Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This study investigates the impact of conduct which goes on to give rise to a securities lawsuit, and the filing of a securities lawsuit, on the level of accounting conservatism in financial reporting. This study also investigates the moderating influence of corporate governance on the level of accounting conservatism following conduct which goes on to give rise to a securities lawsuit, and the filing of a securities lawsuit. The study uses a sample of 617 privately enforced disclosure-related securities lawsuits against listed US firms, taken under SEC rule 10b-5 of the 1934 Securities Exchange Act, over the period 2002 to 2010. The results of the study indicate that following both the conduct that gives rise to a securities lawsuit, and the filing of a securities lawsuit, firms adopt higher levels of accounting conservatism. However, the study finds no evidence that corporate governance moderates the impact of securities lawsuits on the level of accounting conservatism.

Corporate disclosure has attracted the attention of researchers from the accounting and capital markets. Researchers have been trying to better understand how capital markets respond to corporate disclosures. This study explores the short- and the long- term market effects of corporate disclosures in a continuous disclosure environment. This study aims to find the answers to the following research questions. (1) How market (price/volume) sensitive is the information contained in each disclosure category in a continuous disclosure environment? (2) How quickly is the value-relevant information incorporated into share prices before the annual earnings announcement is released, and how can company announcements promote this timeliness of price discovery? Specifically, this study examines the extent to which the Australian share market reacts to new public information immediately after the information is released, and the impacts of announcement frequency as to different continuous disclosure categories on the timeliness of price discovery (also known as the speed of price discovery). Prior research has mostly concentrated on a single type of information event to examine the information’s market consequences by monthly, weekly or daily data. Instead, by covering all public announcements and using tick (transaction) data to calculate intraday abnormal returns and abnormal trading volumes, this study examines which type of announcement has the largest immediate market responses, and compares the magnitude (with positive/negative signs) of market reactions to different announcement categories on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). This study is more attractive under the Australian Continuous Disclosure Regime (CDR) because of the classification system regarding the market-sensitive announcements. Whether or not an announcement is market-sensitive is predetermined by ASX ‘specialist staff’ before the announcement is released on the market. This study investigates how the market interprets the announcement, examining market sensitivity from both the share price and trading volume movements after the announcement is available to the market. In other words, to some extent, the ‘market sensitivity tag’ shows the announcement that the market should react to, and this study reveals the announcement that the market does react to. Focusing on market-sensitive announcements, except for the ASX Query, the significant results show a positive association between announcement categories and intraday Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs). Share prices react the most to Progress Reports and to Asset Acquisition & Disposal, and the least to Periodic Reports and Issued Capital. Share price reactions to Distribution Announcements and Other are in the middle. There are at least two possible reasons for the different market reaction magnitudes. One is the information materiality nature: if one type of information is more important to investors than other information, this may cause higher abnormal returns on the market. The other is the information predictability: if there has been a lot of relevant information available in previous days or months, share prices could adjust to the information more smoothly. In terms of the trading volume reactions, intraday Abnormal Trading Volumes (ATVs) are observed after the release of Progress Reports, Asset Acquisition & Disposal, Issued Capital and Periodic Reports. After separating good and bad news subsamples, the results show that Progress Reports and Asset Acquisition & Disposal tend to indicate good signs to the market and cause larger trading volumes. Periodic Reports and Issued Capital could contain either good or bad news, but the trading volumes are driven by bad news. The results also reveal that company size is an important factor. Large companies tend to have relatively small market responses after information is released, which confirms that the larger companies are more stable. This study also evaluates long-term market effects of corporate disclosures by examining the timeliness of price discovery (also known as the speed of price discovery). It is the timeliness with which the full value relevant information is priced over a year before the annual earnings announcement is released. Previous literature has revealed that earnings announcements convey information, because significant stock returns or increased trading volumes are observed around the time that earnings announcements are released. However, it has also been suggested that there are other more timely information sources available that contain essentially similar or even the same value-relevant information. By the time preliminary final reports become available to the market, any potential value-relevant information has been included in the share price. The CDR again provides an attractive environment to examine the impact of corporate disclosures on the timeliness of price discovery, because listed companies have to disclose to the market before any other media sources. This enables an exploration of the relationship between the timeliness and the frequency of continuous disclosures. If the CDR is efficient in keeping investors fully informed, there should be no stock price surprise after the earnings announcement is released. Given the importance of the Preliminary Final Reports to the timeliness metric and the fact that the immediate market reaction tests only cover announcements released during trading hours, this study investigates in depth the Preliminary Final Reports and finds some evidence that companies tend to release bad news after the market closes and/or on Fridays. In terms of the impacts of announcement frequency on the timeliness of price discovery, following the step ‘All announcements – Periodic/Non-periodic announcements – Detailed categories of Non-periodic announcements’, the findings reveal that only earnings-related and cash flow announcements (Periodic Reports, Distribution Announcements and Quarterly Cash Flow Reports) can accelerate the timeliness of price discovery. Unfortunately, the results do not confirm that more announcements on the market could promote the timeliness with which the value-relevant (i.e. earning/income) information is incorporated into share prices. In addition to announcement frequency influences, the price discovery process is faster for companies with better share performance, are larger or have greater profitability. Financial companies have a timelier price discovery process than other companies; the price discovery process of financial companies was affected more by the 2008 – 2010 Global Financial Crisis than that of other companies. This study contributes to the market reaction literature by covering all categories of company announcements and comparing immediate market consequences for each type of announcement, and builds upon the timeliness of the price discovery literature by linking the announcement frequency of each continuous disclosure category to the timeliness with which annual earnings information is incorporated into share prices.

