Bibliographie sélective OHADA

L'uniformité du droit du transport international de marchandises par mer GURVAN BRANELLEC Docteur en droit Enseignant-chercheur ESC Bretagne-Brest Chercheur associé UMR AMURE L'uniformité du droit exerce un attrait idéologique sur les esprits épris de systématisation. Comme le souligne le Professeur DELMAS-MARTY, « le droit a horreur du multiple. Sa vocation c'est l'ordre unifié et hiérarchisé, unifié parce que hiérarchisé ». Cette uniformité apparaît comme un idéal de simplicité, de méthode, d'ordre. L'uniformité étant rarement spontanée, l'intervention du législateur est nécessaire. Dans cette optique, l'unification législative apparaît comme un travail d'élaboration scientifique de la solution la plus appropriée aux besoins communs : un droit le plus efficace et le plus simple possible. L'uniformité semble ainsi être porteuse de simplification. Cette simplification résulte de la substitution d'un droit unique à la complexité du système juridique. L'uniformité permettrait aussi d'assurer l'effectivité du droit car « il semble que la multiplication des normes, leur instabilité, leur excessive complexité faite de sédiments successifs pas ou peu cohérents, rend presque impossible un respect scrupuleux du droit » .

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about the relationship of organisations with society as a whole, and the need for organisations to align their values with societal expectations. Generally, CSR practice in Africa is thought to be adopted from Western business theories although there is evidence to suggest that Western CSR theories are not totally applicable in Africa. This is due to differences in drivers or causes of CSR in the West and in Africa, as well as cultural and managerial traits in Africa. This paper explores the limits of Western CSR Theories in Africa and argues that improved ethical responsibilities, incorporating good governance should be assigned the highest CSR priority in developing countries. It further adds that increased legislation, change in CSR priorities and the application of indigenous CSR theories such as Ubuntu, African Renaissance and Omuluwabi are means of countering the limits of Western CSR theories in Africa. Keywords: CSR, Western CSR Theory, Africa, Ubuntu, African Renaissance, Omuluwabi

Formule coopérative méconnue, la coopérative d’activités et d’emploi (CAE) propose une alternative aux dispositifs d’auto-entrepreneuriat et de micro-entrepreneuriat, ou encore aux sociétés de portage salarial, dont l’essor résulte moins d’une appétence prétendument répandue pour la création d’entreprise que d’une atomisation du travail. Cet article est le fruit d’une recherche-action menée au sein de la CAE Coopaname par deux entrepreneurs-associés : il témoigne d’un processus de reconstruction d’un collectif face aux donneurs d’ordre et de lutte contre le moins-disant social. S’interrogeant sur la pertinence d’une représentation du personnel dans une structure où les salariés sont économiquement autonomes, les auteurs soulignent l’intérêt de cette expérience, qui permet de recréer un droit du travail au sein même du travail indépendant. Les institutions représentatives du travail apparaissent alors comme un outil de résistance à la précarisation et à la tentation de l’entrepreneur de s’auto-exploiter. A cooperative form that is not widely known, ''business and employment cooperatives'' (cooperative d’activités et d’emplois -- CAE) provide an alternative to individual self-employment and micro-enterprise subcontractors as well as conventionally managed companies made up of freelancers, which have grown less from the supposedly widespread desire to create new companies than from the fragmentation of employment. This article is based on the action-research of two member entrepreneurs of the Coopaname CAE. It recounts the process of setting up a collective enterprise dealing with customers’ orders and the fight against poor conditions. Questioning the relevance of employee representation in an organization where the employees are economically independent, the authors highlight the value of this experience, which allows members the same rights as employees while being self-employed. Formal employee representation thus becomes a tool for resisting precarious employment conditions and the temptation for the self-employed to exploit themselves.

The draft uniform act on contracts proposed for adoption by the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Laws in Africa ("OHADA") is a combination of continental and common-law concepts. To be effective in parts of the world where the informal sector is particularly important, for example in the 16 West and Central African states where OHADA currently operates, contract law must be particularly attentive to avoiding traps for the unwary. For this reason, enforcing gratuitous contracts may well be defensible, but requiring registration of commercial actors is not. The complexity of two OHADA laws applicable to contracts, however, increases the risk that law and norms will not overlap, creating just such a trap.

