Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Le télétravail transfrontalier, une pratique qui se développe depuis plusieurs années dans le contexte du processus accéléré de numérisation de l'économie et qui a reçu une impulsion incontestable en raison de la pandémie mondiale de COVID-19, se profile comme une tendance d’avenir. La dématérialisation du lieu de travail entraînant par essence un effacement des barrières spatiales, la prestation de travail exécutée à distance se déplace en continu à travers les frontières nationales par le biais des technologies de l'information et de la communication. La modification transfrontalière du domicile ou de la résidence du salarié pendant la durée du contrat est aussi une difficulté incontournable à laquelle sont confrontées les parties, un tel déplacement pouvant conduire au changement de régime applicable, sans que ni l’employeur ni l’employé en aient prévu cette conséquence. Face à ces problématiques, il s'impose d'examiner le cadre juridique applicable au télétravail comportant une dimension transfrontalière pour déterminer dans quelle mesure il permet de répondre aux principaux enjeux de cette pratique en expansion. Nous analysons les questions relatives à la détermination de l'autorité compétente pour connaître des litiges impliquant des télétravailleurs transfrontaliers et aux modes d’identification de la loi applicable parmi celles pouvant intervenir pour réglementer les droits et les obligations du travailleur et de l'employeur dans les rapports internationaux et interprovinciaux au Canada, ainsi que la façon dont les normes minimales d'emploi de l’Ontario, de la Colombie-Britannique, de l'Alberta et du Québec appréhendent le télétravail transfrontalier, leurs conditions territoriales d’application et leurs limites.

The arbitration of internal trust disputes has attracted significant attention in the arbitration and trust law communities in recent years with draft clauses and rules produced by arbitral institutions, several states undertaking legislative reform in order to provide such arbitrations with a statutory basis and numerous scholars as well as practitioners writing articles on the subject. Such enthusiasm is justified on the basis that arbitration has several advantages over litigation, such as confidentiality, international enforceability of judgments, the ability to choose one’s judge and the power to tailor the procedure. Notwithstanding these advantages, trust arbitration has failed to make any great inroad into trust disputes due to the many novel and complex points of legal practice and theory which it entails. For example, although arbitration does not typically involve minors or legally incapable parties’ trusts do, and thus trust arbitration raises numerous due process and human rights concerns. Similarly, court supervision and enforcement of trusts is sometimes considered essential to the very nature of trusts and questions therefore arise concerning the extent to which arbitral tribunals could supplant courts in that regard. Another complication is that trusts are not contracts and questions therefore arise about how to bind individuals to a trust arbitration agreement, particularly as regards beneficiaries who may be unascertained, minor or legally incompetent at the time the trust was created. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and present potential solutions to these complications from an English law perspective, although other common law legal systems will be analysed where relevant

Le présent rapport prône l’adoption de mesures de lutte contre la COVID concernant tout particulièrement la politique d’investissement soutenue par l’Accord portant création de la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine afin de préserver les acquis du marché commun pour les entreprises et les citoyens africains et d’accroître les avantages en découlant. La Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine (ZLECAf) contribuera à générer les ressources financières nécessaires au développement économique de l’Afrique. Elle a pour objet de mettre en place un marché africain intégré où les biens, les personnes, les services et les capitaux circulent librement, complétant les efforts d’intégration régionale au profit des 1,3 milliard d’habitants du continent. Le produit intérieur brut combiné du marché de la ZLECAf est de 2 500 milliards de dollars. Elle a officiellement vu le jour le 21 mars 2018 à Kigali, date à laquelle 44 États membres de l’Union africaine ont signé l’Accord portant création de la Zone de libre-échange continentale africaine. L’Accord est entré en vigueur le 30 mai 2019 après le dépôt de l’instrument de ratification par le 22ème État membre de l’UA. La ZLECAf est entrée dans sa phase opérationnelle en juillet 2019. Les échanges régis par les règles de la ZLECAf ont débuté le 1er janvier 2021.

L’industrialisation a provoque la confrontation des techniques concurrentielles des entreprises qui s’opèrent dans le même secteur a fait apparaître un nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises utilise par celle-ci pour se démarquer les unes aux autres. La responsabilité sociétale selon la norme ISO 26000 se définit comme responsabilité d‘une organisation vis a vis des impacts de ces décisions et activités sur la société et sur l’environnement, se traduisant par un comportement ethnique et transparent qui contribue au développement durable y compris a la sante et au bien être de la société ; prend en compte les attentes des partir prenantes ; respect des lois en vigueur tout en étant en cohérence avec les normes internationales des comportements et intégré dans l’ensemble de l‘organisation et mis en œuvre dans ses relations, tout en rendant compte a ses actionnaires et de maximisé son profit. Mais aussi rendre compte a la société humaine des impacts environnementale et sociales des ses activités. Elle vise les organisations des tout types quelque soit leurs activistes, leurs taille ou leurs localisation. Les entreprises malienne sont mises aux défis le nouveau concept (RSE) la responsabilité sociale des entreprises pour prendre en compte les défis de leurs activité sur l’environnent, sur l’économie et sur la société pour apporte des solutions et des réponses.

