Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina, this study examines how diasporas contribute to the creation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. It defines FDI as the acquirement over assets in a foreign nation and highlights how diaspora populations support investment flows. It also examines diaspora investment strategies, such as diaspora portfolio investment (DPI) and diaspora direct investment (DDI), and offers a historical overview of diaspora FDI patterns and how Bosnia and Herzegovina's policies are changing to engage its diaspora more.One case study illustrates the impact of diaspora-led FDI by highlighting the success of Senad Šantić, a Bosnian entrepreneur who returned to his home country to start a tech company. While these investments support development and economic growth, there are still issues, like the possibility of putting one's own interests ahead of the interests of the economy as a whole. Particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where diaspora participation has historically been low, the implementation of effective policies and procedures is crucial, especially from a regulation perspective.The study also looks at the future of FDI, emphasizing the part that digital technology and new investment patterns will play. Opportunities for developing nations can be found in digital FDI, especially in industries like fintech and e-commerce, yet obstacles still exist in luring these investments. According to all the findings, developing nations can improve their chances for economic success by creating an atmosphere that encourages diaspora investment which will shift those nations into the global investment scene. Ultimately, FDI regulations and government programs are needed in order to fully utilize diaspora-led FDI for sustained growth.

Data gatekeepers (data controllers and processors) that use blockchain for data transfer effectively enjoy limited liability for violations of the GDPR. This is due to the fact that applying the GDPR’s data gatekeeper system of liability to a decentralized technology such as blockchain is difficult for three reasons. Firstly, identifying data gatekeepers on the blockchain can only be done by either assigning data gatekeeper roles to actors on the blockchain, or structuring the blockchain as private or permissioned one, so as to fit with GDPR requirements. Neither of these approaches provides a universally applicable and satisfactory method for privacy protection. Secondly, because of their knowledge and investment in infrastructure, large data gatekeepers such as IBM, Amazon and Microsoft have an informational advantage over data protection authorities (DPAs) and an additional protective layer against liability, as their blockchain infrastructure is used by other businesses and corporations that are primarily liable for data processing. Finally, administrative fines and reputational damages for non-compliance with the GDPR are insufficient deterrents for large data gatekeepers, whereas damages awarded to individual data subjects for data gatekeepers’ violations of GDPR are extremely low and too costly to obtain.

La loi ne permet toujours pas de mieux protéger le cessionnaire de droits sociaux. Elle lui offre une protection qui ne tient pas souvent compte des sacrifices financiers consentis par ce dernier. Face à cette insécurité juridique, la pratique a mis en place certaines clauses contractuelles ayant une fonction protectrice. Celles-ci varient selon qu’il s’agit d’une clause contractuelle ou d’une clause d’assurance contre la défaillance du cédant. Pour protéger son investissement, le cessionnaire devrait se mettre à l’abri du comportement malveillant du cédant ou du vendeur en insérant obligatoirement dans le contrat certaines clauses contractuelles sur mesure, à savoir : la clause de garanties de passif et la clause d’assurance.

L’AUPSRVE a été adopté le 1ᵉʳ juillet 1998 et révisé le 17 octobre 2023. Cette révision a permis à la présente analyse d’effectuer quelques interrogations sous forme de morceaux choisis. La démarche a consisté à visiter le droit objectif et les droits subjectifs pour poser des questions et apporter des réponses. En évitant la prétention à l’exhaustivité, il importe de préciser le domaine de ces interrogations. En prenant en compte le droit objectif, le droit matériel et jurisprudentiel sont visés. Et concernant les droits subjectifs, la personne morale de droit public et l’entreprise publique sont les sujets de droit intéressés.

Avant la réforme de l’acte uniforme relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique (AUDSCGIE) en 2014, les sociétés par actions simplifiées (SAS) n’existaient pas dans l’espace OHADA et la naissance des sociétés anonymes (SA) nécessitait la rédaction d’un contrat de société et l’émission de titres physiques. La réforme a eu pour effet, entre plusieurs innovations, d’introduire, d’une part, les SAS pour simplifier la création d’entreprises, notamment PME, et, d’autre part, la dématérialisation des valeurs mobilières par le truchement de l’article 744-1. Ainsi, la démarche de constitution de ces sociétés s’est vue profondément modifiée. Désormais, les statuts doivent être ajustés pour supprimer la numérotation des titres et spécifier les modalités de gestion des titres dématérialisés. De plus, la dématérialisation a entraîné des changements dans les modalités d’émission et de transmission des titres, remplaçant les émissions de titres physiques par des titres dématérialisés et la transmission physique par des virements de compte à compte. Face à ces évolutions normatives, les notaires éprouvent des difficultés à assimiler ces nouveaux processus, nécessitant ainsi une sensibilisation. En outre, le rôle des dépositaires centraux dans la gestion des titres dématérialisés des SA et SAS s’avère crucial dans ce nouveau contexte.

