Bibliographie sélective OHADA

In Nigeria, the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation (2018) has entered into force. This Convention was incorporated or domesticated by referring to it in the Arbitration and Mediation Act (2023), but statutes are often dedicated to the domestication of treaties. There is no consensus on the most pragmatic way(s) to facilitate Nigerian treaty engagement. This article examines the Nigerian legal regime on treaties and explores the extent to which the regime can be maximised considering the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969). A case is made for a principled basis to underpin the domestication of treaties that facilitate international business, including dispute resolution treaties. This analytical basis should enable legislative flexibility already woven into the overarching legal regime. The article articulates how such flexibility can be used to promote the operationalisation of relevant treaties using the Arbitration and Mediation Act as a paradigm.

The significant increase in the development of world economy over the last few decades have been experienced a considerable increase in the number of commercial disputes. When there is any business and dealings with contracts the question of dispute must be happened. But all of the parties actually want to run their business well and smoothly. In recent world a massive part of global economy depends on the trans-border business. But disputes in such business dealings sometimes can be the reasons to become risk the inter-relation of those parties. Which can affect the global economy as a whole. Comparing to the disputes inside domestic entities the trans-border or international business disputes can arise as bigger problem because of different jurisdictions, diverse legal systems and tradition. International Court of Justice (ICJ) already has the jurisdiction to try all the international civil suits but Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism also considered as a viable alternative to resolve the dispute over the court. The international arbitration arises as a way of alternative dispute resolution mechanism which upraise benefits both of the parties and maintain the confidentiality. In this paper details of international arbitration and the broader impact of this mechanism in the global business economy will be focused. The legal status and the implementation process of international arbitration also be the discussing point of this paper.

En dépit de l'importance cruciale de la justice au sein de notre société, il est manifeste que le système judiciaire béninois présente d'importants défis en matière d'accessibilité, d'efficacité et de confiance publique. Les coûts de la justice, la perte de contrôle des problèmes, les délais d’attente avant procès, la structure labyrinthique des tribunaux, l'impossibilité de se représenter seul, ainsi que le caractère inhospitalier des tribunaux constituent des indicateurs d'un système judiciaire défaillant. En effet, des limitations dans l'accès à la justice alimentent la méfiance des citoyens à l'égard du système judiciaire étatique. Dans un souci de célérité et d'efficacité de la justice, un vent de généralisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits et de recours des technologies souffle sur les procédures judiciaires en général et sur les procédures civiles et commerciales en particulier. S’inscrivant dans cette logique, la loi n° 2020-08 du 23 Avril 2020 portant modernisation de la justice en République du Bénin n’a pas manqué de faire faire une place aux modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits. Elle met également un accent sur la dématérialisation progressive des procédures judiciaires concernant la saisine des juridictions, le suivi des procédures et le paiement électronique des frais afférents. Cependant, malgré ces mesures à encourager, les juridictions, au risque de rompre, ploient toujours devant les litiges fonciers et commerciaux. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser les forces et les faiblesses du système judicaire béninois et vérifier si la modernisation des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends et l’intégration de la technologie dans les processus de résolution des différends peuvent être un vecteur de l’accès à la justice au Bénin. Despite the crucial importance of justice in our society, it is clear that the Beninese justice system presents significant challenges in terms of accessibility, efficiency and public trust. The costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent the costs of justice, the loss of control of problems, pre-trial waiting times, the labyrinthine structure of the courts, the inability to represent oneself, as well as the inhospitable nature of the courts are indicators of a broken justice system. Indeed, limitations in access to justice fuel citizens' mistrust of the state justice system. In the interests of speed and efficiency of justice, a wind of generalization of alternative methods of dispute resolution and recourse of technologies is blowing through judicial procedures in general and civil and commercial procedures in particular. In line with this logic, Law No. 2020-08 of 23 April 2020 on the modernization of justice in the Republic of Benin did not fail to make room for alternative methods of conflict resolution. It also emphasizes the gradual dematerialization of judicial procedures concerning the referral of cases to the courts, the monitoring of procedures and the electronic payment of related costs. However, despite these measures to be encouraged, the courts, at the risk of breaking down, are still bending before land and commercial disputes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Beninese judicial system and to verify whether the modernization of alternative dispute resolution methods and the integration of technology into dispute resolution processes can be a vector of access to justice in Benin.

