale. La question fondamentale qui se pose est donc de savoir comment cette effectivité peut être réalisée, face aux infractions en mer ? C’est autour de cette principale interrogation que gravite cette étude, menée dans une démarche compartative entre les droits français et togolais (avec quelques références à certains systèmes juridiques africains).

La construction internationale est en plein essor. De multiples partenaires sont susceptibles de s'engager dans un projet de construction internationale. Chacun de ces partenaires s'engageant à accomplir une tâche déterminée, variant selon le type de modèle contractuel choisi. Il existe, en effet, plusieurs types de modèles contractuels dans le secteur de la construction (le modèle traditionnel avec de la sous-traitance, le modèle design-construction, le « bridging », les contrats dits de « concession » …). Les parties choisissent librement le modèle contractuel qui leur convient le mieux et qui répond à leurs besoins. La figure contractuelle vient alors s'adapter aux besoins et aux compétences des parties. L'importance du contentieux dans les relations contractuelles du secteur de la construction internationale n'est pas négligeable. Le secteur de la construction internationale apparait même très propice à l'apparition de contentieux, dans un contexte ancré dans la mondialisation, du fait que les contrats internationaux de construction sont des contrats complexes et très souvent multipartites, s'exécutant sur le long terme. Les questions des responsabilités peuvent varier selon les différents modèles de contrats internationaux de construction. Les obligations des parties sont accrues dans le modèle de design-construction et la responsabilité des constructeurs sera très large (ces derniers assumant une très grande partie des risques tels que le risque de la conception, de la construction …) dans les contrats types « DBOOT ». Du fait de ces questions relatives à la responsabilité, le rôle de l'assurance n'est pas négligeable, mais, parfois, l'assurance ne protégera pas les responsabilités post-construction du constructeur et toutes les garanties ne sont pas toujours couvertes. Une réalité s'impose. Les litiges dans le secteur de la construction internationale ne cessent de croître, représentant plus de 20 % du contentieux devant la CCI. La pratique des disputes est alors apparue, pratique controversée du fait de l'absence d'exécution forcée des décisions du board.

Le continent Africain, un territoire avec un grand potentiel ! Près de la moitié des 20 pays à la croissance la plus rapide au monde au cours des cinq dernières années sont localisés en Afrique. Les investisseurs sont attirés par, le coût faible de la main d’œuvre, la stabilité socio-politique mais aussi et surtout par le potentiel que représente l'urbanisation et l'importance croissante de la classe moyenne. Cependant, cette croissance économique pourrait être freinée par le manque d'infrastructures du continent (routes, voies ferroviaire, ports, hôpitaux de dernière génération etc.…). Les besoins en infrastructures en Afrique subsaharienne sont estimés à plus de 93 milliards de dollars par an au cours de la prochaine décennie, et seule la moitié est disponible aujourd’hui. Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) sont donc apparus comme une alternative pour ce déficit de financement constaté. Au Sénégal, le peu de projets financés jusqu’ici avec le modèle PPP ont suscité d’énorme débats publics. La population se pose beaucoup de questions sur les avantages et inconvénients de ce type de marché. Mais à ces différentes questions, le gouvernement apporte rarement de réponses persuasives. Notre étude de recherche se veut donc, d’identifier à travers la littérature sur les PPP, mais aussi en nous appuyant sur l’analyse d’un grand projet de construction d’un aéroport, exécuté au Sénégal sous le modèle PPP, l’ensemble des risques rattachés à ce type de contrat. Le but étant de proposer à la fin de l’étude, un outil de gestion et d’anticipation sur ces risques.