This study provides an in-depth look at the complex relationship between business environments and foreign direct investment. The study examines this critical issue by focusing on emerging economies, such as Kosovo. In this research, analytical and empirical research methods have used to highlight the importance of FDI in promoting economic growth. FDI not only increases production capacity but also supports economic growth by increasing purchasing power and creating employment opportunities, especially in countries in transition. This analysis distinguishes between endogenous and exogenous variables to classify the various elements of the business environment. It is important to emphasize how a supportive business environment plays a vital role in attracting investment. The main factors affecting FDI include infrastructure quality, political stability, workforce skills, market potential and tax incentives. These initiatives are critical to creating a more favorable investment climate.As a result of the variables the study concludes by emphasizing the need for continuous reforms to strengthen the business environment. Such strategic efforts are crucial to optimize FDI flows and advance sustainable economic development. By strengthening regulatory frameworks and improving infrastructure, developing countries can be in better position itself to attract foreign investors. Furthermore, creating a strong business environment can also support the development of local entrepreneurs, increasing economic diversification. As a result, it not only facilitates the flow of capital, but also contributes to the long-term stability and growth of the national economy. Therefore, policymakers and governments need to prioritize these initiatives and develop comprehensive and sustainable strategies to improve the business environment.

The Motor Industry Ombudsman of South Africa (MIOSA) is an industry ombud recognised under the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 (CPA). The MIOSA regulates the interaction and provides for alternative dispute resolution in the automotive and related industries in South Africa. Moreover, the MIOSA is an impartial organisation that focusses on the resolution of disputes where a deadlock has been reached between the automotive and related industries and their customers, as well as relationships among participants in the automotive and related industries to the benefit of the parties. The role of the MIOSA is to make recommendations in cases referred to it where parties cannot reach common ground and are unable to arrive at mutually acceptable agreements following a dispute. This analysis explores and proffers possible solutions to address the challenges that impede the MIOSA from discharging its role and mandate under the CPA effectively in resolving consumer disputes in the South African automotive industry.

L’aéronef et le navire sont deux biens hybrides ; ils sont à la fois meubles et immeubles. Le droit des biens a tenu compte de la nature spéciale de ces biens. En conséquence, ces biens d’une importante valeur ne se confondent pas avec tous les autres biens, dont la nature juridique est aisée à déterminer. Appartenant au sous-continent du droit maritime et aérien, le navire et l’aéronef ont une particularité par rapport aux biens classiques. Aussi, lorsqu’il faut les envisager comme éléments de garanties du crédit, les questions sont nombreuses. En effet, si le navire et l’aéronef peuvent être mobilisés pour garantir une dette, ceux-ci ne peuvent obéir au régime de toutes les sûretés réelles. C’est dire que certaines sûretés réelles ne leur sont pas applicables. Cette assertion est vraie aussi bien pour le droit français que pour le droit de l’OHADA. Toutes ces considérations sont mises en lumière dans cette étude. L’analyse de la nature juridique de l’aéronef et du navire précède l’étude de ces biens au regard du droit des sûretés.

Corporations have been established and recognized in Indonesia as entities engaged in business activities since 1602. In these business activities, disputes can occur regarding the non-disbursement of Bank Guarantees through the Indonesian National Arbitration Board (BANI). Therefore, this research uses the Normative Juridical method through a literature review. The research questions considered are (1) What is the guarantee of legal certainty in the process of resolving business disputes regarding Bank Guarantee payments through the Arbitration Board? (20) What can the Supreme Court Decision provide legal certainty for resolving business disputes through arbitration in Indonesia? The process of resolving business disputes in default on Bank Guarantee payments through the Arbitration Court has fulfilled the legal certainty principle. The results showed that the rules were available through different Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution Laws, as well as other laws applied consistently in the BANI Surabaya Decision Number 59/ARB/BANI-SBY/XI/2021. The Supreme Court Decision Number 918 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2023 tried the appeal case and rejected the application for annulment of the arbitration decision from the Applicant. In addition, legal certainty is created for corporate legal efforts to take the arbitration route.