Le retard dans l’exécution du contrat recouvre les situations dans lesquelles le débiteur d’une obligation n’y satisfait pas dans le délai qui lui est imparti. Cet incident est de nature à remettre en cause le temps contractuel. Davantage, le retard bouleverse l’économie du contrat, étant donné que celui qui s’exécute en retard s’acquitte en deçà de son dû. Néanmoins, il émerge une sorte de tolérance envers le retard, en articulation avec la survie du contrat. La question se pose, après, de savoir si le redéploiement du retard dans l’exécution du contrat ne tend pas à le différencier des autres formes d’inexécution, alors même qu’il reste encadré par le droit commun de l’inexécution. Pour le moins, le retard dans l’exécution se voit actualisé dans ses tenants et aboutissants. Bien plus, l’approche renouvelée se tourne vers le dépassement d’une difficulté, par hypothèse remédiable, et semble poser les bases d’un régime dérogatoire.

This article seeks to examine the extent to which users of e-banking services are protected in Cameroon. Over the past decades financial transactions have gradually emerged from traditional methods to modern forms of banking. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the banking system into a digital arena. With e-banking, customers can access their bank accounts, transfer funds, pay bills, and check their accounts balances. Banks serve as the backbone of every modern economy and should be protected. The development of e-banking in the 1980s with the aid of ICT has rendered banks and their customers vulnerable to cybercrimes. As an effort to combat cybercrimes and ensure cyber security in Cameroon, the 2010 Cyber Law provides both substantive and procedural rules. It is rather unfortunate that, the measures put in place to ensure cyber security and protect bank customers against cybercrimes are to a greater extent ineffective. The main objective of this article is to determine the protection accorded to banks and their customers against cybercrimes. The method adopted in the course of this work is doctrinal wherein, both primary and secondary sources of data were collected. The findings reveal among others that, the measures put in place to combat cybercrimes within the banking sphere in Cameroon are not effective. There is lack of explicit definitions for cyber offences. Most of the offences provided by the 2010 Cyber Law are vague and ambiguous. We therefore recommend that, the 2010 Cyber Law should be amended to address the current issues of ICT. This amendment should include explicit definitions for the different forms of cybercrimes with severe sanctions. Banks are advised to put in place effective monitoring machineries to mitigate cybercrimes.

La présente étude tente à démontrer combien les règles relatives à la réserve héréditaire et à la détermination des héritiers réservataires sont de nature à les mettre à conflit avec eux-mêmes et avec les autres héritiers cités au niveau de l’article 758 du Code congolais de la famille. De ce fait, les auteurs démontrent qu’elles entretiennent une inégalité permanente, cela devant ne pas coller au contexte africain. C’est ainsi que la réflexion se propose de proposer des réformes en vue de restaurer cette égalité, gage de la paix et de la cohésion dans les familles.

La dénonciation des traités en droit international africain soulève des enjeux juridiques importants. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités de 1969, qui régit les conditions de retrait d’un traité, notamment à travers ses articles 54 et 56. Ceux-ci prévoient que la dénonciation est possible soit conformément aux dispositions du traité, soit avec le consentement de toutes les parties, ou encore si la nature du traité le permet, moyennant un préavis raisonnable. En Afrique, plusieurs États ont récemment exercé leur droit de retrait, notamment vis-à-vis d’engagements relatifs aux droits de l’homme. Un exemple marquant est la dénonciation du traité de la CEDEAO par les Etats de l’AES sur le fondement juridique de l’article 91 dudit traité. Ces pratiques suscitent des débats sur leur conformité au droit international, en particulier quant à la protection des droits acquis et à la sécurité juridique. Elles traduisent une tension entre le respect de la souveraineté étatique et les obligations internationales, soulevant des inquiétudes quant à la fragilisation des mécanismes africains de protection des droits humains. Dès lors, la question de la dénonciation des traités interpelle sur la nécessité de garantir un équilibre entre les intérêts étatiques et la pérennité des institutions juridiques régionales.

Market manipulation is one of the dishonest means used by unscrupulous investors to make unjustified profits. It is conduct which unlawfully interferes with the normal operations of the markets in order to create false appearances with respect to the trading activity or the price of a financial asset. Market abuse is one of the various challenges plaguing the crypto-assets market, and is one of the financial regulators’ priority concerns. This study examines and discusses the problem of market manipulation in crypto-assets, and the need for the enactment of an effective regulatory framework in order to combat this problem and to promote investor protection and safeguard the integrity of the markets. The study finds that South Africa and other countries need to introduce rules in crypto-assets market which aim at regulating the activities of crypto-asset service providers. Currently South Africa has not enacted a comprehensive regulatory framework to address the various illegal uses of crypto-assets. The general approach adopted by South Africa to regulate crypto-assets activities involves subjecting crypto-asset service providers and their activities under the various financial sector laws established to regulate the traditional financial markets. This approach has been criticised as being inefficient in light of the unique risks presented by crypto-assets. The study discusses some of these arguments in detail and concludes by highlighting the need for the adoption of innovative regulations, in the long term, which comprehensively and effectively addressed the various risks presented by crypto-assets which also include market manipulation.