En los últimos tiempos la mediación se ha visto involucrada en varios conflictos y sucesos de la realidad actual, pues este procedimiento, como el resto de métodos alternativos de solución de conflictos siempre ha estado presente, sólo se tiene que acudir a los autores clásicos y observar que se hacía referencia a ellos. Sin embargo, la mediación ha tomado fuerza a través de su verdadero desarrollo hacia una cultura de paz. El principio de voluntariedad es una característica esencial en los medios alternativos a la solución de conflictos, en el que, las partes resuelven sus controversias en materia transigible, asistidos por un tercero neutral llamado Mediador/a, el mismo que, guía, y conduce a las partes a resolver de manera eficaz, eficiente, rápida, y legal los conflictos. Si bien es cierto, dentro de este procedimiento se presentan muchos problemas al momento de resolver esta situación, y se ha encontrado en el mismo con personas, situaciones, posiciones, intereses y necesidades diferentes, así también se evidencian sentimientos, que al momento de llegar a un acuerdo de tenencia, lo único que se prioriza es todo lo mencionado anteriormente, pero no de manera consciente y responsable el bienestar de los menores, y ante este escenario, las partes deciden, y como es lógico el tercero neutral (mediador) debe respetar esa voluntad. Para esta investigación se ha utilizado una metodología histórica - lógica, así como inductiva - deductiva y dogmática jurídica, con un tipo de investigación cuantitativo, y un nivel de investigación descriptivo, lo que permite detallar y caracterizar el fenómeno en estudio.

Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the dynamic economies in the world. Unfortunately, the performance achieve has not led to a reduction of social issues. So, the government are making massive investment to overcome social issues. This massive public investment highlights the exogenous nature of the current economic growth. So, a change of the strategy in the economic management of sub-Saharan Africa is required. One solution remains the change of economic paradigm: the transition from exogenous economic with decreased return to endogenous economic with increased return. The theoretical explanation of such arguments are supported by New Growth Theory. However, the implementation of the new theory required compliance to a set of indicators known as stylized facts. In 2009, Romer and Jones have developed a list of stylized corresponding to the need of New Growth Theory. The stylized facts of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) have been compared to the standard facts of Romer and Jones in order to apply the recommendations of New Growth Theory in this area. To reach that aim, the stylized facts have been described and analysed with econometric panel model. As result, we find that the description of the stylized facts in WAEMU fitted perfectly with that of Romer and Jones for the same period. Unfortunately, when using data, institution don’t work as expected by Romer and Jones. This study strengthens the argument for the implementation of economic policy based on the valorisation of knowledge economic in WAEMU.

De toute évidence, la lutte contre le secteur informel en RDC constitue l'un des facteurs de la dynamisation de l'économie nationale. Cette lutte nécessite que les mesures idoines soient prises, entre autres l'engorgement de tous les canaux de facilitation des activités économiques informelles, à travers les règles claires dont la violence est sévèrement sanctionnée de manière à dissuader tous les récalcitrants. En effet, parmi les mesures juridiques prises par le législateur de l’OHADA figure la consécration des sociétés commerciales pouvant fonctionner sans personnalité juridique, c'est-à-dire de façon informelle, dont la société en participation. Et plusieurs se cachent derrière ces formes de sociétés pour légitimer leurs activités informelles, tout en se soustrayant du contrôle étatique. Cette étude vient apporter la lumière quant à ce. Elle précise que la consécration de la société en participation, comme pour les autres sociétés sans personnalité juridique, n'est pas à concevoir comme un moyen d'encourager les opérateurs économiques à y recourir, mais une sanction à l'encontre de ceux qui auraient donné l'impression d'avoir constitué une société commerciale et voudraient se soustraire des obligations qui en découlent, en évoquant l'absence de la personnalité juridique. Ainsi, il est important que le législateur renforce les sanctions contre tous ceux qui s'y livrent de manière à ne pas permettre la dénaturation de sa réforme.