Although Zimbabwe has established several institutions to combat money laundering and related crimes, there is a perception that inadequate measures are taken to apprehend offenders responsible for financial crimes. Institutions such as the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC), the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) have done little to prove that the government of Zimbabwe is resolute in combatting money laundering. On the contrary, it increasingly appears that these institutions are poorly equipped and lack the necessary capacity to enforce and uphold anti-money laundering (AML) measures in Zimbabwe. Further, there appears to be a selective application of the law, with one set of rules for individuals or institutions that are perceived as political adversaries of the incumbent establishment and a different set of rules for the political elite. Consequently, the selective application of the law projects Zimbabwe as a jurisdiction that is somehow tolerant to money laundering, corruption and related financial crimes, thereby lowering and tarnishing the standing of the country in the global economic community of nations. This paper provides a regulatory analysis of the AML role-players in Zimbabwe in order to assess their functions in combatting financial crimes. It also analyses whether these role-players are effective and substantively executing their responsibilities therein. The authors argue that while Zimbabwe is well able to effectively combat money laundering through the even application of the law to all persons regardless of their political or economic standing, it is imperative that its AML institutions operate without fear, favour or prejudice. This is crucial in combatting money laundering and instilling confidence in the general public's perception of AML institutions in Zimbabwe.

The practical application of international conventions like the Montreal Convention of 1999 and the OHADA Uniform Act of 2023 in the context of attaching goods onboard aircraft presents significant challenges. These frameworks do not explicitly address the attachment of such goods, focusing instead on liability and recovery procedures. The OHADA Uniform Act aims to simplify recovery processes but may struggle with conflicting national regulations and regional legal practices. The absence of specific legislation for attaching goods in-flight creates a critical gap, leading to uncertainty and inefficiency in enforcement. Addressing this gap in this paper requires developing targeted legal solutions that align with international standards while addressing the unique demand of air transport.

Les Normes Internationales d’Information Financière (IFRS), émises par l'International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), deviennent de plus en plus le régime comptable privilégié parmi les entreprises des pays africains. La recherche sur l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la qualité de l’information comptable dans les économies émergentes est encore rare. Par conséquent, cet article examine l’effet de l’adoption des IFRS sur la reconnaissance rapide des pertes, un indicateur de la qualité de l’information comptable. Les données financières de 34 entreprises cotées à la Bourse de Casablanca, couvrant la période de 2009 à 2019, sont analysées en utilisant une régression logistique dans le cadre d'une méthodologie économétrique quantitative. Deux panels équilibrés ont été constitués : l'un regroupant 14 entreprises ayant adopté les normes IFRS, et l'autre constitué de 20 entreprises suivant les normes comptables marocaines. Les résultats indiquent que la qualité des bénéfices (mesurée par la reconnaissance rapide des pertes) ne s’est pas améliorée après l’adoption des IFRS. Cette constatation implique que les régulateurs comptables et les organismes comptables des pays africains devraient encourager une application rigoureuse des IFRS en formant continuellement les comptables et auditeurs des entreprises cotées sur la mise en œuvre pratique de ces normes. Ces formations devraient être obligatoires et accessibles.

When an agency relationship is created, it confers on the parties obligations which must be fulfilled by the parties. These obligations do not remain forever as they can come to an end. This can be done under normal circumstances by the act of the parties or by operation of the law and when the conduct of the agent is in contradiction to the mandate agreement as may be the case if the agent is liable for serious misconduct as provided by the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law. The provisions of the act regarding termination on grounds of serious misconduct is worrisome, as the act talks about termination in such manner only for commercial agents and is silent about the other two types of agents: the broker and the commission agent. The act also, does not tell us what this serious misconduct it mentions by the commercial agent is, nor gives us insights on what constitutes such conduct to warrant termination of the mandate of the agent by the principal. When termination of the agency is done under conditions as such, it has grave consequences on the agent who might not be entitled to certain benefits associated with termination of the contract such as loss of the right to compensatory allowance or indemnity and more importantly may give room to arbitrary or wrongful termination of the mandate of the agent. Through analytical and comparative studies, this paper focuses on termination of the mandate of an agent under the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, wherein, the different modes of termination of the mandate of an agent have been discussed, and more specifically makes an attempt in looking at what serious misconduct is and what could amount to such conduct so as to avoid arbitrary or wrongful termination. It is therefore suggested that, statutory guidelines found in other statutes in relation to the subject matter can serve as a lamp light in our context.

This editorial delves into the evolving context of doing business in Africa, tracing its journey from being dubbed the “hopeless continent” to becoming a beacon of hope and opportunity. Drawing on a wealth of scholarly research, it highlights Africa's increasing attractiveness for global investments, underscored by rising FDI inflows and the emergence of a vibrant middle class. Despite these promising trends, the editorial also sheds light on the persistent challenges, including institutional fragility and political instability, coupled with limited representation in the existing international business discourse. We advance a more nuanced understanding of Africa's business environment, emphasizing the need for responsible growth, improved governance, and sustainable development. Thus, the Special Issue offers insights into the complexities and challenges of doing business in Africa, as well as the paradoxes and potential for fostering competitiveness and inclusive growth on the global stage.