L’objectif global de cette thèse est de montrer, que la spécifié des déterminants de croissance d’entreprise est fonction des environnements d’affaires. L’Afrique étant plurielle et multiple de par sa culture, ses moeurs, ses environnements d’affaires, nous avons opté d’étudier le Bénin. Pour atteindre cet objectif global, un sous-objectif est retenu par article parmi les trois que comporte cette thèse. Dans le premier article, il s’est agi de faire une synthèse globale des déterminants de la croissance des PME en les catégorisant. Dans le deuxième article, nous avons procédé à la confirmation des déterminants pertinents (spécifiques) pour le contexte étudié. Dans le troisième article, nous avons évalué l’effet des déterminants retenus sur la croissance des PME étudiées. Ainsi, une approche par étape est utilisée pour atteindre les objectifs précités. Lors de la première étape, une revue systématique de la littérature a permis de faire le point des déterminants de la croissance des PME ainsi qu’une mise en exergue d’un certain nombre de facteurs émergents à étudier (1er niveau de résultat). À la suite de cette étape, nous avons, sur la base d’une analyse en composante principale, essayé de retenir parmi les facteurs émergents, ceux qui pourraient être qualifiés de déterminants spécifiques (2e niveau de résultat). En dernier lieu, à l’aide de la régression panel, nous avons étudié les effets des déterminants spécifiques retenus sur la croissance des PME de notre échantillon (3e niveau de résultat). Entre autres résultats, cette étude met l’accent sur l’importance de certains déterminants spécifiques à la croissance des PME, tels les recours aux compétences externes, les investissements en recherches et en développement et la responsabilité sociale des entreprises.

Doktora tez konumuz olan imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun temel işlevi imtiyazların korunmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte olan genel kurulun anasözleşme değişikliklerinde, yönetim kuruluna sermaye artırımı yetkisi verilmesi kararında ve kayıtlı sermaye sisteminde yönetim kurulunun yaptığı sermaye artırımında özel kurul onayı alınması gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde alınan genel kurul veya yönetim kurulu kararı uygulanamaz. Özel kurul toplantısının yapılabilmesi bakımından aranan temel şartlardan biri, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte bir anasözleşme değişikliği veya yönetim kurulunun sermaye artırımı kararının alınmasıdır. Özel kurul kararının alınmadığı aşamada genel kurul kararı hukuken geçerli, fakat hukuki sonuçlarını doğurması özel kurul onayının varlığına bağlıdır. The basic function of the special committee of preference shareholders is to protect the preferences. In this respect, Art. 454 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) regulates the approval of special committee for the amendments to the articles of association of the general assembly, which are in the nature of violating the rights of the preferred shareholders, authorization for capital increase for the board of directors and the capital increase in the registered capital system. Otherwise, the decision of the general assembly or board of directors cannot be applied. One of the basic conditions sought in order to be able to hold the special board meeting is to adopt an amendment in the articles of association or the capital increase decision of the board of directors. At the stage where the decision of the special board is not taken, the decision of the general assembly is legally valid but its legal consequences are subject to the approval of the special committee.