Dans la mesure où le transport maritime de marchandises implique divers types d’opérateurs commerciaux internationaux, l’uniformité de la règlementation applicable semble être le meilleur moyen de satisfaire aux exigences de sécurité de ces différents acteurs. Il est donc nécessaire de se demander si cet idéal d’uniformisation du droit du transport maritime de marchandises tenté par les États est atteignable voire même souhaitable ou s’il ne faut pas constater en la matière que les opérateurs du transport international maritime de marchandises, loin d’être pénalisés par le conflit de normes applicables, n’y trouvent pas la souplesse nécessaire pour adapter le cadre juridique à leur propre contrat de transport. As the international transport of goods by sea involves various kinds of international trade operators, uniformity of the law appears to be the best way to satisfy the security requirements of these various operators. Nevertheless, States cannot create new rules for this activity, by simply unifying regulations in a conventional manner. There is a conflict between the desire for uniformity and the realities of implementing rules, as a consequence of divergences within the convention. This is the reason for which maritime actors have tried to standardize contracts, and support ruling jurisdictions. How can such practices contribute to the uniformity of soft law?

La haute mer est définie négativement dans la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982 : « ce sont les parties de la mer n’appartenant ni à la mer territoriale ni aux eaux intérieures d’un Etat, ni à sa zone économique exclusive, ni aux eaux archipélagiques d’un Etat archipel » (article 86). Cette approche résiduelle de l’espace de la haute mer est la conséquence directe de la vision patrimonialiste de l’espace maritime dans le cadre d’une extension progressive de la juridiction des Etats côtiers sur les étendues maritimes. Sur le plan juridique, le régime de la haute mer est caractérisé par le principe de la liberté de la haute mer d’une part, et le principe de la primauté de la loi du pavillon en haute mer d’autre part. The high seas are defined negatively in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982: "these are the parts of the sea belonging neither to the territorial sea nor to the internal waters of a State, nor to its zone exclusive economic territory, nor to the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State" (article 86). This residual approach to the high seas space is the direct consequence of the patrimonialist vision of the maritime space within the framework of a progressive extension of the jurisdiction of the coastal States over the maritime expanses. In legal terms, the regime of the high seas is characterized by the principle of the freedom of the high seas on the one hand, and the principle of the rule of law of the flag on the high seas on the other hand.

A priori, l’existence d’un Etat est encadrée par deux catégories d’éléments indispensables : les éléments de fonds et ceux de formes. Parmi les éléments de fonds, nous pouvons citer : le territoire, lequel est non seulement constitué de l’espace terrestre et souterrain, mais aussi de celui aérien et maritime. Au niveau de l’espace terrestre, ici dans notre réflexion, nous faisons allusion au sol et au sous-sol. En effet, les rapports entre l’homme et la terre ont été toujours au centre de la réflexion des Etats ; en ce que le sol est un élément de souveraineté indispensable. En outre, en République Démocratique du Congo, nous avons  connu plusieurs lois régissant les rapports entre l’homme et le sol ou l’Etat et le sol ; rapports qu’on appelle « fonciers ». Pendant la période qui précède l’accession des congolais au droit d’exercice de la souveraineté, un individu pouvait se faire librement « propriétaire » du sol.

The Brazilian legal system, especially Law n. 6,385, December 7, 1976 (Capital Market Law), the Corporate Law (LSA) and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), although they have a complex system of accountability for illegal acts, do not provide for accountability company in relation to investors. The objective of this study is to verify the limits of damages in relation to the company versus a shareholder or a third part; analyze the spectrum of direct and indirect damages; and understand if there are and what elements are necessary to verify these damages and can also be directly affected. The methodology to be used in this study is deductive, through a bibliographic and documentary approach, by reading works, scientific articles, dissertations and theses on the subject, as well as the revision of the legislation that applies to the subject. The study brings as results and conclusions that without excluding the system of responsibility of the administrators and other bodies of the company, it is the duty of this to indemnify the damages caused to the investors of the capital market, since the former are mere instruments of manifestation of their will

A Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência (CDPD) - conhecida como Convenção de Nova Iorque - estabeleceu um novo paradigma no regramento voltado à proteção e inserção social das pessoas portadoras de deficiência. A Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (LBI - Lei nº 13.146/2015), também denominada Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (EPD), em seu artigo 1º, estabelece ser destinada a assegurar e a promover, em condições de igualdade, o exercício dos direitos e das liberdades fundamentais por pessoas com deficiência, visando à sua inclusão social e cidadania. Essa lei operou uma transformação no tratamento jurídico conferido aos deficientes, sendo a mais relevante a revogação dos incisos dos artigos 3º e 4º do Código Civil, que previam a incapacidade absoluta ou relativa nos casos de ausência ou redução de discernimento decorrentes de enfermidade ou deficiência mental. Houve com isso uma subversão no regime das incapacidades - antes pautado no discernimento -, e consequentemente relevantes alterações na teoria do negócio jurídico. A evolução no tratamento jurídico conferido à pessoa com deficiência ao longo da história justifica o novo conceito de incapacidade à luz da Convenção de Nova Iorque. O impacto do atual regramento dispensado aos portadores de deficiência no campo negocial é indiscutível, e evidenciaria para parte da doutrina uma aparente incompatibilidade de seus propósitos e disposições com o ordenamento vigente, na medida em que as alterações promovidas na legislação civil acabariam por desproteger essas pessoas, tidas como vulneráveis. O principal ponto a ser analisado nesse campo serão as hipóteses de (in)validade dos negócios jurídicos envolvendo as pessoas com deficiência, já que, a partir das alterações promovidas pelas legislações citadas, passaram elas a ser consideradas capazes, e seus atos, por isso, presumidamente válidos. A solução para eventuais prejuízos gerados a esses indivíduos em razão de suas condições pessoais reside nos próprios defeitos do negócio jurídico - que, atingindo diretamente a vontade, importarão em sua invalidade -, bem como na análise sistemática e funcional das invalidades, priorizando princípios constitucionais que orientam a legislação específica voltada para a pessoa com deficiência. Nesse contexto, e considerando ainda que a autonomia privada não pode mais ser admitida para (in)validar situações que contrariem o próprio sistema jurídico, impõe-se uma revisão interpretativa da teoria do negócio jurídico - em especial de questões relacionadas à atual ideia de incapacidade -, a fim de permitir que o Estatuto tenha a eficácia pretendida, sem prejuízo da segurança e harmonia do ordenamento. É esse o propósito do presente estudo.

The right to water in investment arbitration has been one of the most contentious issues before investment arbitration tribunals in recent decades. The privatization of public services, including water and sanitation, and assigning them to foreign investors has caused the right to water as a vital benefit being repeatedly raised in investment arbitrations. However, due to tribunals’ narrow interpretation of jurisdiction and applicable law, this fundamental human right has been considered irrelevant and ignored, and this has fueled the legitimacy crises in investment arbitration. This research seeks to indicate the potentiality of more protection of the right to water through balancing the states international obligations in the two areas of investment law and human rights law. Proposed methods for integrating human rights with investment law include the correct interpretation of jurisdictional clauses and the applicable law based on the treaties interpretation principles, systematic integration and the inclusion of new clauses in investment agreements. طرح حق بر آب در داوری سرمایه‌گذاری یکی از مناقشه‌انگیزترین مباحث پیش روی دیوان‌های داوری در چند دهه اخیر بوده است. خصوصی‌سازی خدمات عمومی از جمله آب و فاضلاب و سپردن آنها به سرمایه‌گذاران خارجی موجب شده تا حق بر آب بعنوان یک منفعت عمومی و حیاتی بارها در داوری‌های سرمایه‌گذاری مطرح شود. با تفسیر مضیق محاکم از شروط صلاحیتی و قانون حاکم، این حق بنیادین بشری در برخی موارد نامربوط و نادیده تلقی شده و این امر به بحران مشروعیت در داوری سرمایه‌گذاری دامن زده است. این جستار می‌کوشد تا امکان حمایت بیشتر از حق بر آب را از طریق برقراری تعادل بین تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در دو عرصه حقوق سرمایه‌گذاری و حقوق بشر نشان دهد و در پایان روش‌هایی را برای ادغام این دو از جمله تفسیر درست شروط صلاحیتی و قانون حاکم با تکیه بر اصول تفسیر معاهدات، تلفیق سیستمیک و گنجاندن بندهای جدید در موافقتنامه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری پیشنهاد کند.

