Bibliographie sélective OHADA

“It is a curious fact that the Americanization of international arbitration is a topic that is often felt but is rarely discussed.” Roger P. Alford Similar to Alford’s sentiments, the shift towards arbitration in the United States alone is a phenomenon often felt, but feebly interrogated. Law schools across the nation continue to operate under the premise of judicial decision-making grounded in “rights protection.”[1] Yet, there is a clear shift towards arbitration as the preferred procedural process, with over 303,999 cases resolved by way of arbitration in 2019 alone.[2] While this brief note does not seek to interrogate the shift towards arbitration as much as it intends to examine the impact of American arbitration on international commercial arbitration generally, that shift, as you will see, looms in the background of any and all analysis of arbitration in the United States. I will begin by briefly noting the origins- and current regime of international commercial arbitration in the United States so to address the impact of its arbitration law and arbitral institutions on arbitration globally. I will then offer thoughts on the prospective evolution of international arbitration in the United States and how that may change the directions of legal procedural processes both in the United States and abroad. I. ORIGINS- AND CURRENT REGIME OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA As arbitration flourishes as the choice for commercial disputes, there is no doubt that the United States has become a newfound hub for arbitration. It was not always this way, however. The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) of 1925 established a steady road to an increasingly pro-arbitration policy, in three chapters, that shows itself in case-law as: when in doubt, favor arbitration.[3] The first chapter of the FAA establishes the framework for arbitration seated in the U.S. and provides the grounds for enforceable arbitration agreements and awards, while the second and third chapters implement the 1958 New York Convention and 1975 Panama Conventions, respectively. The strictly pro-arbitration policy does not lack in its own confusion, however, because of its basis in an otherwise federalist system. The FAA has largely remained unchanged since its nascence and has thus, left a substantive amount of discretion in interpreting arbitration law in the United States to the Supreme Court. One such source of confusion in U.S. arbitration law due to a lack of amendment lies in the term “arbitrability.” Arbitrability is the susceptibility of a case to be resolved by way of arbitration. In order to define the parameters of this susceptibility, the Supreme Court has distinguished between “procedural” and “substantive” arbitrability, wherein the former concerns itself with “prerequisites such as time limits, notices, laches, estoppel, and other conditions” and the latter, with a court’s decision.[4] The benefits to arbitration remain unmatched for commercial entities, however, which inspires the aforementioned pro-arbitration policy despite any real judicial framework. Arbitration allows parties to customize their dispute resolution by choosing the venue, applicable procedural law, and an expert adjudicator who may be more familiar with the intricacies of the dispute, among other benefits. There is a commitment to secrecy that is not found in the common court and the single, binding, and final resolution of a dispute through arbitration is the precise source of criticism that inspires the flock towards arbitration. Without the federal rules of civil procedure that would otherwise govern litigation, arbitration is governed by the procedural rules that each side agrees upon. The FAA paved the way for case law in the United States that would eventually shape a stronger pro-arbitration policy than ever—counseling against “even the mildest interference by courts in the conduct of U.S.-seated arbitrations.”[5] II. THE IMPACT OF U.S. ARBITRATION LAW AND U.S. ARBITRAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE WORLD OF ARBITRATION Assessing the impact of U.S. arbitration law begins by assessing what characterizes U.S. law: civil procedure. The adversarial form of litigation in which procedural tools are employed by advocates to advance arguments in a distinct style distinguishes the United States from other countries—and this feature inevitably slipped, in some capacity, into global arbitral institutions. Because the Rules of Arbitration for the International Chamber of Commerce are so brief,[6] American lawyers had tremendous flexibility in bringing American trial procedures with them. This came specifically in the form of document production for discovery and cross-examinations “to confront adverse witnesses.”[7] Critics refer to these added procedures as costly in both time and expense, defining them as the source of the “Americanization” of arbitration. Yet, while there is truth to such criticism, it may be more accurate to acknowledge the incorporation of aspects of American trial procedure as one country’s influence on arbitration. Far from inheriting solely American practice, global arbitral institutions maintain classic procedural tools while assimilating facets of each major country’s influence on arbitration.[8] III. THE PROSPECTIVE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION IN THE USA Apart from being a source of revenue,[9] international arbitration is the natural response to the increase in “trade, investment, and supply-chain relationships” that hope to live free of potential biases from domestic fora.[10] The California Supreme Court may have briefly lost sight of this when deciding Birbrower, wherein attorneys not admitted to the bar of a certain state are not only ineligible to recover attorney’s fee but also, may be fined for unauthorizing practice of law.[11] Since Birbrower over two decades ago, however, the California Legislature unanimously passed Senate Bill 766. Under SB 766, non-California lawyers are able to represent parties in international arbitration proceedings in California, bringing California to the arbitration table. As home to Silicon Valley – and even aside from big technology, home to some of the largest companies in the world – California’s SB 766 will bring a swath of arbitration proceedings to its terrain. While California may certainly work in tandem with New York as the home to arbitration for technology and privacy concerns, reserving trade and investment disputes for New York, California may very well be the next major hub of arbitration. Already, it has received massive interest in being an arbitration destination. SB 766 will transform that interest into a revenue. It thus becomes all the more important, internationally, to understand and confront the ways in which the Americanization of arbitration would take place. [1] See, e.g. Thomas E. Carbonneau, Revolution in Law Through Arbitration, The Eighty-Fourth Cleveland-Marshall Fund Visiting Scholar Lecture, 56 Clev. St. L. Rev. 233, 233 n.3 (2008), available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol56/iss2/3 (“judicial decision-making has shifted from rights protection to guaranteeing access to some form of adjudication. As a result, law and adjudication have become less sacramental.”) [2] See American Arbitration Association, Adr.Org, https://adr.org/ (last visited Dec. 28, 2019). [3] See, e.g., Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983) (“[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration …”). [4] See Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 85 (2002) (distinguishing between “issues of substantive arbitrability [which] are for a court to decide and issues of procedural arbitrability, i.e., whether prerequisites such as time limits, notice, laches, estoppel, and other conditions precedent to an obligation to arbitrate have been met, [which] are for the arbitrators to decide.”) (citations omitted). [5] See Laurence Shore, Tai-Heng Cheng, Jenelle E. La Chuisa, Lawrence Schaner, and Mara V.J Senn, International Arbitration in the United States 1, 320 (2018). [6] George M. von Mehrem and Alana C. Jochum, Is International Arbitration Becoming Too American?, 2 Global Bus. L. Rev. 47, 51 (2011) available at https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/gblr/vol2/iss1/6. [7] Id. [8] Philip J. McConnaughay, Introduction to International Commercial Arbitration in Asia 1, xxix (2002). In support of his assertion, McConnaughay reports that from 1995 to 2000, China’s leading international arbitration commission, CIETAC, received 4,200 new international commercial arbitrations and the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) received 1,394, totaling 5,594. Id. Note: interrogatories and depositions are not included. [9] See ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), ICC Arbitration Figures Reveal New Record for Awards in 2018, https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/icc-arbitration-figures-reveal-new-record-cases-awards-2018/. [10] Daily Journal, International Arbitration Finally Comes to California, Howard B. Miller, https://www.dailyjournal.com/mcle/330-international-arbitration-finally-comes-to-california. [11] See generally, Birbrower, Montalbano, Condon & Frank v. Superior Court, 17 Cal. 4th 119 (1998).

