Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The evidence of developments in the harmonization of international business laws shows that Africa is lagging seriously behind. There are still some skeptical voices about the need for and the value of harmonization of international business laws, but such voices are now in a minority. The aim of this paper is to assess the prospects for harmonizing international business laws in Africa. The main contention is that the debate today in Africa is not whether or not there should be harmonization of international business laws, but how this should be done. The paper reviews the imperatives for harmonization and the options that exist and then focuses on the present approach to harmonizing business laws in Africa under the auspices of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Laws in Africa, better known under its French acronym, OHADA. Based on the critical review of the weaknesses and strengths of the OHADA regulatory framework, the paper suggests ways in which the agenda to develop a harmonized and modern set of business laws in Africa can be achieved.

A major cause of political and constitutional instability in post-independence Africa was the ease with which political leaders subverted constitutionalism by arbitrarily changing constitutions to suit their political agendas. During the constitutional reforms of the 1990s many provisions were introduced in most African constitutions aimed at limiting the ability of governments to abusively change constitutions. Because of the critical importance of controlling the process of constitutional change to entrenching constitutionalism, this paper attempts to critically examine and analyze some of the different control devices that have been introduced. The objective is to see to what extent they may help not only to promote constitutionalism but also enhance constitutional durability and stability. The first part considers why it is important for constitutional designers to include special procedures to regulate and control the constitutional amendment process. The second part examines the different amendment patterns in a number of selected African countries. The third part considers the practical implications of the various control devices in terms of their actual and potential impact on the nurturing and growth of constitutionalism on the continent. The paper concludes that although there has been some progress, more changes still need to be introduced to check the problem of arbitrary constitutional change in Africa.

A few years ago, African contribution of the world trade was only around 2%. The investors, except those who are exploiting natural resources, never want to dare dispensing their fund in Africa. The reason of this situation was very simple. The majority of investors denounce the juridical insecurity and also the political preponderance across the African continent. With human and natural resources abundant, Africa is regarded as a continent equipped with a great potential of development. The years of independences in Africa saw being born in many States, of the organizations trying to solve these difficulties and to reinforce their capacities by the constitution of international organizations acting in all the fields. But it is only in the year 1990; some organizations appeared in the continent and knew of real rise thanks to the liberal and democratic economic policies. This article wishes to present an assessment of seventeen years implementation of the African Harmonization of Business Law Treaty of 1993. Firstly, it will describe the system from an institutional point of view and hence from a normative point of view. Secondly, during the course of this essay, there will be a focus on analysis of OHADA’s laws, its system and its potential impact. In addition, the article will concentrate on OHADA’s appropriateness in the business sector and necessary guarantees it must offer for a successful investment partnership with foreign investment.

يمكن تعريف النص الجنائي المجرم، بأنه القاعدة القانونية التي تصف جريمة ما وتحدد عقوبتها، بحيث لا تحتوي سطورها إلا على ذالك الوصف. وهذا التحديد يعنى أنها تعبر في شق الحكم منها عن التفاصيل المادية للسلوك المحظور بمقتضاه، وتعني في شق الجزاء على العقاب المستحق عن هذا السلوك إذا ما صار أمرا واقعا. ويكون ذالك برسم السلوك الإجرامي وذكر المجني عليه المباشر في هذا السلوك، والذي يكون إما شخصا طبيعيا، أو معنويا. وعلى هذا الأساس، فان تحديد النموذج القانوني للجريمة يكون بتحديد القانون لعناصر التجريم، ففعل الجاني لا يعتبر جريمة إلا إذا توفرت فيها المكونات التي يتطلبها هذا النموذج. ومن هنا يمكن أن نشير كذلك إلى أن مفهوم النص التجريمي يتسع ليشمل كافة النصوص القانونية التي تجرم الشخص المعنوي سواء كانت بين دفتي قانون العقوبات، أو بمقتضى القوانين الخاصة. وسواء كانت هذه النصوص تتعلق بجرائم عمدية، أو تحدد الإطار العام لجرائم غير عمدية، أو ما يعرف بجرائم الإهمال