Os blocos econômicos regionais estão sendo na atualidade instrumentos importantes na luta contra a pobreza, subdesenvolvimento e inserção na economia global e a África Ocidental (AO) apresenta como uma das regiões mais interessadas. Consciente desta realidade, o artigo trabalha com a hipótese de a integração ser a condição sine qua non mesmo que insuficiente para o desenvolvimento da região. O objetivo é demonstrar as diversas iniciativas integracionistas na AO, os logros obtidos apesar da especificidade da região, assim como as adversidades e obstáculos encontrados. Conclui-se que apesar dos problemas e mesmo que essa integração não siga os padrões ocidentais, o estabelecimento de uma união monetária numa zona sem condições mínimas por si só, é um êxito, opondo desta forma as críticas da literatura ocidental que quase sempre catalogam de fracassadas as integrações africanas.

The provisions of Ohada bankruptcy law present the control of execution of the legal settlement procedure for a company in crisis. The lawmaker of Unified Business Laws for Africa institutes different operations of control and persons in charge of these operations. However, after thorough analysis, we can discover many insufficiencies of control. In order to improve the execution of the legal settlement procedure for the safeguarding of company in crisis, it is necessary to re examine the regulation of the control.

Que peut-on dire, en réponse à la question de l’application effective des actes uniformes dans l’espace Ohada? La réponse à cette interrogation a permis la signature par Jimmy Kodo de L’application des actes uniformes de l’Ohada, ouvrage de référence qui nous introduit ici dans l’univers de la jurisprudence Ohada. Docteur en droit privé, l’auteur dans ce document a choisi de se laisser guider essentiellement par la jurisprudence afin de révéler au lecteur, l’état de la pratique du droit Ohada. Cette marque d’originalité et la particularité de l’analyse semblent être à la base de ce qui lui a valu d’être qualifié en préface par Barthélémy Mercadal, d’ouvrage « soigné, bien ordonné et précis »1. Ce livre est utile au praticien du droit car, l’analyse jurisprudentielle touche un ensemble de questions pratiques majeures2. Son utilité pour le monde universitaire se ressent par le caractère clair de l’écriture, la cohérence du plan d’analyse et la profondeur, voire la précision des résultats obtenus. Le politique n’est pas non plus demeuré en reste des cibles de cet ouvrage pour qui il est une alerte à élargir le rôle de la CCJA3 (Cour Commune de Justice et d’arbitrage) dans le processus d’unification du droit en Afrique.

Litigation in developing countries has many defects which has prompted a need for the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Arbitration, being one such substitutive mechanism as a type of private litigation is the most suitable for the same. This paper deals with the need to develop institutional arbitration to co-exist with ad hoc arbitration and scale it down to be available for dispute resolution in developing countries using an illustration of India. Certain recommendations to make institutional arbitration, which is considered to be appropriate for International commercial dispute resolution, suitable for domestic disputes in developing countries have been highlighted.

Si la révocation du dirigeant social, mandataire social et le congédiement du salarié sont admis, peut-on concevoir qu'un associé puisse être exclu de la société dont il est membre? La qualité d'associé pésente a priori un caractère permanent que justifie son origine contractuelle. La question se pose de savoir si, dans le cadre d'une société et dans le droit OHADA, pourrait s'appliquer une sanction consistant à retirer la qualité d'associé à un membre de la société en l'en excluant, sur le fondement de l'intérêt de l'entreprise. C'est ce que l'on appelle le 'squeeze out' de l'associé, expression d'origine anglo-saxonne, consacrée en droit boursier. Il s'agit d'une opération qui s'apparente à l'offre publique de retrait obligatoire: une entreprise indemnise ses actionnaires minoritaires afin qu'ils retirent leurs titres du marché. Dans le cas du 'squeeze out', l'utilité publique aura tendance à s'exprimer au travers de l'utilité sociale. L'exclusion doit être non seulement utile, mais surtout nécessaire. La compréhension du 'squeeze out' comme sanction de celui qui, par son fait ou sa situation, compromet la relation contractuelle, doit être complétée par celle du 'squeeze out' remède, afin que la notion soit susceptible d'être admise dans l'espace OHADA (première partie); appréhendé de manière large comme une exclusion, le 'sqeeze out' est une notion concernant plusieurs disciplines juridiques. Son domaine naturel est le droit boursier, et plus largement le droit des sociétés. Ses applications débordent cependant de ce cadre étroit pour se retrouver dans d'autres domaines que l'auteur qualifie d'artificiels, tout en se limitant au droit du travail et au droit des procédures civiles (deuxième partie)

Competition law and intellectual property rights (IPRs) have evolved historically as two separate systems of law. There is a considerable overlap in the goals of the two systems of law because both are aimed at promoting innovation and economic growth. Yet there are also potential conflicts owing to the means used by each system to promote those goals. IP laws generally offer a right of exclusive use and exploitation to provide a reward to the innovator, to provide an incentive to other innovators and to bring into the public domain innovative information that might otherwise remain trade secrets. Competition authorities regulate near monopolies, mergers and commercial agreements with the aim of maintaining effective competition in markets. This article introduces the concept of IPRs and Competition law. It highlights important areas of conflict between the two laws and also deals with the Indian antitrust law. It concludes by trying to harmonize the conflicts.