"Les centres d’arbitrage maritime." Résumé : Le sujet des centres d'arbitrage maritime concerne le processus de résolution des contentieux maritimes quand leurs parties optent pour soumettre leur différend à des instances d'arbitrage comme voie alternative. Les centres d'arbitrage maritime appliquent le règlement arbitral et ses règles dans le cas où le choix est fait en fonction de la clause compromissoire qui inclut ce choix ainsi que la loi applicable. Lacompétence de cet instance d'arbitrage convenue débute à la date de la soumission de la demande d'arbitrage, afin de lui confier le suivi des procédures d'arbitrage et de tout ce qui touche au litige arbitral et jusqu' à ce que la sentence (décision) arbitrale soit rendue. "Maritime arbitration centers." Summary: The subject of maritime arbitration centers concerns the process of resolving maritime disputes when their parties opt to submit their dispute to the arbitral tribunal as an alternative solution, and maritime arbitration centers apply arbitration regulations and its rules in case where the choice is made according to the arbitration clause which includes this choice as well as applying the law on all disputes. The arbitral tribunal function starts from the date of submitting the arbitration request to it to be entrusted with following up the arbitration procedures and everything related to the arbitration dispute and until the arbitral award is issued. : الملخص يتعلق موضوع مراكز التحكيم البحري بعملية فض المنازعات البحرية التي يختار أطرافها عرض النزاع على هيئات التحكيم كطريق بديل، و مراكز التحكيم البحري تعمل على تطبيق لوائح التحكيم و نظامها التحكيمي في حال وقوع الاختيار عليها وفقا لشرط التحكيم الذي يتضمن هذا الاختيار، إلى جانب القانون الواجب التطبيق على النزاع. و يبدأ اختصاص هذه الهيئة في التحكيم المؤسسي من تاريخ تقديم طلب التحكيم إليها، ليوكل لها متابعة إجراءات التحكيم و كل ما يتعلق بالمنازعة التحكيمية و إلى غاية صدور الحكم التحكيمي.

