Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Doktora tez konumuz olan imtiyazlı pay sahipleri özel kurulunun temel işlevi imtiyazların korunmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte olan genel kurulun anasözleşme değişikliklerinde, yönetim kuruluna sermaye artırımı yetkisi verilmesi kararında ve kayıtlı sermaye sisteminde yönetim kurulunun yaptığı sermaye artırımında özel kurul onayı alınması gerekmektedir. Aksi takdirde alınan genel kurul veya yönetim kurulu kararı uygulanamaz. Özel kurul toplantısının yapılabilmesi bakımından aranan temel şartlardan biri, imtiyazlı pay sahiplerinin haklarını ihlal edebilecek nitelikte bir anasözleşme değişikliği veya yönetim kurulunun sermaye artırımı kararının alınmasıdır. Özel kurul kararının alınmadığı aşamada genel kurul kararı hukuken geçerli, fakat hukuki sonuçlarını doğurması özel kurul onayının varlığına bağlıdır. The basic function of the special committee of preference shareholders is to protect the preferences. In this respect, Art. 454 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) regulates the approval of special committee for the amendments to the articles of association of the general assembly, which are in the nature of violating the rights of the preferred shareholders, authorization for capital increase for the board of directors and the capital increase in the registered capital system. Otherwise, the decision of the general assembly or board of directors cannot be applied. One of the basic conditions sought in order to be able to hold the special board meeting is to adopt an amendment in the articles of association or the capital increase decision of the board of directors. At the stage where the decision of the special board is not taken, the decision of the general assembly is legally valid but its legal consequences are subject to the approval of the special committee.

With citizens’ movements mediated by many technologies that aid our navigation the potential for omnipresent surveillance may potentially institute fundamental changes to the human condition. Locational privacy is pivotal in developing inter-personal associations and relational ties with others and its function is therefore complex, rather than solely affording a degree of independence from the observations made by others. In this respect, a more nuanced understanding of the utility of location data is required; the current hierarchy that delineates personal data from special categories of personal data does not adequately appreciate the capacity for location data to act as a proxy for other sensitive personal data. Furthermore, the binary distinction that reflects the conceptualisation of the right to privacy as a negative right, with related concepts such as identity and personality formation viewed as positive constructs, is increasingly difficult a notion to preserve. The classification and terminology of technologies can illustrate how terms and legal metaphors are developed and applied so as to bridge gaps in applying existing context and precedent. Though the designation ‘location data’ once constituted a reasonable accommodation in nomenclature as an intelligible and easily comprehensible term, even while constituting a significant oversimplification of the data it represented, technological advances have rendered the term increasingly problematic. This study asks whether the existing legal framework at the regional level in Europe is apt to provide sufficiently cogent and coherent regulation given recent developments in technologies. The review analyses the risks associated with this predilection in data processing activities that allows for the identification of ever more intimate and nuanced details of a citizen’s life, behaviours and convictions through the analysis of their location data; in turn, it shall discern the necessity of considering the resulting impacts on citizens’ fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection.

Dans un contexte économique diversifié, complexe et instable, un modèle de gestion de la production et d’organisation du travail mobilisé par la quête de flexibilité est recherché par les entreprises. Cellesci choisissent d’externaliser des activités de production, des activités périphériques ou de recrutement, ce qui engendre la création de deux grandes catégories de travailleurs : les travailleurs internes, directement engagés par l’entreprise et les travailleurs externes, provenant d’une agence ou travaillant pour une entreprise sous-traitante. L’analyse de ces formes d’externalisation, se traduisant par une reconfiguration de la relation d’emploi, invite entre autres à s’interroger sur la définition de celle-ci, sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi qui sont offertes aux travailleurs externalisés ainsi que sur la manière dont ils doivent composer avec la gestion de l’insécurité et du risque. Cette recherche se veut donc une analyse comparée de l’impact de diverses configurations de l’externalisation sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi et sur la relation d’emploi. Plus précisément, elle cherche à savoir en quoi l’externalisation affecte les conditions de travail et d’emploi et elle s’attarde à identifier comment l’externalisation transforme la relation d’emploi. Afin de répondre à ces interrogations, cette recherche s’appuie sur une étude de cas multiple (N=9) menée dans le secteur agroalimentaire et plus précisément dans le segment transformation de la filière de la volaille, une filière qui recourt à diverses configurations de l’externalisation et qui est organisée en chaîne de valeur. La stratégie de collecte des données mobilise cinq sources d’informations (documentation, visite d’une usine, entretiens semi-dirigés, conventions collectives, offres d’emploi publiées). La diversification de l’échantillon permet d’effectuer des comparaisons sur les trois niveaux d’analyse possibles : micro, méso et macro. Il ressort des analyses qu’une détérioration des conditions de travail et d’emploi s’enregistre à mesure que l’on descend dans la chaîne de valeur. Plus précisément, trois facteurs sont susceptibles de faire varier les conditions de travail et d’emploi. Il s’agit effectivement de la position de l’entreprise ou de l’établissement dans la chaîne de valeur (pivot, sous-traitant), mais également de son type d’activité (abattage et première transformation ou seconde transformation) et de la configuration de l’externalisation (agences de placement de personnel ou sous-traitance). De plus, lors de cette recherche, quatre types de relations d’emploi ont pu être observées, soit des relations bipartites typiques, bipartites atypiques, multipartites en sous-traitance et multipartites en agences de placement de personnel. La comparaison de ces diverses modalités a permis de comprendre comment l’externalisation transforme la relation d’emploi classique, ainsi que les effets de cette transformation sur les conditions de travail et d’emploi. En s’intéressant à l’externalisation, cette recherche démontre que ce choix stratégique comporte des enjeux pour le travail et l’emploi (par exemple, difficulté d’application des normes minimales et de santé et sécurité du travail), mais également pour l’ensemble de la société. Elle met de plus en lumière les limites des théories classiques en relations industrielles dans l’explication du phénomène de l’externalisation et invite à leur renouvellement. Mots-clés : externalisation, agences de placement de personnel, sous-traitance, relation d’emploi, conditions de travail.

The likelihood of clashes between international norms has increased in correlation with the upsurge in the number of specialised regimes emerging within the international legal field. The present thesis takes a closer look at the different ways in which such norm conflicts can be addressed at the international level. In particular, it distinguishes between conflict resolution based on establishing priority by means of traditional maxims, and resolution based on the weighing of clashing norms to determine which prevails in the case at hand. To do so, the thesis takes a step back from the existing literature and examines the distinction within norms between rules and principles, relying predominantly on Robert Alexy’s theory on this subject. Taking a legal-theoretical approach to the subject of international norm conflicts, this thesis shows that Alexy’s principles theory is not only transferrable to international law in theory, but that we can, moreover, identify international norms as rules and principles respectively. Distinguishing between the different ways in which conflicts are resolved depending on whether the norms involved are rules or principles, it is shown that while both approaches are susceptible to certain conceptual uncertainties and pitfalls, this dichotomy nevertheless plays an important role in the efficiency of the international legal system, ensuring that a certain balance between stability and flexibility is maintained. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that by viewing international law, and international norm conflicts in particular, through the lens of Alexy’s principles theory, we can gain a clearer understanding of the structure and application of international norms on the one hand and, as a result, how to resolve international norm conflicts on the other. Thus, drawing a distinction between rules and principles among international legal norms can be a means by which scholars (as well as judicial bodies or even states) may analyse ambiguous judicial decisions or international legal provisions, and can thus foster greater clarity in the field of international law.