Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le besoin de sécurité par l’uniformisation du droit des transports internationaux s’est fait sentir dès la création des premières liaisons ferroviaires et aériennes. C’est ainsi qu’une série de conventions a été signée, successivement en matière ferroviaire, maritime, aérienne et finalement en matière de transport de marchandises par route. Ce besoin d’unification de droit des transports s’est fait également manifesté sur le plan régional. En Afrique, ont été adoptées ainsi la Convention inter-Etats sur le transport des marchandises diverses et l’Acte uniforme sur le contrat de transport marchandises par route. Cette superposition d’instruments est source de conflits normatifs non seulement pour les contrats de transport intra-communautaire, mais également en cas de transports extra-communautaires.

Jurisprudence

Ce travail étudie, théoriquement et empiriquement, l'interaction entre le commerce international et l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), interaction qui a été un des principaux canaux de la mondialisation économique et de l'essor des chaînes de valeur mondiales dans la segmentation des activités de production. Les modèles théoriques montrent que le commerce international et les IDE peuvent se développer dans une relation de substituabilité ou de complémentarité. La nature de cette relation peut être la conséquence de facteurs exogènes, déterminants de la spécialisation des pays, ou le résultat de la stratégie endogène des firmes dans l'organisation de leurs activités à l'international. La validation empirique s'appuie sur une adaptation du modèle de gravité, en appliquant les techniques économétrique sur données de panel sur des données bilatérales pour la France au cours de la période de 1993 à 2012. Les estimations mettent en évidence une relation de complémentarité entre le commerce et l'IDE au niveau le plus agrégé. Cependant, une analyse comparative à un niveau plus désagrégé permet de trouver des indices de substituabilité et de complémentarité selon les groupes de pays partenaires.

La fausse qualification de «moyen de défense» attribuée par tradition à l'exception de procédure a conduit le législateur à la soumettre à un régime totalement incohérent et inadapté. L'illustration en est donné par l'échec constaté de l'exclusivité de compétence attribuée au juge de la mise état sur les exceptions de procédure, échec se matérialisant par les nombreuses dérogations que ne cesse d'apporter la jurisprudence à leur régime. Elle se traduit aussi par la quasi-impossibilité pour le demandeur à l'action principale de s'en prévaloir, ce en totale contradiction avec l'esprit des textes. Cette incohérence est illustrée enfin par les confusions opportunistes entre exception de procédure, fin de non-recevoir, incident et défense au fond. L'exception de procédure n'est pas un moyen de défense mais une demande incidente relative à la marche de la procédure qui en termes d'ordre logique doit être examinée par préalable au fond. Elle n'intéresse donc que les rapports procéduraux c'est-à-dire l'instance dont l'ouverture et la conduite aux termes des articles 1 et 2 du Code de procédure civile appartiennent aux parties. La classification et le régime des exceptions de procédure doivent en tenir compte. Il faut donc distinguer les exceptions de procédure opposées à l'ouverture de l'instance de celles qui sont opposées à sa continuation. Seules les premières doivent relever de la compétence exclusive du juge de la mise en état de qui on doit réussir à faire un véritable juge de l'introduction de l'instance. Les exceptions de procédure opposées à la continuation, par contre, doivent pouvoir être proposées au fur et à mesure de leur survenance ou de leur révélation sauf la possibilité pour le juge de les écarter ou de prononcer des condamnations pécuniaires à l'encontre de la partie qui se serait abstenue dans une intention dilatoire ou abusive de les soulever plus tôt.