رقابة القضاء على أعمال المحكمين من بين أوجه الرقابة التي أقرتها التشريعات الحديثة وقوانين التحكيم الوطنية و الإتفاقيات الدولية وكذا نظام التحكيم في ظل تطور الثقافة التحكيمية في الوقت الراهن. كما تعد ضمانا وحماية للمصالح وحقوق الأفراد والشركات التجارية من جهة وتُمكن القضاء من السيطرة على تصرفات المحكمين وحماية شخصهم في الدعوى التحكيمية لتحقيق فاعلية نظام التحكيم من جهة ثانية. Le contrôle des actes des arbitres est établi par les législations récentes et par la législation arbitrale nationale, ainsi que par les conventions internationales en la matière. Il participe à l’évolution de la culture arbitrale et constitue une garantie et une protection des intérêts des individus et des sociétés commerciales. Il permet d’avoir une vue sur les travaux des arbitres d’une part, et sur leur protection d’autre part, pour assurer l’efficacité de l’arbitrage. The review of the acts of the arbitrators shall be established by recent laws and national arbitral legislation and international conventions on the subject. It contributes to the evolution of the arbitral culture and constitutes a guarantee and protection of the interests of individuals and commercial company’s .It allows having a view on the work of the arbitrators on the one hand, and on their protection to ensure the effectiveness of arbitration

仲裁作为解决国际商事争议的主要方式之一，受到国际工程承包企业的青睐，然而当事人在决定一个案件是否要提起仲裁时，常会把仲裁费用作为一个重要考量指标，高昂的仲裁费用可能会限制国际商事仲裁制度的健康发展。本文以2017版国际商会仲裁规则下的收费标准为基础，从仲裁费用的构成、计算方法入手，探讨了仲裁费用影响因素，并给出了控制仲裁过程费用的合理化建议。 Arbitration, as one of the main ways to resolve international commercial disputes, remains a popular choice for international engineering company. The arbitration fees will be an important evaluating indicator when the parties considering apply for arbitration. Expensive arbitration fees may restrict the healthy development of international commercial arbitration system. Based on the arbitration cost and fees under the arbitration rules of the 2017 edition of the International Chamber of Commerce, characteristics, composition and calculation method of the arbitration fees are showed in this paper firstly; then, its influencing factors are discussed. Reasonable suggestions for controlling the arbitration fees are given in the end of this paper.

