Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This thesis examines securities market development in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on securities law, securities law enforcement and securities markets integration. Adopting a primarily comparative methodology, the thesis examines the continued relevance of securities markets in sub-Saharan Africa; the way selected countries in the region regulate their markets and enforce compliance with securities law; and the potential of market integration to promote market development. This thesis advances 4 main claims. First, empirical evidence supports the link between liquid securities markets and economic growth, independent of the level of banking development. In this sense, securities markets can act as good complements to banks in providing capital to the real economy. Second, at the minimum, there is an arguable preliminary case that rules of securities regulation can hinder market development in select countries in sub-Saharan Africa, by imposing high compliance costs and eligibility requirements, without commensurate benefits in greater liquidity or reduced cost of capital. Third, enforcement of securities regulation in sub-Saharan Africa is generally weak. Whilst public regulators often have formal powers, budgets and staff; actual enforcement activity is sometimes limited by inadequate market monitoring and reliance on criminal as opposed to administrative sanctions. Poor public enforcement, in turn, reinforces poor private enforcement, leading to reduced market participation, illiquidity, and ultimately market underdevelopment. Fourth, although increased market integration can go a long way in facilitating market development in the region, integration cannot be a short/medium term solution to market underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa, given the significant economic, political and socio-cultural barriers to integration initiatives in the region. Ultimately, to develop their securities markets, policymakers in sub-Saharan Africa must focus their attention on making and credibly enforcing market-friendly rules of securities regulation. The thesis explores some ways this may be realistically accomplished.

Uluslararası ticaretin gelişimi ve artması dünyadaki bütün devletler tarafından hedeflenen bir amaçtır. Ancak devletlerin ulusal hukuk sistemleri arasındaki farklar bu gelişim için belirli engeller oluşturmaktadır. Bu engelleri aşmak için uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması, yani aynı uluslararası hukuki işleme uygulanacak iki veya daha çok ulusal hukuk sisteminin farklı kurallarının bir kuralla değiştirilmesi çare olarak görülmektedir. Bu amaçla şimdiye kadar bir çok çalışmalar yapılmış ve bir çok yeknesaklaştırma aracı ortaya konulmuştur. Uluslararası ticaret hukukunun bel kemiğini oluşturan uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler alanında hazırlanmış olan yeknesaklaştırma araçları ise bu bakımdan özellikle önem taşımaktadır. Hukukun yeknesaklaştırılması alanında çalışmalar sürdürülmekle birlikte bu konuya şüpheyle bakanlar ve yeknesaklaştırmanın kendi amacına ulaşamayacağını düşünenler de mevcuttur. Bu yeknesaklaştırma sürecinde ortaya çıkan bir takım sorunlarla ilgilidir. Ancak özellikle de uluslararası ticaret hukuku alanında yapılan yeknesaklaştırma çalışmalarında elde edilen başarılar umut vaat etmektedir. Uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler hukuku alanında yapılmış olan ayrı ayrı yeknesaklaştırma çalışmaları ile ilgili araştırmalar mevcut olsa da, konuyu daha kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alan ve meseleye daha geniş bir perspektiften bakan araştırmaların eksik olduğunu görmekteyiz. Özellikle de Türkiye'de bu tür araştırmalarda bir boşluğun mevcut olduğu hissedilmektedir. Uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması amacıyla ortaya konulmuş çalışmaların ve hazırlanmış olan araçların daha kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması, onların sağladığı faydaları göstermek, bu alanda ortaya çıkan sorunları belirlemek ve gerekli çözüm önerileri sunmak açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bütün bunları dikkate alarak biz bu araştırmamızda uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması kavramını, onun önemini ve sağladığı avantajları, yeknesaklaştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesi yöntemlerini, uluslararası ticaret hukukunun yeknesaklaştırılması alanında çalışmalar yapan ve bu sürece katkıda bulunan uluslararası kurumları, uluslararası ticari sözleşmeler alanında yapılmış olan ve şu an yapılmakta olan çalışmaları, bu konuyla ilgili ortaya çıkan sorunları ve bu sorunların ortadan kaldırılması için sunulan çözüm önerilerini incelemeye çalıştık. [...] The development and growth of international trade is an aim targeted by all states in the world. However, the differences between the national legal systems of states pose certain obstacles to this development. To overcome these obstacles, the unification of the international commercial law is considered a remedy, that is, changing the different rules of two or more national legal systems to be applied to the same international legal process with one rule. For this purpose, so far many studies have been done and many unification instruments have been introduced. The unification instruments prepared in the field of the international commercial contracts, which form the backbone of international commercial law, are particularly important in this regard. Although studies on the unification of the law continues, there are also those who are skeptical about this issue and those who think that it cannot achieve its own goal. It concerns a number of problems that arise in the process of unification. However, the successes achieved in the unification studies especially in the field of international commercial law promise hope. Although there are researches on individual unification studies in the field of international commercial contracts law, we see that there is a lack of research that covers the issue more extensively and looks at the issue from a wider perspecitve. Especially, a vacancy in this kind of research is available in Turkey. It is important to investigate the studies and the instruments that have been prepared for the purpose of the unification of the international commercial contracts law, to show their benefits, to identify the problems that arise in this field and to offer necessary solutions. Considering all these, in this research, we tried to examine the concept of the unification of the international commercial law, its importance and advantages, the methods of realization of unification, the international institutions that work in the field of the unification of the international commercial law and contribute to this process, the problems that arise about this issue and the proposed solutions to eliminate these problems.