Cette ébauche est une contribution au développement économique des Etats d’Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier ceux membres de l’OHADA. Elle répond à une problématique qui nuit au développement économique de ces États par la voie de l’investissement : celle de la mise en place d’un système juridique africain permettant d’asseoir des règles juridiques pertinentes, fondamentales à l’encadrement du champ des investissements en Afrique. Quoiqu’il existe déjà au niveau national et communautaire africain, des législations applicables en la matière, cette étude démontre l’insuffisance de ces règles, trop promotrices des investissements, et peu protectrices de leurs enjeux, à régir comme il se doit le domaine des investissements. Cette étude est de ce fait révélatrice d’une nécessité, d’une opportunité : celle de la réforme du système juridique africain des investissements par l’instauration d’un Acte uniforme OHADA relatif aux investissements (AUI). Le dispositif normatif de cet Acte uniforme se voudra à la fois préventif et curatif des irrégularités pouvant être commises par les acteurs publics africains et leurs partenaires occidentaux dans les phases de négociation des conventions d’investissement, d’admission de l’investissement, d’exécution et d’extinction de l’activité d’investissement mais aussi protecteur des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux liés à l’exécution des projets d’investissement en Afrique. Cette réforme est également le lieu de veiller aux intérêts économiques des États africains lors des partenariats économiques conclus avec les États occidentaux et entreprises occidentales, au respect par leurs partenaires du droit interne et communautaire africain objet de la réforme mais également de protéger les investisseurs étrangers face aux actes préjudiciables émanant des acteurs publics africains. L’effectivité de telles mesures n’est possible que par l’institution d’un organe communautaire africain (la CARICI : Cour Africaine de Répression des Infractions Commises en matière d’Investissement) qui aura pour mission le suivi de l’exécution des projets d’investissements conformément aux programmes ou plans d’investissements agréés et aux dispositions juridiques qui seront établies par ledit Acte uniforme relatif aux investissements. Telles sont les suggestions émises lors de la rédaction de ce travail de recherche, qui nous l’espérons concourras à une grande avancée du droit des investissements africains et par voie de conséquence à une croissance économique fulgurante de ce continent. This study is a contribution to the economic development of sub-Saharan African states, in particular those that are members of OHADA. It responds to a problem that is detrimental to the economic development of these States through investment: that of the establishment of an African legal system making it possible to establish relevant legal rules, fundamental to the supervision of the field of investment in Africa. Although legislation already exists at the national and community level in Africa, this study shows the inadequacy of these rules, which are too promotive of investments and offer little protection to those at stake, to govern the field of investments as they should. This study is therefore indicative of a need and an opportunity: that of reforming the African legal system for investments through the introduction of an OHADA Uniform Act on Investments (UAI). The normative mechanism of this Uniform Act is intended to be both preventive and curative of irregularities that may be committed by African public actors and their Western partners in the phases of negotiation of investment agreements, admission of the investment, execution and termination of the investment activity; but also protective of the social and environmental issues related to the execution of investment projects in Africa. This reform is also the place to watch over the economic interests of African States during economic partnerships concluded with Western States and Western companies, the respect by their partners of African domestic and community law which is the subject of the reform, but also to protect foreign investors against prejudicial acts emanating from African public actors. The effectiveness of such measures is only possible through the institution of an African community body (the ACRIO: African Court of Repression of Investment Offences) which will have as its mission the monitoring of the execution of investment projects in accordance with the approved investment programmes or plans and the legal provisions which will be established by the said Uniform Act on Investments. These are the suggestions made during the drafting of this research work, which we hope will contribute to a great advance in African investment law and consequently to a dazzling economic growth of this continent.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os pressupostos e efeitos do regime geral de responsabilidade civil aplicáveis às falhas informacionais no mercado de valores mobiliários. A tese sustenta que (i) a responsabilidade civil por falhas informacionais é extracontratual, (ii) a falha informacional - comissiva ou omissiva - pode causar danos residuais, em caso de dolo na subscrição, e danos informacionais, em caso de distorção do preço da aquisição ou da venda dos valores mobiliários, (iii) o dano informacional depende (a) da aquisição ou venda de valores mobiliário no período entre a falha informacional e a descoberta, e (b) da correção do preço dos valores mobiliários na descoberta da falha informacional, (iv) o nexo de causalidade pode ser demonstrado por meio de estudos econométricos, (v) com base em juízo de probabilidade lógica, o julgador deve determinar a suficiência do estudo econométrico para demonstrar o nexo de causalidade, (vi) o dano informacional é a diferença entre o preço de aquisição ou de venda e o preço hipotético que deveria ter se formado, se não tivesse ocorrido a falha informacional, (vii) tanto a companhia como os administradores podem ser responsabilizados por danos causados por falhas informacionais, (viii) os titulares de valores mobiliários que adquiriram valores mobiliários por preço inflacionado ou venderam valores mobiliários por preço deflacionado podem ser lesados pela falha informacional, (ix) a responsabilidade civil possui função compensatória e não dissuasória, (x) com base no regime geral, a responsabilidade civil por falha informacional no mercado de valores mobiliários não consegue nem atender à função compensatória, nem colaborar para o funcionamento do sistema de tutela dos investidores. Ao final, são apresentadas propostas de lege ferenda para aprimorar o sistema legal de tutela do investidor, em especial, as normas de direito processual e de direito material sobre a responsabilidade civil por falha informacional no mercado de valores mobiliários.