Sovereign rights in Exclusive economic zones and Continental shelves are functionally limited to the economic exploitation of these zones. Moreover, in the case of disputed maritime zones these sovereign rights are neither exclusive nor necessarily constant. Nevertheless, states are still expected to provide the investments established in these zones the same treatment they should provide in their territories where they exercise full and constant sovereignty. If a host state agrees to the establishment of an investment in a maritime zone that become later contested, do the occurrence of the contestation and the hazards arising from such contestation relief the host state from its contractual and treaty obligations toward the investment by virtue of the force majeure concept. This paper argues that a traditional interpretation of the force majeure concept in respect of investment agreements and contracts, hampers states ability to de-escalate their maritime disputes, diminishes its capacity to conclude delimitation agreements and reduces the promotion of the UNCLOS III as well as its mechanisms for disputes settlement. It proposes a contextualist interpretation of the force majeure concept that is adapted to the exploitation of disputed maritime zones and states obligations under the international law of the sea. First, it examines the concept of force majeure as a doc-trinal hypothesis and its applications in international contracts and international in-vestment agreements. Second, it analyzes the legal act of maritime contestation as a force majeure event according to the possible interpretations of the concept of “force majeure”. Finally, it examines the recurrent legal implications susceptible of arising out of a contestation; provisional orders and unfavorable delimitation and their qualifica-tion as a force majeure event in the realm of investment agreements and contract.

La France en tant qu’un pays développé possède une richesse juridique et judiciaire à propos de l’arbitrage et des contrats de transfert de technologie. Alors que la Syrie n’a pas jusqu’à ce moment un système juridique spécial à ces contrats. En plus, la loi syrienne de 2008 sur l’arbitrage a besoin d’être modifiée en raison des erreurs juridiques massives commises dans cette loi. S’agissant de l’Égypte, la loi de 1999 sur le commerce a mis en place un système juridique solide pour régir les contrats de transfert de technologie et l’arbitrage. Il faut mentionner que la jurisprudence égyptienne est très développée par rapport à la jurisprudence syrienne, ce qui me permet de faire une comparaison entre la France et les deux pays en développement

A tese tem como objetivo desenvolver as relações entre o exercício da jurisdição - especialmente, a limitação territorial de eficácia das decisões - e os conflitos vinculados à postagem de manifestações infringentes na internet. A hipótese central defendida pela tese é a de que a jurisdição e as decisões judiciais estatais, quando direcionadas a remover postagens na internet, têm seu espectro de eficácia limitado ao território do Estado em que proferidas. Isso significa dizer que pessoas que se conectam à internet a partir de outros Estados não podem ser diretamente impactadas pelo comando. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, que o modelo de reserva de jurisdição estatal não é efetivo, independentemente de critérios de eficácia territorial, para solução de problemas especialmente vinculados à disseminação em massa de manifestações danosas. A tese foi dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo será o de estabelecer os princípios e regras vinculados às ideias de jurisdição internacional de acordo com a legislação brasileira de direito processual civil e direito internacional privado. Na segunda parte, será a vez de abordar os temas em referência a partir das perspectivas trazidas por ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros, especialmente recentes pronunciamentos advindos dos Estados Unidos da América e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia a respeito dos limites territoriais de decisões judiciais destinadas a produzir efeitos na internet, além da apresentar uma breve contextualização de como outros países - como China, Brasil, Argentina e México - encaram fenômenos vinculados ao ambiente virtual. No terceiro e último capítulo, tais soluções serão compatibilizadas de modo a delimitar a amplitude territorial da jurisdição e das decisões jurisdicionais estatais nos casos que envolvem conflitos para retirada de postagens na internet. O capítulo abordará, também, a perspectiva de processos e decisões não estatais, adotados por gestores de redes sociais ou tribunais privados em um ambiente de autorregulação regulada, e de que modo isso pode ter reflexos no direito processual sob a ótica das noções de online dispute resolution (ODR).