Management accounting information should aid management in the design and implementation of strategy. Firms adopting a customer-focused strategy need customer accounting (CA) metrics. Yet accounting literature provides limited insights into what CA metrics are used, how they are used, or what factors influence CA measure choice or hinder more widespread adoption of CA practices. This thesis enhances knowledge of actual CA practices as they operate in firms with a customer-focused strategy and uses contingency theory to explain the choice of CA practices and their use in three exploratory case studies consisting of two national banks and a global courier company. The two strategic business units in Alphabank employ locally-developed, activity-based costing systems to produce CA information. Personal Banking incorporates a ‘customer needs met’ variable into a customer lifetime value measure used to segment customers based on potential profitability. Business Banking is smaller and currently uses historical customer profitability analysis at the individual customer level. Despite Alphabank’s overall customer-focused strategy, only product profitability is reported at executive level, and tensions between finance and operations potentially hinder more widespread CA usage. Betabank offers excellent customer service, but despite being very customer-focused they do not measure customer profitability. Executives use predominantly aggregate financial figures with a focus on net interest margin. Service excellence is paramount and Betabank do not consider financial CA useful as they do not segment customers. However, they extensively use non-financial customer related measures to monitor excellent customer service provision in order to enhance future profitability. The courier company uses activity-based costing to produce historical customer profitability analysis which reports direct margin, gross margin and earnings before interest and tax. The analysis discloses significant profitability differences between customer segments, and even between individual customers within segments where customer relationship management is employed. They do not measure full customer lifetime value but the next year’s customer profitability can be modelled using historical cost drivers. Financial CA measures drive initiatives to enhance customer profitability and/or trigger price negotiations. Non-financial CA measures are used to drive the customer-focused strategy and enhance profitability. The three cases demonstrate a considerable diversity in their usage of financial CA practices, with Betabank choosing to use no financial CA at all. Competitive intensity and the use of customer relationship management are found to be key drivers of CA usage at the individual customer level. Segmental customer profitability analysis is used when a large number of customers receive standard services at standard prices. No individual customer profitability analysis is needed for such homogenous customers as they can be efficiently managed using revenue. Non-financial CA measures were found to be widely used and hence a key contribution of this study is that in practice customer-related, non-financial performance measures are a key component of CA practices and may be extensively used to drive a customer-focused strategy. From case analysis a contingency-based framework has been develop which identifies combinations of factors with strong interrelationships and common influences on the choice and usage of CA measures. This framework provides three main groupings of contingent factors (type of competitive advantage, level of customer heterogeneity, and stage of organisational development) which together potentially have strong predictive power in relation to the nature of CA measures which benefit firms with a customer-focused strategy.

An emerging question in U.S. business law is how the organizational documents of a business entity set the rules for resolving internal disputes. This practice is routine in commercial contracts, which may specify where or how disputes must be resolved. Recent use of litigation provisions in corporation charters and bylaws have sparked controversy, ultimately leading to legislative action to preserve shareholder suits from contractual waiver. Yet despite accounting for the majority of business organizations and sharing features with corporations, non-corporate business entities and their internal dispute resolution process have been largely ignored. How do these non-corporate entities set ex ante rules for resolving disputes among their constituents? This paper begins to map this uncharted area with an empirical study of the practice of limited liability companies (LLCs). We find widespread use of contract to alter the default dispute resolution practices. This study helps not only to inform the evolving statutory and judicial framework for LLC regulation, but also to predict how corporations may respond in the future to recent judicial and legislative changes.