The composition of the Board of Directors is commonly presented as an understandable variable for its effectiveness. However, the work that examined the relationship between the composition and effectiveness of the Board is not characterized, as they require about whether or not certain categories of directors (internal, external, independent) are relevant and the related empirical results are mixed. This work examines the relationship between the characteristics of the board of directors and its effectiveness in a type of business that is very common in the world, respecting the family business. Thus, the problem that this study tries to solve is to identify the characteristics of the board of directors that can contribute to its effectiveness in Cameroonian family businesses. We found that the size of the Board, the presence of external directors, and the cumulative management and control functions appear to have an impact on the effectiveness of the Board.

En RDC, la cassation a été instituée dans l’intérêt des parties et du respect de la loi. Les parties sont considérées comme les plus vigilantes pour dénoncer les violations du droit dès lors que celles-ci leur causent préjudice. Le pourvoi en cassation ne peut être introduit que par la partie qui a intérêt pour casser un jugement qui lui porte préjudice. Celle-ci institue quatre procédures : la prise à partie, les renvois de juridiction, les règlements des juges et la révision. L’expression « dernier ressort » fait référence au degré de juridiction, c’est-à-dire le jugement rendu en première instance qui ne peut pas faire l’objet d’appel comme voie de recours. On distingue le jugement définitif sur incident qui tranche la contestation et porte sur un incident de procédure. Tandis que le jugement définitif sur le fond, met fin au conflit sous réserve des voies de recours. Seul le jugement définitif sur incident rendu en dernier ressort peut être attaqué en cassation parce qu’il acquiert la force de la chose jugée. Le pourvoi reste ouvert contre les jugements définitifs vidant un incident tant que celui sur le fond n’est pas vidé. L’adhésion de la RDC au Traité de l’OHADA, les affaires commerciales en cassation ont cessé d’être l’apanage de la Cour de Cassation mais plutôt de la Cour Commune d’Arbitrage et de Justice (CCJA). In the DRC, cassation was instituted in the interest of the parties and respect for the law. The parties are considered to be the most vigilant in denouncing violations of the law when these cause them harm. The appeal in cassation can only be introduced by the party who has an interest in quashing a judgment which is detrimental to him. This establishes four procedures: taking part, referrals for jurisdiction, judges' regulations and revision. The expression “last resort” refers to the level of jurisdiction, that is to say the judgment rendered in first instance which cannot be appealed as a remedy. A distinction is made between the final incidental judgment which settles the dispute and relates to a procedural incident. While the final judgment on the merits, puts an end to the conflict subject to the means of appeal. Only the final incident judgment rendered as a last resort can be appealed in cassation because it acquires the force of res judicata. The appeal remains open against the final judgments clearing an incident as long as that on the merits is not cleared. The accession of the DRC to the OHADA Treaty, commercial cassation cases have ceased to be the prerogative of the Court of Cassation but rather of the Common Court of Arbitration and Justice (CCJA).