This article is devoted to the complex analysis of the English legislation of the international commercial arbitration. The author analyzed the commercial disputes and the bodies that proceed these disputes in England as well as main statutes regulating the international commercial arbitrations of England. The international commercial practices of the London International Court of Arbitration are described. Moreover, the author represents the main conclusions formed on the basis of the provisions of the national legislation on commercial arbitration and the regulations of the most well-known international arbitrations in England.

Arbitration is considered as one of the basic means that has been legislated by Islam to resolve the people's disputes. Usually the resolutions of the arbitration are fast, guarantee the rights, respect the essence of justice and reduce the level of the controversy. Today, arbitration plays a vital role in resolving the international disputes such as the economic, political and local disputes as long as its effect upon the resolution of the internal disputes. This study highlights on the arbitration role in resolving the disputes as along with judiciary through showing the advantages of the arbitration and explain the relationship between arbitration and judiciary. And clarify its areas and its implications in jurisprudence. This study found out that the arbitration has a pivotal role in resolving the disputes resulting from the contractual and non-contractual relationships and the disputes resulting from the people in their natural and moral capacity, both internally as well as externally The study has shown the jurisprudence has taken the lead in explaining the terms and effects of the arbitration.

La procédure de conciliation est l’une des innovations de la réforme de l’Acte Uniforme relatif aux procédures collectives d’apurement du passif. Le législateur OHADA l’a institué dans l’objectif de mieux gérer la prévention de la cessation des paiements des entreprises en difficulté financière. La conciliation est entrée dans la sphère des procédures collectives de l’OHADA avec un principe clé à savoir la confidentialité. Le principe de confidentialité constitue une pierre angulaire de la conciliation au regard de la place qu’elle occupe dans le dénouement de celle-ci. Le législateur communautaire fait intervenir ce principe dans tout le dénouement de la conciliation. La confidentialité se présente ainsi comme un aspect phare de la procédure. Cet état de chose nous a alors amené à s’interroger sur le rôle que peut bien jouer cette confidentialité qui anime l’ensemble de la procédure préventive. Selon notre point de vue, la confidentialité joue un double rôle dans la procédure de conciliation. Elle favorise d’une part la protection du débiteur soumis à la procédure en lui assurant la préservation de son crédit ainsi que les informations divulguées et d’autre part, facilite l’efficacité de la procédure à travers son imposition générale même si elle est un peu fragilisée par certaines atteintes. The procedure of conciliation is an innovation of the uniform Act organizing the legal treatement enterprises difficulties. The OHADA lagislator has institute it with the objective for the better manage in the suspension of payments prevention for enterprises in financial difficulty. The conciliation procedure has come in the sphere of OHADA legal treatement enterprises difficulties with a main principle which is confidentiality. The principle of confidentiality constitute a cornerstone of the conciliation procedure ending according to the Sport place it occupe. The Community legislator makes this principle to intervene in all the conciliation procedure. The confidentiality is present as a main aspect of the procedure. This situation brought us to question the role of the confidentiality witch lead all the preventive procedure. According to our point of view, the confidentiality plays a double role in the conciliation procedure. It favours firstly the protection of the debtor submit to the procedure insuring the preservation of his credit as well as divulgates informations and secondly, it facilitate the effectiveness of the procedure by his general using even it is fragilize by certains attacks.

This article examines the effectiveness of the framework for the resolution of intra-African cross-border commercial disputes, arising from the projected increase in intra-African trade in goods, services, and investments under the African Continental Free Trade Area. It examines the peculiar nature of intra-African trade and of the participating entities to provide the context to discuss the three major processes adopted in commercial dispute resolution (litigation, mediation, and arbitration) in Africa. It then argues for the promotion of arbitration as the dispute resolution process of choice for such disputes. It reimagined the framework for arbitration at the continental level and made two proposals targeted at the greater efficiency of the process: the designation of Regional Arbitration Centres across the African Union's eight recognized Regional Economic Communities, to administer such references; and the establishment of an African Commercial Court as a one-stop court for the enforcement or annulment of the final award.