This study investigates whether there is a relationship between corporate governance and derivatives, whether corporate governance influence in firms impacts the association between derivatives and firm value, and whether corporate governance influence affects the association between derivatives and cash flow volatility, stock return volatility and market risk. This study uses two different data samples of publicly traded firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The first sample comprises a panel of 6900 firm year observations and the other consists of a panel of 6234 firm year observations both over the eight-year period from 2004-2011. With regard to whether there is a relationship between corporate governance and derivatives, the findings from the empirical results show that corporate governance does influence derivatives and therefore is an important determinant in the firm’s decisions to use derivatives. Of the thirteen corporate governance variables examined, board size, institutional shareholders, CEO age, CEO bonus, CEO salary, insider shareholders and total CEO compensation show significant association with derivatives. This study finds that derivative users exhibit higher firm value on account of the corporate governance influence, which is correspondingly largely insignificant for derivative non-users. Further the research indicates that the impact of corporate governance varies according to the different types of risks examined. Generally, the board of directors and CEO governance mechanisms reduce stock return volatility to achieve hedging effectiveness. This supports the view that directors and management take actions to reduce stock return volatility to protect their personal portfolios without having to bear the costs of hedging themselves. With respect to cash flow volatility, the board of directors and CEO related corporate governance mechanisms largely exhibit increased risk to show evidence of speculative behavior. It supports the perceptions that managers and directors have a strong motivation to show higher earnings to protect jobs and reputation and to enhance compensation. All the shareholder governance mechanisms encourage risk taking with respect to stock return volatility, without any increase in firm value. This is in line with research findings of market granularity by institutional and other larger block holders to indicate that these investors increase stock price volatilities and play the markets for their own financial gain. Besides they have little interest in diversifying firm risk as they already have well protected portfolios and would not want to incur additional costs of hedging. The study finds evidence of association between corporate governance and hedging, speculation and selective hedging. Of the thirteen corporate governance variables examined in the study board diversity consistently shows hedging effectiveness, with accompanying increase in firm value. While board meetings, institutional shareholders, block shareholders, CEO age, CEO base salary and CEO compensation exhibit exclusive speculative behavior. The remaining corporate governance mechanisms: board size, insider shareholding, CEO tenure, CEO bonus and audit committee size, show evidence of selective hedging behavior. The concurrent hedging and speculative behavior evidenced in this study supports literature in respect of selective hedging by non-financial firms. It also validates the idea that corporate governance delves in risk allocation strategies that have been evidenced by past research. The results remain unchanged, after using alternative measures for firm value and firm risk, and alternative methods of analyses.

L’organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires (OHADA), dans le cadre de sa mission d’uniformisation du droit des affaires en Afrique, a adopté le 17 avril 1997, l’Acte uniforme portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique. Ce texte a connu une réforme d’envergure entrée en vigueur le 05 mai 2014. Dans sa lettre et dans son esprit, le nouveau texte transcrit le droit positif des sociétés commerciales tel qu’il existe en France. La tendance forte chez le législateur Ohada à se conformer au droit de l’Ancienne Métropole remet cependant au goût du jour la question du mimétisme juridique, tant décriée par la doctrine. Son opportunité, notamment dans un domaine, qui, tel que le droit des sociétés commerciales, est soumis à de constantes variations, serait largement sujette à caution. De nouvelles analyses démontrent, toutefois, que, loin de réduire l’importance ou l’originalité du droit communautaire des sociétés, la question du conformisme législatif doit être envisagée sous le prisme de l’inévitable rapprochement entre les différents systèmes juridiques. Ce faisant, il devient l’indispensable acteur de la mondialisation du droit.

Le développement des relations économiques internationales et la construction d’un espace communautaire intégré d’un point de vue économique et juridique relancent le débat sur la nationalité des sociétés. La question n’est pas de démontrer s’il existe une nationalité des sociétés, puisque la doctrine et la jurisprudence ont proposé des solutions qui sont déjà acceptées ; mais d’analyser plutôt comment cette notion s’adapte aux contraintes d’une économie régionalisée voire mondialisée. Ainsi, les critères de rattachement juridique d’une société retenus par les pays de l’espace OHADA en l’occurrence le Niger, le Sénégal et la RD Congo sont analysés en vue de la détermination de la lex societatis. La notion de nationalité des sociétés dans les pays de l’espace OHADA, pose tout de même quelques difficultés liées à la multiplicité des textes notamment le droit national et le droit OHADA ainsi que les autres droits communautaires. De nombreuses conséquences découlent de la détermination de la nationalité des sociétés dans le cadre de la réglementation de leurs activités.