En droits français et koweïtien, il existe une juridiction de référé quelque soit la matière. Cette juridiction a le pouvoir de prendre des mesures provisoires et/ou conservatoires pour régler momentanément une situation urgente ou pour sauvegarder provisoirement et rapidement un droit dans l’attente qu’un jugement au fond soit rendu. Toutefois, en matière arbitrale, le juge étatique n’est pas le seul compétent pour pouvoir prendre lesdites mesures. En effet, l’arbitre désigné dans la convention d’arbitrage dispose également de cette prérogative. À ce titre, les juges étatiques ou arbitraux français et koweitiens, bénéficient de points forts mais également de faiblesses lorsqu’ils rendent ces mesures. D’une part, les juges des référés français et koweïtiens disposent de toutes les prérogatives permettant de rendre leurs décisions provisoires d’une manière efficace et rapide. Toutefois, la lourdeur des règles procédurales applicables devant les juridictions de référé peut s’avérer dissuasif. Elles peuvent ainsi préférer se tourner vers l’arbitre puisque les règles de procédure propre à l’arbitrage sont souvent perçues comme étant modernes, simples et rapides. Toutefois, les arbitres de ces deux États ne disposent pas de l’impérium, qui garante garantissant l’efficacité et l’effectivité de leurs mesures. À ce titre, la substance de cette thèse résidera dans la comparaison entre le juge des référés et les arbitres français et koweitiens concernant l’efficacité et la célérité de leurs mesures provisoires et/ou conservatoires. La présente thèse s’attachera à démontrer, au travers de cette comparaison, que l’arbitrage est préférable au traitement du litige malgré l’absence de certaines prérogatives importantes qui aident les arbitres pour rendre leurs mesures provisoires et/ou conservatoires rapides et efficaces. In French and Kuwaiti national courts, the power of urgency exists regardless of the nature of the courts, civil or commercial. The power of urgency entitles to grant all provisional and precautional orders to address an emergency situation or to preserve the right of the parties without prejudice to the origin of the substantive right. However, in the case of an existence of an arbitration agreement, the judge does not have the right to grant these orders solely. In fact, the arbitrator appointed in the arbitration agreement also has the right to this privilege. In this regard, every French and Kuwaiti judge whether an arbitrator or a national judge has points of strength and weakness when granting these orders. On one hand, the French and Kuwaiti national judge has all the privileges that entitle them to grant provisional and precautional orders effectively and quickly. However, the nature of the procedures used to grant these orders can sometimes be stressful and exhausting to the parties involved in a way that affects the speed and effectiveness of these orders. On the other hand, the procedures followed before the arbitrators are easy, fast, and effective, but the arbitrators do not have the power to redress to ensure the execution of these orders, which affects the administration of justice. Therefore, the essence of this study lies in the comparison between the national judge and the arbitrator, French and Kuwaiti, in terms of the effectiveness and the speed of granting provisional and precautional orders. This study shows that arbitration is always preferred by disputants to obtain provisional and precautional orders more quickly and effectively than national courts.