Il n’est pas évident d’identifier le « petit professionnel » dans le droit des contrats actuel. Qu’il s’agisse du droit commun des contrats ou des droits spéciaux, aucun n’a réellement vocation à appréhender de manière spécifique cet acteur économique. Pourtant, si le droit positif ne porte pas un regard attentif à ce contractant, son éclosion au sein des relations juridiques n’est pas contestée et le droit européen, au travers des projets mis en œuvre, se positionne comme témoin de cette émergence. C’est pourquoi, il est proposé d’étudier les manifestations du « petit professionnel », d’une part, aux côtés des notions déjà connues de consommateur, de non-professionnel et de professionnel, puis d’autre part, des notions voisines de commerçant et d’entreprise. De nombreux domaines sont touchés par l’avènement du « petit professionnel » notamment le droit des contrats, le droit de la concurrence, ou encore le droit de la consommation. Aussi, l’objectif est de mettre en évidence le manque d’attention dont il fait l’objet. Dans le cadre de ses relations contractuelles, le « petit professionnel » est considéré bien souvent comme un professionnel quelconque malgré son statut particulier. Le propos est donc également de réfléchir à une adaptation des règles auxquelles il est soumis. Le contenu de ses droits et devoirs doit être analysé avec rigueur afin de les comprendre et de les rendre plus appropriés.

Esta tese analisa os efeitos da falência sobre a arbitragem. A falência constitui um regime complexo, formado por regras materiais e processuais, criado para lidar com o problema da insolvência empresarial. Tem natureza de execução coletiva, reunindo todos os credores do falido e todos os seus bens, que devem ser liquidados a fim de pagar os credores. Para a consecução dos seus objetivos, a decretação da falência opera efeitos diretos sobre a pessoa do devedor, seus bens, seus contratos e seus processos. O processo falimentar realiza-se mediante procedimento administrado pelo Poder Judiciário, centralizado, público, com a finalidade de lidar com os diversos interesses envolvidos. Diversamente, a arbitragem é meio privado de solução de controvérsias pelo qual partes capazes elegem um terceiro, da sua confiança, para resolver litígio versando sobre direitos patrimoniais disponíveis. Tem natureza jurisdicional e caracteriza-se por constituir alternativa privada, rápida, flexível e especializada de dirimir demandas que admitem transação. Seu procedimento tem natureza de processo de conhecimento, terminando com a prolação de sentença, e constitui processo descentralizado, privado, usualmente sigiloso, no qual as partes têm ampla liberdade para definir as regras materiais e processuais aplicáveis. Enquanto a falência constitui sistema que visa lidar com interesses de ordem pública -- sendo, portanto, controlado pelo Estado, centralizado, público e coletivo --, a arbitragem pauta-se na autonomia da vontade, na descentralização do sistema de resolução de litígios, lida com interesses privados e é usualmente sigilosa. Considerando as relevantes diferenças entre os dois institutos, questiona-se em que condições a falência e a arbitragem podem coexistir. O que se propõe neste trabalho é, portanto, analisar quais são os efeitos que a falência opera sobre a arbitragem e como esses efeitos impactam na convivência entre os dois institutos. Para tanto, este estudo organiza-se em duas partes: parte I, na qual são apresentadas noções introdutórias da falência e da arbitragem, que servem para assentar as premissas utilizadas na análise; e parte II, na qual são analisados os efeitos propriamente ditos da falência sobre a arbitragem. A parte I está dividida em dois capítulos, nos quais se trata, sucessivamente, da falência e da arbitragem. Já a parte II está dividida em três capítulos, nos quais se trata, sucessivamente: (i) dos efeitos da falência sobre a convenção de arbitragem; (ii) dos efeitos da falência sobre o procedimento arbitral; e (iii) dos efeitos da falência sobre a sentença arbitral. Ao final, conclui-se que, apesar de a falência operar efeitos sobre alguns aspectos da arbitragem, impondo-lhe limites no contexto falimentar, isso não as torna incompatíveis. Aduz-se que a falência não invalida a convenção arbitral celebrada antes da falência, nem impede sua celebração pelo administrador, que, entretanto, depende de autorização judicial. Comprovase, também, que o advento da falência não atrai nem suspende os procedimentos arbitrais, mas impõe condições para que o processo possa se desenvolver. Por fim, evidencia-se que a sentença arbitral, uma vez proferida, deve ser submetida a verificação no processo falimentar.