Le conflit armé opposant la Russie à l’Ukraine a relancé au plan international la question des sanctions ciblées contre les personnes privées morales par les Organisations Internationales. Jadis focalisée sur les individus les sanctions internationales soulèvent la question de leur légalité lorsqu’elles concernent des tiers à l’Organisation. Ainsi les multinationales ou les Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONG) qui interviennent dans le Blanchiment International de Capitaux, dans le financement international du terrorisme, dans la violation des droits de l’homme ou à qui l’on est reproche des faits de corruption courent le risque d’être sanctionnées par des Organisations internationales universelles comme l’ONU. Mais de plus en plus au plan régional, des Organisations comme l’UEMOA ainsi que la CEDEAO vont intervenir également en matière de sanction des personnes privées morales au plan africain. The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine has revived the issue of targeted sanctions against private legal entities by international organizations at the international level. Previously focused on individuals, international sanctions raise the question of their legality when they concern third parties to the organization. Thus, multinationals or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in international money laundering, international terrorist financing, human rights violations, or those accused of corruption run the risk of being sanctioned by universal international organizations such as the UN. But increasingly at the regional level, organizations such as UEMOA and ECOWAS will also intervene in matters of sanctioning private legal entities at the African level.

Le travail de recherche aborde le cadre juridique du partenariat entre la Chine et le Cameroun, en se concentrant sur les impacts de la colonialité, des investissements chinois et du développement national. Le travail présente un sommaire structuré en plusieurs sections, chacune explorant divers aspects des relations sino-camerounaises.Dans la première section, le cadre juridique et politique de développement au Cameroun est examiné, mettant en lumière les influences historiques, notamment coloniales, sur le droit des affaires. Il est souligné que le Cameroun allie des systèmes juridiques de droit civil et de common law, hérités des périodes coloniales françaises et britanniques. Cette dualité rend difficile l’application uniforme des lois, ce qui se traduit par des inégalités dans les investissements étrangers, particulièrement ceux de la Chine, avec un cadre juridique isolé et sans harmonisation efficace présentant des défi s pour le développement économique. La politique de développement camerounaise, illustrée par la Stratégie Nationale de Développement (SND30) et la Vision 2035, vise à transformer l'économie. Les instruments juridiques entourant les partenariats publics-privés (PPP), comme les contrats de type Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), sont analysés, mettant en avant les défi s d'une dépendance accrue vis-à-vis des financements chinois et des lacunes juridiques. La deuxième section traite du partenariat commercial avec la Chine, en se concentrant sur le Traité bilatéral d'investissement (TBI) et la présence croissante d'entreprises chinoises au Cameroun. Bien que ces investissements apportent des avantages, tels que la modernisation des infrastructures, ils soulèvent des préoccupations quant à la souveraineté économique et à un nouveau colonialisme économique. Le rapport souligne la nécessité d'un cadre normatif cohérent pour gérer les investissements afin d'entraîner une transformation économique durable. Les obstacles à l'atteinte des objectifs de la Vision 2035 sont également discutés, notamment l'incohérence du cadre normatif, la corruption et l'influence des élites. Le document préconise l'intégration de l'Afrikapitalisme, une idéologie économique axée sur le développement durable et inclusif, et suggère des réformes anti-corruption et l'adaptation des lois pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques du Cameroun. Enfin, la conclusion réaffirme l'importance de reconstruire un cadre juridique qui favorise une véritable coopération gagnant-gagnant avec les investisseurs étrangers, en tenant compte des réalités socio-économiques du pays. Le texte conclut en insistant sur la nécessité d'un équilibre entre les intérêts nationaux et l'attraction d'investissements, pour un développement durable et équitable.