This thesis is a policy-based study of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. It is set against the contextual background of a recent legislative overhaul and an increase in the number of precarious workers. The study aims to appraise the extent to which the South African regulatory framework complies with international norms in respect of agency work. The research considers how German and Namibian regulation might improve the current model of the regulation of agency work in South Africa. The study identifies the purpose of labour law in South Africa as offering diversified rights as well as being economic in nature. The premise upon which the thesis is based is a social justice approach to the function of labour law. An analysis of ILO and EU regulations on agency work is conducted, and identifies a combined list of norms in respect of the protection of agency workers. South Africa?s labour law policy approach is explored together with the amended regulation on agency work. A comparison is drawn with foreign countries? regulations and policy approaches: the appraisal identifies shortcomings in South Africa?s regulatory model. The study focuses on the evolutionary improvement of agency workers? protection based on international approaches. The research culminates by formulating an amended model for the regulation of agency work in South Africa, in which these proposed adaptations seek to remedy the shortcomings which were observed in the appraisal process.

The practice of foreign agro-investment (FAI) for the production of food crops and biofuel crops has been a recent phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing countries. In fact, the present era of climate change has caused foreign countries to acquire vast tracts of land - often through multinational corporations - in order to propagate biofuel or expand their home industries abroad. Practices of FAI have resulted in a form of land grabbing, as local communities are often evicted from their land without their consent. FAI activities are reported to have considerable impact on people in areas where they occur, which range from environmental to social and economic impacts. There is compelling evidence that FAI land deals are not transparent and inclusive, which raises pertinent concerns with respect to participatory rights, access to information, the compatibility of property rights, environmental protection and the protection of the rights and interests of local communities generally, among other issues. The lack of respect for and protection of local communities’ rights and interests during FAI land deals and activities form the crux of this study. In this light, the overall aim of this thesis is to investigate and ascertain how the procedural aspects of a rights-based approach (RBA) could be used to provide adequate protection to local communities’ rights and interests during FAI activities in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. The study is premised on the notion of a RBA to FAI governance and captures the procedural aspects of the right to access to information, public participation and the right to access to justice in international, regional, sub-regional and national human rights legal regimes. It is argued that because these rights have the potential to significantly contribute towards the protection of the rights and interests of people that are adversely affected by development activities, their incorporation remains useful and relevant in the FAI context. It is further claimed that the implementation of the procedural RBA in FAI land deals could strengthen the ability and capacity of the state to increase opportunities for more meaningful dialogue with local communities, while concomitantly helping the state to fulfil its international and national obligations as a duty-bearer to respect, protect and fulfil the rights and interests of its people. In addition, procedural rights encompass elements of good governance and democracy and could be used as a necessary and vital tool to prevent a government’s exercise of arbitrary power generally and in the context of development activities. This is predicated on the belief that procedural rights serve inter alia to strengthen democratic structures and processes and to curb corruption and the mismanagement of national resources, and ultimately to promote sustainable development. In this study, it is argued that a RBA generally and its procedural aspects specifically could play an important role in setting the standards and defining the processes that are appropriate to repudiate the unacceptable impacts of FAI and simultaneously address distributive concerns with the hope of promoting and ensuring more responsible and sustainable FAI. Conversely, the absence of such a normative baseline suggests that large-scale land transfer under the guise of FAI practices would endlessly levy an unacceptable toll on the fundamental rights of the vulnerable host population. The first step in this thesis is to analysis the theoretical concepts of governance and good governance in order to establish the eventual objective of what FAI governance and good FAI governance should entail. A further component of the theoretical analysis includes an analysis of a RBA and a RBA to FAI governance. These components are investigated in order to determine a possible solution to the impacts of FAI activities from a rights-based perspective. Second, the thesis investigates and analyses the procedural aspects of a RBA espoused in international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes. It distils generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA for good FAI governance to be used as benchmarks in the context of project development-related activities, including FAI. As benchmarks, the international, regional and sub-regional legal regimes provide minimum criteria to which the legal frameworks of countries must adhere to and conform with. This part also examines the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa and critically evaluates the legal frameworks in these countries against the distilled generic characteristics and minimum requirements of the RBA in terms of good FAI governance. Third, the thesis concludes with a set of recommendations on the procedural RBA frameworks in Cameroon, Uganda and South Africa. These recommendations are meant to address the current lacunae in these domestic procedural RBA frameworks, and to propose measures designed to enable a situation where the rights and interests of local communities are better protected in the event that FAI land deals are concluded.