To provide protection against harm caused by defective, unsafe products and to promote product safety, the law of product liability has developed as a specialized area of the law of delict (tort). The vexing question is, who should bear such liability? This contribution interrogates the notorious EU development risk defence, which exonerates manufacturers that meet certain stringent requirements for undiscoverable development risks in products that consequently inflict harm on consumers. In particular, it considers the election by South Africa, which recently adopted a “strict” product liability regime with the introduction of the Consumer Protection Act 2008, not to adopt such a defence. The purpose of this contribution is to consider the nature and scope of the development risk defence as contained in article 7(e) of the European Union (EU) Product Liability Directive and to determine whether it was prudent for South Africa to steer clear of incorporating a similar defence in its new statutory product liability regime.

A l’instar des autres secteurs d’activités, l’entrepreneuriat féminin est buté à de multiples problèmes dans le secteur de la logistique et des transports au Mali. Ces problèmes sont d’ordre organisationnel et sont dus à la complexité de la planification du matériel de transport ainsi que la gestion du personnel tant bien administratif que celui de la conduite. Ces multiples problèmes font que les entreprises de transport et en particulier celles du secteur de la logistique et des transports naissent et disparaissent en un laps de temps. Selon le droit OHADA, la durée de vie d’une entreprise est de 99 ans. Cette durée est largement supérieure à la durée moyenne de vie de nos entreprises du secteur de la logistique et des transports qui varie entre 10 ans et 20 ans. L’objectif de  l’étude est d’établir un lien entre l’entrepreneuriat féminin dans son ensemble et le cas spécifique de la logistique et des transports au Mali. La méthodologie utilisée consiste à faire d’abord une recherche documentaire permettant d’analyser l’évolution des entreprises du secteur de la logistique et des transports, leur durée de vie moyenne puis une étude qualitative a été faite à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien adressé à des personnes cibles. Le guide d’entretien a été adressé aux personnes suivantes : 3 entrepreneurs du secteur de la logistique et des transports, 2 agents de la Direction Générale des Transports, 2 agents de la Direction générale du commerce et de la concurrence, 2 agents du conseil malien des chargeurs, 2 agents de l’Agence pour la promotion des investissements. Les résultats de l’étude montrent la fragilité du dit secteur qui défavorise l’entrepreneuriat féminin et entraine souvent le déclin rapide des entreprises de la logistique et des transports. De même, l’étude montre que le taux de rentabilité interne des entreprises dudit secteur est faible. Like other sectors of activity, women's entrepreneurship faces multiple problems in the logistics and transport sector in Mali. These problems are of an organizational nature and are due to the complexity of the planning of transport equipment as well as the management of both administrative and operational personnel. These multiple problems mean that transport companies, and in particular those in the logistics and transport sector, are born and disappear in a short period of time. According to OHADA law, the lifespan of a company is 99 years. This is much longer than the average lifespan of our companies in the logistics and transport sector, which varies between 10 and 20 years. The objective of the study is to establish a link between women's entrepreneurship as a whole and the specific case of logistics and transport in Mali. The methodology used consists of first conducting documentary research to analyse the evolution of companies in the logistics and transport sector, their average lifespan, and then a qualitative study was carried out using an interview guide addressed to target people. The interview guide was sent to the following people: 3 entrepreneurs in the logistics and transport sector, 2 agents of the Directorate General of Transport, 2 agents of the Directorate General of Trade and Competition, 2 agents of the Malian Shippers' Council, 2 agents of the Agency for the Promotion of Investments. The results of the study show the fragility of the said sector, which disadvantages female entrepreneurship and often leads to the rapid decline of logistics and transport companies. Similarly, the study shows that the internal profitability rate of companies in this sector is low.

International trade rules enshrined in agreements like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) promote free trade, with exceptions for environmental protection. This paper explores the tension between these rules and Earth Systems Science's concept of planetary boundaries, which define environmental tipping points beyond which humanity faces irreversible harm. We analyse GATT's provisions, particularly Article XI's prohibition on trade restrictions and Article XX's exceptions, through the lens of planetary boundaries. Our analysis argues that current interpretations of these articles are inadequate to address the environmental impact of raw material trade. We further examine the concept of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, which grants states autonomy over resource exploitation and trade. We posit that planetary boundaries are not a restriction on sovereignty but a call for modifying state trading behaviour and consequently how international trade rules is structured and interpreted. This analysis demonstrates the complexity of transforming the legal landscape necessary for a global just energy transition, a response to climate change that requires aligning international trade with environmental sustainability.