Le droit congolais de la famille prévoit que tout enfant congolais doit avoir un père et une mère. Ainsi, le Code de la famille consacre les mécanismes d’établissement et de contestation de la filiation tant maternelle que paternelle. Parlant plus précisément de cette exigence pour ce qui est de la filiation paternelle, le législateur s’est employé à consacrer la paternité juridique comme alternative, toutes les fois que l’action en recherche de paternité se soldera en un échec. Cependant, l’enfant à père juridique est exclu de la succession de ce soi-disant père. De ce point de vue, la présente étude s’emploie à démontrer combien la protection de l’enfant né hors mariage semble s’être arrêté à mi-chemin, ce qui pose un problème de sécurité juridique.

A dissertação propõe analisar a cláusula de não concorrência sob perspectivas funcional e estrutural, explorando suas origens históricas, fundamentos jurídicos e aplicações práticas, especialmente no contexto brasileiro. O estudo busca identificar os elementos essenciais dessa cláusula e avaliar sua compatibilidade com os princípios constitucionais da livre iniciativa e da concorrência, fundamentais à ordem econômica, além de posicioná-la perante o fenômeno da concorrência e o direito concorrencial. A pesquisa utiliza métodos históricos e dogmáticos, abrangendo análises legislativas, doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais. Também incorpora referências ao direito estrangeiro para examinar como a cláusula de não concorrência é tratada em diferentes sistemas jurídicos. A coleta de dados da jurisdição estatal e da atividade do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica permite compreender as interpretações dos órgãos decisórios brasileiros sobre a matéria. O estudo conclui que a cláusula de não concorrência desempenha um papel vital na proteção de investimentos e elementos imateriais, como clientela e segredos empresariais. Contudo, sua regulamentação no Brasil ainda é fragmentada, com previsões específicas no Código Civil, na Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho e na Lei de Franquias, sem que qualquer deles trate verdadeiramente do aspecto contratual da cláusula. Não obstante, conclui-se ser possível o encontro de elementos funcionais e estruturais comuns à cláusula, independentemente da relação jurídica base, a partir de que se propõe a categorizá-la como um instituto jurídico. Além disso, oferece subsídios para futuras discussões legislativas e jurisprudenciais, destacando a importância de conciliar a proteção de interesses econômicos com a promoção da livre concorrência. This dissertation analyzes the non-compete clause from functional and structural perspectives, exploring its historical origins, legal foundations, and practical applications, particularly in the Brazilian context. The study aims to identify the essential elements of this clause and evaluate its compatibility with the constitutional principles of free enterprise and competition, which are fundamental to the economic order, while positioning it in relation to the phenomenon of competition and antitrust law. The research employs historical and dogmatic methods, encompassing legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential analyses. References to foreign law are incorporated to examine how the non-compete clause is addressed in different legal systems. Data collected from state jurisdiction and the activities of the Administrative Council for Economic Defense provide insights into how Brazilian decision-making bodies interpret the matter. The study concludes that the non-compete clause plays a vital role in protecting investments and intangible elements such as clientele and trade secrets. However, its regulation in Brazil remains fragmented, with specific provisions in the Civil Code, the Consolidation of Labor Laws, and the Franchise Law, none of which adequately address the contractual aspect of the clause. Nevertheless, it is concluded that functional and structural elements common to the clause can be identified, regardless of the underlying legal relationship, leading to its proposed categorization as a legal institute. Furthermore, the dissertation offers resources for future legislative and jurisprudential discussions, emphasizing the importance of balancing the protection of economic interests with the promotion of free competition.

This dissertation examines the relationship between banking and society. It contributes to a better understanding of how banking affects society and, in turn on how society shapes banking practices. The first chapter studies the impact of inflation on trust in banks. Chapter two deals with the effect of trust in banks on financial inclusion. The third chapter investigates whether financial inclusion influences life satisfaction. Chapter four delves into how female bank leadership affects firm credit. The final chapter focuses on the influence of bank leaders’ age on sustainable lending. Overall, this dissertation highlights the important role of banks in societal development and the major influence of society in shaping banking practices.

La question de l’immunité d’exécution en droit OHADA était devenue, au regard de l’évolution doctrinale et jurisprudentielle, très controversée tant le flou qu’entretenait l’article 30 de l’AUPSRVE sur ses bénéficiaires, Entreprises Publiques, était incontournable et semait l’insécurité juridique dans le processus de recouvrement des créances. La révision de cette disposition s’est imposée avec acuité et la présente étude tend à en expliciter la nouvelle compréhension.