Due to the expansion of business transaction across the globe, the private sector demands an adequate legal framework that is sufficiently clear, modern, predictable and transparent to permit investment with a sense of security. The Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (Organisation pour l’harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires) is generally known by its French acronym OHADA. As long-standing idea, the foundation of the OHADA Treaty was first laid during a meeting of finance ministers of the members of the franc CFA1 area held in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in April 1991. A group of experts, led by Senegalese Justice Keba Mbaye, was appointed to conduct a feasibility study on a form of legal collaboration designed to promote economic integration and attract investments.2 Identifying low investment as a major obstacle to economic growth, Keba Mbaye presented his report to the French-speaking African summit in Libreville, Gabon, in October 1992, recommending the creation of a supranational organization comprising the entire franc area. The recommendation was adopted and a steering committee of three experts were appointed and tasked with drafting an international instrument as well as identifying the areas of law to be harmonized. The OHADA was established through the treaty of Port Louis in Mauritius on 17th October, 19933 The treaty is open to any Member State of the Organization of African Unity (AU) as well as any other non-member of the AU invited to join with the common agreement of all the Member States.4 The OHADA has progressively become the common business law in anglophone and francophone African countries, taking the best from the civil law and the common law systems.5 The OHADA provides its Member States with 1) a single, modern, flexible and reliable business law adapted to each country’s economy; 2) arbitration as an appropriate and trustworthy way to settle disputes; and 3) an opportunity for training judges and judicial staff and ensuring their specialisation. In May 2003, the uniform OHADA business law came into force in the sub-Saharan African States of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Chad, Togo and later the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The OHADA Treaty secures a legal framework for the conduct of business in Africa.6 Pursuant to Article 53 of the OHADA Treaty, any member State of the African Union may become a member, if it wishes to do so.7 Many countries are currently giving active consideration to joining the OHADA common system of business law.8 Most of the countries have a French colonial heritage, with the exception of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Belgian colony), Guinea-Bissau (former Portuguese colony), Equatorial Guinea (former Spanish colony), and Togo and Cameroon (formerly under partly British and partly French colonial rule). French is also an official language in most of the countries and many OHADA sources are only available in French. 9 It is interesting to know that the Council of Ministers of the OHADA organisation which is the legislative organ of the organisation have adopted the following uniform business law: the general commercial laws, corporate laws and rules concerning different types of joint ventures, laws concerning secured transactions, debt recovery and enforcement laws, bankruptcy laws, arbitration law, accountability law, and law regulating contract for the carriage of goods by roads.10 The OHADA treaty established the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) which is a supranational11 judicial institution based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.12 2.

L’ensemble des disciplines du droit connaît le phénomène des situations de fait. Ces dernières constituent des cas de malformation des institutions promues et protégées par le droit. En réaction, celui-ci les répugne souvent en les privant d’effets. Mais la rencontre des situations de fait avec le droit des sociétés vient bouleverser cet état de choses. En effet, non seulement elles y prolifèrent, mais encore elles ne sont pas systématiquement combattues comme dans les autres disciplines juridiques. Cette étude ambitionne donc de montrer comment le droit des sociétés, en s’appuyant sur les situations de fait, atteint son efficacité. La problématique est alors orientée vers le point de savoir qu’elle est la place qu’occupent les situations de fait dans le droit des sociétés. La réponse en est donnée à travers le constat de leur acceptation par la discipline et à travers l’examen de leur contribution à l’efficacité de cette dernière.