This thesis addresses the problem of individuals’ lack of control over personal data in the digital world. It sheds light on market and regulatory failures that lie behind the status quo and proposes a framework to improve regulatory responses. The two regulatory regimes that are at the core of this thesis are EU data protection regulation, which protects individuals’ fundamental rights over data, and EU competition law, which safeguards the sound functioning of the market and consumers’ economic interests. Despite the existence of these two regulatory regimes, individuals do not have sufficient control over personal data collected by digital firms, whose control over large datasets is a factor contributing to market monopolisation. The thesis argues that one reason for the shortcomings of today’s regulatory framework is that the market failure is composed of a combination of factors, which are currently addressed by the different regimes relatively independently. This dichotomy hinders the development of an effective strategy to tackle the market failure in its entirety. The approach taken in this thesis is that by integrating the two regimes, it might be possible to close the gaps deriving from a narrow perception of their regulatory spaces. Hence, the thesis formulates a holistic approach, encompassing data protection regulation and competition law, designed to increase the effectiveness of the regulatory framework as a whole. Different dimensions of the regimes’ interrelation are analysed, to uncover new ways to harness their complementarity and minimise their inconsistencies and overlaps. The thesis looks at how the regimes can incorporate elements from each other to inform their policies and application of their rules, as well as developing a complementary enforcement strategy. The holistic framework ultimately allows both regimes to better tailor their regulatory responses to the functioning of the digital market and take account of the diverse elements that constitute the market failure they seek to correct.

The rapidly growing bilateral and multilateral economic relationship between Turkey and African countries leads to the necessity of understanding each other's business and financial environment. Therefore, the accounting system as a fundamental tool for organizing and disseminating financial information should be accessible and understood by business actors and other stakeholders in these areas. Furthermore, the lack of study related to this subject has led us to carry out this comparative analysis between the two accounting systems by comparing financial statements prepared under each one and analyzing their main similarities and differences. The main purpose of this study is to highlight major differences and similarities between the SYSCOHADA and the FRS for LMSE. Also, the study is aimed to get a good understanding of both accounting sets and help practitioners and businessmen, and women operating in these places to have a good knowledge of the accounting regulations related to each country. On a topic basis and based on financial statements prepared following the SYSCOHADA rules and restated to be adapted to the FRS for LMSE, all main differences and similarities were thoroughly analyzed. Following the case study and the thematical analysis of different accounting topics, it can be understood that the two accounting sets differ to some extent due to philosophical approach on some topics such as the prudence principle where the SYSCOHADA, contrary to the FRS for LMSE, does not allow the recognition of potential profit resulting from currency translation gains related to receivable and payables until such profit becomes certain. However, these two sets also share some major similarities due to their proximity in some way to the IAS/IFRS. The effect of the main differences between the two sets can be noticed in the restated financial statements. The annual net income following the FRS for LMSE increased compared to the initial annual net income in the SYSCOHADA. Also, total assets and liabilities restated following the FRS for LMSE have decreased compared to the SYSCOHADA financial statements. Türkiye ile Afrika ülkeleri arasında hızla büyüyen ikili ve çok taraflı ekonomik ilişkiler, birbirlerinin iş ve finans ortamını anlama zorunluluğunu doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle, finansal bilgilerin düzenlenmesi ve yayılması için temel bir araç olarak muhasebe sistemi, bu alanlardaki iş aktörleri ve diğer paydaşlar tarafından erişilebilir ve anlaşılabilir olmalıdır. Ayrıca bu konuyla ilgili çalışma eksikliği, iki muhasebe sistemi arasında bu karşılaştırmalı analizi, her biri altında hazırlanan finansal tabloları karşılaştırarak ve temel benzerlik ve farklılıklarını analiz ederek yapmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, SYSCOHADA ve BOBİ FRS arasındaki önemli farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri vurgulamaktır. Ayrıca, çalışma hem muhasebe standartları iyi anlamak hem de uygulayıcılara ve bu yerlerde faaliyet gösteren iş adamlarına her bir ülkeyle ilgili muhasebe düzenlemeleri hakkında iyi bilgi sahibi olmalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konu bazında ve SYSCOHADA kurallarına göre hazırlanmış ve BOBİ FRS' ye uyarlanmak üzere yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolara dayalı olarak, tüm temel farklılıklar ve benzerlikler kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Vaka çalışması ve farklı muhasebe konularının tematik analizi sonucunda, iki muhasebe setinin bir ölçüde felsefi yaklaşım nedeniyle ihtiyat ilkesi gibi bazı konularda farklılık gösterdiğini anlaşılmaktadır. SYSCOHADA, BOBİ FRS'nin aksine alacak ve borçlara ilişkin kur farkı kazançları kaynaklanan potansiyel kârın kesinleşene kadar muhasebeleştirilmesine izin vermemektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu iki muhasebe seti, UFRS/UMS'ye bir şekilde yakın olmaları nedeniyle bazı önemli benzerlikleri de paylaşmaktadırlar. İki sistemin temel farkların etkisi, yeniden düzenlenen mali tablolarda fark edilebilir. BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yıllık net gelir, SYSCOHADA'daki yıllık net gelire kıyasla artmıştır. Ayrıca, BOBİ FRS'yi takiben yeniden düzenlenen toplam varlıklar ve yükümlülükler, SYSCOHADA finansal tablolarına kıyasla azalmıştır.