Née à une époque où la protection de l’environnement constituait un leitmotiv sur la scène internationale, il a fallu plus de trois décennies à la CEEAC pour inscrire expressément cette protection dans son texte fondamental notamment son Traité révisé. Nonobstant cet exploit, des manquements sont observables. D’une part, le Traité considère la protection de l’environnement comme un moyen de l’intégration économique et non comme un objectif à part entière de la communauté. D’autre part, l’environnement est appréhendé de manière sectorielle dans le Traité pourtant, la tendance doit être la globalisation de l’environnement par l’inclusion de celui-ci dans tous les politiques sociaux économiques de la communauté tel que se revendique aujourd’hui le développement durable. A l’épreuve, la CEEAC se doit dans son Traité de rendre à l’environnement toute l’attention et l’importance qui lui sont reconnues aujourd’hui. Born at a time when environmental protection was a leitmotif on the international scene, it took more than three decades dor ECCAS to expressly include this protection in its fundamental text, particularly its Revised Treaty. Notwithstanding this feat, shortcomings are observable. On the one hand, the Treaty considers environment protection as a means of economic integration and not as a separate objective of the community. On the other hand, the environment is understood in a sectoral manner in the Treaty, however, the trend most most be the globalization of the environment through the inclusion of it in all, the social and economic policies of the community such as sustainable development is now being promoted. Under the test, the ECCAS must in its Treaty give to the environment all the attention and importance that is recognized for it today.

Will the April 2nd Announcement generate its intended objectives? It’s still early days – however, it appears increasingly likely that negotiation outcomes – particularly between those significantly impacted by the Announcement, will be a major determinant in deciding whether the tariff hikes resulting from the April 2nd Announcement, will be short or long term. As of the 11th April, 2025, President Trump’s universal tariffs on China had amounted to 145% whilst China announced tariffs of 125% on U.S imports. Amongst other things, this paper aims to address complexities and challenges faced by regulators in identifying and assessing risk, problems arising from different perceptions of risk, and solutions aimed at countering problems of risk regulation. It will approach these issues through an assessment of explanations put forward to justify the growing importance of risks, well known risk theories such as cultural theory, risk society theory and governmentality theory. In addressing the problems posed as a result of the difficulty in quantifying risks, it will consider a means whereby risks can be quantified reasonably without the consequential effects which result from the dual nature of risk that is, risks emanating from the management of institutional risks.

It may be assumed that all of the United States’ trading partners were impacted by the recent “Liberation Day” announcement – an announcement which constitutes “two distinct tariff actions” – as will be highlighted in this paper. However, despite previous concerns of being targeted by their free trade agreement (FTA) partner, Canada and Mexico – as would have been or should be expected, have been exempted from the tariff imposition. As well as addressing factors which have contributed to the shift from free trade to increasingly and predominantly protectionist stances and most likely, fair trade practices, this paper is aimed at highlighting and explaining the rationales behind the recent historical developments – as well as highlighting those factors that have triggered the build up to the Liberation Day Announcement of the 2nd April 2025. It is remarked that “Trump’s reciprocal tariff doctrine, holds foreign countries accountable”. Against this backdrop of discontent with World Trade Organisation’s dispute resolution mechanisms, which will be further elaborated on, in the paper, the immediate and possible long term impacts of the Announcement, will be considered. As well as exploring the reasons for recent developments – by way of reference to historical developments and data, the paper also considers the underlying frameworks governing the calculations of recent tariff rates and hikes. Whilst there are arguments regarding the validity of such calculations, or whether the current scenario justifies the basis for implementing “national emergency measures”, what can be regarded as an emergency response can be determined through a consideration of underlying and contributory factors. If negotiations, and more specifically, bilateral negotiations, take place as hoped, between those countries impacted by the Liberation Day Announcement, financial stability across global markets is expected to be restored. However, if retaliatory measures follow – with an escalation of trade wars, possible repercussions should be cause for concern. The global trading system is still recovering from the recent crisis which was largely uncontrollable – hence, it is more likely (and hoped) that the recent market turbulence and volatilities will be short term.

En droit OHADA des procédures collectives de sauvegarde, le débiteur fait l’objet d’une assistance. Elle concerne tant les actes d’administration que de disposition. Vu l’importance de ces actes de gestion sur lesquels elle porte afin d’atteindre les finalités de redressement de l’entreprise débitrice et le paiement de ses créanciers, la présente étude fait une analyse approfondie de cet aspect salvateur. Under OHADA law on collective safeguard procedures, the debtor is provided with assistance. This concerns both acts of administration and acts of disposal. In view of the importance of these acts of management in achieving the goals of reorganizing the debtor company and paying its creditors, the present study provides an in-depth analysis of this life-saving aspect.