La stratégie contemporaine des entreprises et du mouvement coopératif et mutualiste consiste à affirmer que les coopératives et les mutuelles se caractérisent par des valeurs alternatives. Cette stratégie comporte des faiblesses, dans la mesure où il est difficile d’observer l’impact de telles valeurs dans les principaux secteurs d’activité de ces sociétés (industrie agroalimentaire, commerce de gros, banque, assurance). En revenant à leurs origines, on peut défendre l’hypothèse que les spécificités des coopératives résident plutôt dans des règles statutaires qui constituent des garde-fous à l’emprise des forces du marché. Alors que ce dernier valorise la réactivité et l’attractivité des travailleurs qualifiés, les coopératives et les mutuelles sont plutôt caractérisées par la stabilité et la capacité à créer et à exploiter des connaissances tacites et informelles adaptées à leur contexte spécifique. Or, cette logique marchande constitue le cadre d’analyse dominant, y compris pour les parties prenantes des coopératives : les individus ont « naturellement » tendance à puiser leurs solutions dans ce référentiel. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de s’en affranchir pour penser les coopératives sans renforcer les dynamiques de banalisation. The current strategy of businesses in the cooperative and mutual movement is based on asserting their alternative values. This strategy has a weakness in that it is hard to measure the impact of those values in the main cooperative and mutual sectors (the food industry and farming, wholesale distribution, banking, insurance). Looking at the origins of the cooperative movement, it could be argued that the specificity of these businesses has more to do with their internal rules that act as a safeguard against market forces. While the market values adaptability and skilled workers, cooperatives and mutuals tend to be stable and create and utilise tacit informal skills suited to their particular environments. This market-centric thinking forms the dominant analytical framework, including for cooperative stakeholders. Individuals have a “natural” tendency to draw their own solutions from the market paradigm, and it is therefore necessary to have safeguards that protect against the paradigm. Analysing cooperatives thus requires breaking out of the dominant analytical framework rather than drawing on solutions that hasten the drive towards the mainstream. La estrategia contemporánea de las empresas y del movimiento cooperativo y mutualista consiste en afirmas que esas se caracterizan por valores alternativos. Esta estrategia tiene sus debilidades en la medida que es difícil de observar el impacto de tales valores en los principales sectores de actividad de las cooperativas y de las mutuales (industria agro-alimentaria, comercio de mayoreo, bancos, seguros). Volviendo a los orígenes de las cooperativas, se puede defender la hipótesis que las especificidades de estas empresas permanecen más bien en los estatutos legales que son garantías contra la influencia de las fuerzas del mercado. Mientras que el mercado valoriza la reactividad y el carácter atractivo de los trabajadores calificados, las cooperativas y mutuales son más bien caracterizadas por su estabilidad y su capacidad a crear y explotar conocimientos tácitos e informales adaptados a sus contextos especificados. Sin embargo, esta lógica mercantilista constituye el marco analítico dominante, incluso por las cooperativas participantes: los individuos tienen naturalmente tendencia a sacar sus soluciones en este repositorio y es necesario por lo tanto de beneficiar de pantallas qué protegen de este repositorio. Se debe entonces liberarse del marco analítico dominante para pensar las cooperativas, mas bien qué extraer soluciones que fortalecen la dinámica de la mercantilización.

Ever since the colonial era, attempts have been made throughout the various regions of Africa at building supranational units chiefly for administrative and legal convenience. Examples of such attempts include the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the East African High Commission and the federations in former French West and Equatorial Africa, all of which were attempts at forging a supranational nation state. These experiments laid the foundation for further supranational initiatives in post-colonial Africa. In this respect, every region in Africa has either experimented with or is currently experimenting with the idea of supranational regional organisations. This article aims at investigating selected attempts at supranationalism on the continent, the successes and failures of such experiments, and the lessons to be learnt from them. As Africa embarks on the journey of solidifying its unity through the establishment of leviathan continental institutions, efforts should be geared towards building on the experiences of past and present experiments at the sub-regional level. Such experiments offer instructive lessons as they are rooted in similar historical and social contexts.     

This article argues that, with the global or cross-border nature of many corporate activities, there is an increasing need for a uniform insolvency law approach to the financial distress of a corporation in the Southern African Development Community. In doing so, the article highlights lessons the community may learn from the Insolvency Act of the Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa. Emphasis is given to that organization’s success in developing a uniform insolvency act (ie one which is directly applicable in its contracting states). The article also proposes a number of recommendations.