This study tries to get a clear grasp of the factors that might play positively or negatively in a country’s convergence or adoption of the international financial reporting standards (IFRS). Through a comparative analysis between Turkey and the OHADA countries and based on the existing literature, the transition process towards the IFRS and challenges faced by each one is discussed from a historical perspective to the level of development. As a result, it is understood that the adoption or convergence towards the IFRS can be a challenging and a long-term process requiring multiple adjustments. Also, countries may differ in terms of historical past, level of development, cultural and socio-economic aspects which can all influence their transition. In addition, given the lack of study on the new adoption of the IFRS in the OHADA countries, this paper will contribute to filling the gap in the literature on the transition process. Furthermore, it will help countries which are in their early stage of the transition process to avoid some missteps and learn from others experience to get better prepared for a successful shift towards a fully IFRS compatible accounting system as has done Turkey. Bu çalışma, bir ülkenin uluslararası finansal raporlama standartlarına (IFRS) yakınsaması veya tam olarak benimsemesinde olumlu veya olumsuz rol oynayabilecek faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye ile OHADA ülkeleri arasında karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yoluyla ve mevcut literatüre dayalı olarak, UFRS'e geçiş süreci ve bu süreçte karşılaşılan zorluklar, tarihsel bir perspektiften tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IFRS’in benimsenmesi veya uyumlaştırılmasının zorlu ve birçok ayarlama gerektiren uzun vadeli bir süreç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Üstelik bu güçlükler, ülkelerin geçişlerini etkileyebilecek, tarihsel geçmiş, gelişmişlik düzeyi, kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik yönler açısından farklılık gösterebilir. Buna ek olarak, OHADA ülkelerinde IFRS'in yeni benimsenmesine ilişkin çalışma eksikliği göz önüne alındığında, bu makale geçiş süreciyle ilgili literatürdeki boşluğun doldurulmasına katkıda bulunacaktır. Ayrıca, geçiş sürecinin erken aşamalarında olan ülkelere bazı yanlış adımlardan kaçınmalarına ve diğerlerinin deneyimlerinden öğrenerek, Türkiye'de olduğu gibi tamamen IFRS uyumlu bir muhasebe sistemine başarılı bir geçiş için daha iyi hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır.

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (Commercial Law)

Please refer to full text to view abstract. <br>LL.M. (International Commercial Law)

Le secteur informel est depuis longtemps une des préoccupations majeures dans les pays africains, à cause de la place dominante qu’il y occupe (I). Il est perçu par certains comme un véritable goulot d’étranglement pour les économies du continent. Soucieux de leur place dans le monde des affaires, de l’attractivité de leur territoire, les pays africains recherchent sans cesse des stratégies pour réussir à maîtriser le secteur informel afin de mettre en place des politiques qui lui sont adaptées, car son expansion agit sur le développement des pays africains (II). La solution la mieux préconisée est de trouver des mesures d’accompagnement pour encadrer ce secteur, faciliter son intégration dans le secteur formel. Autrement dit, la formalisation des activités économiques informelles (III) est l’objectif principal des Etats africains.

This study unveils that the creation of companies in Cameroon is been regulated by the OHADA[1], law under the Uniform Act on Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Groups (UACCEIG) which says, every company must have its own Articles of Association [2]. The Articles of Association is a document that contains the internal regulation for the management of the company’s affairs. [3] The articles of association are the contracts between the shareholders and the company and among the shareholders themselves. [4] The questions raised are what are the requirements common in the Articles of Association of all companies under OHADA Law? What effect do the AOA has? The study adopted an analytical approach which has led to the finding that the AOA under OHADA, is similar to the MOA [5] in most English speaking countries, but a major difference in that UACCEIG has limited the life span of the company to 99years while under English company law, a company goes on for an indefinite period. [6] The life span of the company should not be limited due to the principle of perpetual succession. The UACC seem to have concurred with some aspects of the Common Law, making the UACC an applaudable law reform.

In this essay, we describe the overlapping phenomena of new legal hubs (NLHs), international commercial courts, and arbitral courts. We survey their impact on the law and geopolitics of international commercial dispute resolution, identifying key issues these new dispute resolution institutions raise. While the rise of international commercial courts spans authoritarian and liberal states, Western and Asian states, common law and civil law traditions, it also highlights and builds upon regional differences. We question the assumption that the establishment of new courts is always consistent with an increase in the rule of law, particularly in non-democratic states. We close with thoughts about the potential influence and future role of these institutions. Some of the procedural innovations discussed here may lead to shifts in international commercial dispute resolution for years to come, but the question of whether there is sufficient demand for these new institutions lingers.