Almost 20 years after it adopted the Uniform Act on Arbitration, OHADA revised its Uniform Act on Arbitration and adopted a new Uniform Act on Mediation along with the fresh set of arbitration rules of the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration in Abidjan. These three texts were revised with the assistance of consultants. Among other changes, with the 2018 Uniform Act on Mediation, a solid platform for the use of mediation in the region is now in place. The ability of mediators to carry out their adjudication function with judicial intervention remains a major challenge by parties under the OHADA zones. In this light, the worry which this article seeks to uncover is how the new mediation law is applicable and facilitates the amicable settlement of investment disputes. The article also highlights the legal basis regulating the mediation process as a whole. In attaining these objectives, we employ doctrinal research methodology. The article conclude with vigorous recommendations which if effectively implemented will go a long way to enhance business (investment) security.

Defining the applicable standards for proving and measurement of damages constitute one of the most significant issues under the law of damages. In principle, an aggrieved party, who claims compensation for damages based on contractual liability is responsible for showing the existence and the amount of losses suffered or to be suffered. Due to great importance of the issue, transnational instruments of contract law, such as UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC), Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) have set out, explicitly or implicitly, special standards such as reasonable certainty, reasonably likely to occur and so on for proving damages; By contrast, the Iranian laws and regulations including the Civil Code do not set out such standards. The legal scholarship and jurisprudence have also failed to address the issue. Therefore, a comparative study of the issue with particular look at international instruments and arbitral awards could provide a reliable source of guidance. This paper analyzes the general and specific standards for proving damages and those situations that fall outside of ambit of the standards such as late payment damages. By doing so, the paper tries to open the debate in Iranian law. یکی از موضوعات قابل توجه در حوزه حقوق خسارت، تعیین استانداردهای قابل اعمال برای اثبات خسارات و میزان آن­ها است. علی القاعده، زیان‌دیده­ای که به استناد مسئولیت قراردادی برای مطالبه خسارت اقامه دعوی می­کند، بایستی اصل و میزان خسارتی را که متحمل شده یا خواهد شد، به اثبات برساند. نظر به اهمیت موضوع، اسناد فراملی مربوط به حقوق قراردادها از جمله اصول قراردادهای تجاری بین­المللی، اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپا و پیش­نویس طرح مشترک مرجع، به صورت صریح یا ضمنی، استانداردهای مشخصی مانند قطعیت متعارف، وقوع محتمل متعارف و غیره را برای اثبات خسارت پیش­بینی کرده­اند. در مقابل، مقررات موضوعه ایران از جمله قانون مدنی؛ چنین استانداردهایی را تنظیم ننموده و موضوع نیز مورد بررسی حقوقدانان و رویه قضایی قرار نگرفته است. بنابراین، مطالعه تطبیقی موضوع با نگاهی ویژه بر اسناد بین­المللی و آرای داوری می‌تواند منبع قابل اتکایی برای طرح بحث باشد. این مقاله، استانداردهای عام و خاص اثبات اصل خسارت و میزان آن و نیز مواردی مثل خسارت تأخیر تأدیه را که خارج از قلمرو شمول این استانداردها هستند، مورد تحلیل قرار می­دهد و در نهایت تلاش دارد تا باب بحث را در حقوق ایران بگشاید.