This article aims to compare the arbitration agreement of the OHADA legal system to that of the People's Republic of China. In the Chinese legal system the parties to a contract are required to have an arbitration agreement written before the occurrence of any incident in the execution of their contract. The parties must specify in advance, in the said agreement, the chosen arbitration institution for potential disputes. In the OHADA legal system, the parties are free to decide before or during execution of the contract of an arbitration agreement. They may also decide whether in case of a dispute, they would want to refer to an institutional arbitration or an ad hoc arbitration. According to the chosen legal system the consequences are different.

The chapter challenges claims about depoliticization in two different aspects. The first examined claim is that home states are disenfranchised from pursuing investment claims once they are lodged with ICSID. Is it the case that home states simply stay home? This chapter examines instances where home states may have played a role in investment disputes between contracting states. What the record generally reveals, however, is that home states involve themselves in disputes where ICSID hearings are imminent but not yet in play. The second, broader, reading of depoliticization maintains that disputes now are resolved without recourse to lowly politics but to ‘higher’ law. This more extravagant claim is vulnerable to the critique that investor-state dispute resolution is not emptied of political content but, instead, spills over with politics. As the regime implicates the capacity of public authority to act in a wide variety of regulatory contexts, the separation of law from politics is hard to credibly maintain. Not only are investor-state disputes embedded within regimes of political discourse and political power, the ambit of investment arbitrator discretion is so capacious that it can be said of arbitrators, as it has been said of the U.S. Supreme Court, that they can sensibly be regarded as political actors.

The standardization of business law in the Ohada is an original work ever experience in French Black Africa. His goal is to provide legal certainly for private investment. One of the methods to achieve this lies in the prevention and punishment of acts which jeopardize the business. Also, Ohada inserted into the Uniform Acts penal provisions some certain economic crimes and criminal sanctions, the nature and modalities of implementation are subject to the authority of the member states. This process promotes the emergence of a criminal business in space. However, the initiative of Ohada requires some adjustments. Moreover, they should put an emphasis not only on standards of criminalization and penalties, but also on the implementation of compliance standards community. Indeed, the logic that governs the terms of punishment of crimes faces some fundamental principles of criminal law. Moreover, the legislature should necessarily correct this deficiency, even though his legitimate ambition would be to work for a business criminal law adapted to legal and economic context of Africa.

Lorsque le drame criminel a lésé un intérêt privé, notre droit permet à la victime d’être partie au procès que la société – dont l’ordre a été troublé – engage contre l’'' infracteur''. Le procès pénal apparaît sous ce rapport comme une instance où se côtoient trois types d’intérêts appelant une égale protection : ceux de la société, du délinquant et de la victime. Cette dernière n’y prenant qu’éventuellement part, il n’est pas inopportun, eu égard au contexte actuel marqué, d’une part par la spectaculaire universalisation de la philosophie des droits de l’Homme et, d’autre part, par la réforme de notre droit judiciaire répressif, de mesurer l’intérêt que sa protection suscite aux yeux du législateur. Dans cette perspective, l’étude du droit positif camerounais souligne que si jusqu’au 27 juillet 2005, les droits de la société et ceux du délinquant se sont toujours trouvés au centre de ses préoccupations, la protection de la victime n’était que minimale. Le paradoxe était alors à son comble ! Depuis la réforme intervenue à cette date (adoption du tout premier Code de procédure pénale), la protection de la victime se trouve fort heureusement alignée sur celle des autres parties au procès pénal. Et la discipline qui l’organise a du coup cessé de trahir sa nature de science du compromis.

This study is focused on the linkages between the legislative families as descriptors of national legislative systems and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). We consider such analysis as a case study for the more general issue of explaining the preferences of national regulators in the adoption of foreign norms, rules, standards and practices. By using a dataset of 162 jurisdictions and dummy variables designed to capture the current stage of IFRSs adoption and, respectively, the taxonomy of their legislative systems, we find that a full IFRSs adoption is more likely to occur in countries which have principles-based on legislative mono-systems. In addition, we observe that a strong rule of law, with an effective mechanism of property rights reinforcement, as well as the pre-adoption existence of a pro-growth set of public policies can contribute to the encouragement of IFRSs adoption.