With citizens’ movements mediated by many technologies that aid our navigation the potential for omnipresent surveillance may potentially institute fundamental changes to the human condition. Locational privacy is pivotal in developing inter-personal associations and relational ties with others and its function is therefore complex, rather than solely affording a degree of independence from the observations made by others. In this respect, a more nuanced understanding of the utility of location data is required; the current hierarchy that delineates personal data from special categories of personal data does not adequately appreciate the capacity for location data to act as a proxy for other sensitive personal data. Furthermore, the binary distinction that reflects the conceptualisation of the right to privacy as a negative right, with related concepts such as identity and personality formation viewed as positive constructs, is increasingly difficult a notion to preserve. The classification and terminology of technologies can illustrate how terms and legal metaphors are developed and applied so as to bridge gaps in applying existing context and precedent. Though the designation ‘location data’ once constituted a reasonable accommodation in nomenclature as an intelligible and easily comprehensible term, even while constituting a significant oversimplification of the data it represented, technological advances have rendered the term increasingly problematic. This study asks whether the existing legal framework at the regional level in Europe is apt to provide sufficiently cogent and coherent regulation given recent developments in technologies. The review analyses the risks associated with this predilection in data processing activities that allows for the identification of ever more intimate and nuanced details of a citizen’s life, behaviours and convictions through the analysis of their location data; in turn, it shall discern the necessity of considering the resulting impacts on citizens’ fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection.

Dans un contexte économique diversifié, complexe et instable, un modèle de gestion de la production et d’organisation du travail mobilisé par la quête de flexibilité est recherché par les entreprises. Cellesci choisissent d’externaliser des activités de production, des activités périphériques ou de recrutement, ce qui engendre la création de deux grandes catégories de travailleurs : les travailleurs internes, directement engagés par l’entreprise et les travailleurs externes, provenant d’une agence ou travaillant pour une entreprise sous-traitante. L’analyse de ces formes d’externalisation, se traduisant par une reconfiguration de la relation d’emploi, invite entre autres à s’interroger sur la définition de celle-ci, sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi qui sont offertes aux travailleurs externalisés ainsi que sur la manière dont ils doivent composer avec la gestion de l’insécurité et du risque. Cette recherche se veut donc une analyse comparée de l’impact de diverses configurations de l’externalisation sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi et sur la relation d’emploi. Plus précisément, elle cherche à savoir en quoi l’externalisation affecte les conditions de travail et d’emploi et elle s’attarde à identifier comment l’externalisation transforme la relation d’emploi. Afin de répondre à ces interrogations, cette recherche s’appuie sur une étude de cas multiple (N=9) menée dans le secteur agroalimentaire et plus précisément dans le segment transformation de la filière de la volaille, une filière qui recourt à diverses configurations de l’externalisation et qui est organisée en chaîne de valeur. La stratégie de collecte des données mobilise cinq sources d’informations (documentation, visite d’une usine, entretiens semi-dirigés, conventions collectives, offres d’emploi publiées). La diversification de l’échantillon permet d’effectuer des comparaisons sur les trois niveaux d’analyse possibles : micro, méso et macro. Il ressort des analyses qu’une détérioration des conditions de travail et d’emploi s’enregistre à mesure que l’on descend dans la chaîne de valeur. Plus précisément, trois facteurs sont susceptibles de faire varier les conditions de travail et d’emploi. Il s’agit effectivement de la position de l’entreprise ou de l’établissement dans la chaîne de valeur (pivot, sous-traitant), mais également de son type d’activité (abattage et première transformation ou seconde transformation) et de la configuration de l’externalisation (agences de placement de personnel ou sous-traitance). De plus, lors de cette recherche, quatre types de relations d’emploi ont pu être observées, soit des relations bipartites typiques, bipartites atypiques, multipartites en sous-traitance et multipartites en agences de placement de personnel. La comparaison de ces diverses modalités a permis de comprendre comment l’externalisation transforme la relation d’emploi classique, ainsi que les effets de cette transformation sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi. En s’intéressant à l’externalisation, cette recherche démontre que ce choix stratégique comporte des enjeux pour le travail et l’emploi (par exemple, difficulté d’application des normes minimales et de santé et sécurité du travail), mais également pour l’ensemble de la société. Elle met de plus en lumière les limites des théories classiques en relations industrielles dans l’explication du phénomène de l’externalisation et invite à leur renouvellement. Mots-clés : externalisation, agences de placement de personnel, sous-traitance, relation d’emploi, conditions de travail.