A constitutional analysis of a differentiated tax treatment of residents and non-residents in respect of income deriving from immovable property in South Africa', Daniel Baines explores whether South African resident taxpayers' constitutional rights to equality and property are infringed by current laws which tax residents at higher rates than non-residents on rental income and proceeds from the disposal of fixed property. He aptly sets out what the right to equality and property entails and how these relate to taxpayers. He finds that the higher effective tax rates paid by residents violates their constitutional right to equality. The thesis provides valuable insight into a resident's right to equality and property in terms of current tax rates and illustrates how current tax rates are unconstitutional. The recommendations brought forward contribute toward the discussion of how tax rates should be altered in order to ensure that residents' constitutional rights are no longer violated.

No abstract provided.

The European-inspired bilingualism and bi-legal system in Cameroon lead to an irregular profile and may be interesting for the European Union (EU) in its quest for preservation of intercultural processes through translation. The Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) of which Cameroon is part is only affiliated to Civil Law. However, the two legal systems employed in Cameroon (where both Civil Law and Common Law are used) are based on a balance in what concerns the conceptual, epistemic and stylistic representation. Intercultural dysfunction is the consequence of the lack of methodology in legal translation. Collaboration between legal translators and practitioners is key to adopt an agreed-upon model in multilingualism.

Face à la montée des technologies de l’information, les préoccupations en ce qui concerne la vie privée et la protection des données à caractère personnel ont émergé au sein de l’opinion publique. Plusieurs Etats avisés ont adopté des règles juridiques pour encadrer l’usage des données personnelles. Aux vues de l’importance que revêt la question de la gestion et de la protection des données à caractère personnel, et face au flux d’échanges économiques qui ont lieu dans les plateformes digitales et qui mettent en jeu les usagers et les opérateurs privés africains de la communauté OHADA, nous avons exprimé la nécessité d’examiner la problématique du « E-commerce et la protection des données à caractère personnel dans l’espace OHADA ». Il s’est agi dans le cadre de ce travail de comprendre, Comment les actes uniformes de l’OHADA protègent et préviennent la gestion abusive des données à caractère personnel, des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA à des fins économiques d’une part ; et de savoir en l’absence d’un Acte uniforme général sur la protection des données (AUGPD), quelle juridiction africaine serait matériellement compétente pour gérer des infractions liées à l’exploitation abusive des données à caractère personnel des ressortissants de l’espace OHADA, d’autre part. A l’issue de cette recherche, fort est le regret de constater que l’OHADA ne dispose jusqu’à ces jours d’aucun instrument sur la protection des données à caractère personnel et la libre circulation des données.

Le droit de la propriété intellectuelle français constitue un régime de droit spécial des biens. Si les conditions d’appropriation sont spécifi ques et ne s’appuient guère sur le droit civil, le régime de la propriété, la circulation et l’exploitation des biens intellectuels font, en revanche, largement appel au droit commun civil, princi palement par le biais d’un mécanisme supplétif et, parfois, par le biais d’un renvoi express. Cet article propose quelques illustrations de ce lien constant qui permet, d’une part, d’apporter à la propriété intellectuelle les compléments de régime dont elle a impérativement besoin et, d’autre part, de confronter les solutions du droit civil aux meubles incorporels.