Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The study explores the reaction of stock markets to anticipated or unexpected rating announcements by the market in a crisis context by conducting an empirical study on the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) stock market over the period from December 2010 to August 2022. The results show that the crisis context support the anticipation of bad ratings and neutral ratings as opposed to good ratings. These results validate the asymmetry in investor reaction to announcements of anticipated rating downgrades compared with announcements of upgrades in times of crisis. This reaction highlights the irrational behave of investors in times of crisis. In fact, when investors detect a risk concerning the financial situation of a stock, they anticipate a downgrade and react quickly, even before the official announcement of the downgrade, by selling their shares on masse. This action will cause the share price to fall. Similarly, the market’s weak reaction to early good announcements is explained by the fact that this type of announcement does not provide them with any unknown information to guide their financial decisions.

This research is driven by the rapid spread of fintech, and its contributions to Tanzania’s economic growth. This study uses quantitative quarterly time series data from Tanzania from 2008 to 2022. The Augmented Dicky Fuler (ADF) is used for the stationarity test, Johansen Cointegrations for the hypothesis and Cointegrations test, VAR and VECM for testing both short-run and long-run causality relationships, and Granger Causality for testing variable causality. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used for parameter estimation, modelling and significance testing. The results show that the model is statistically significant and the independent variables in the regression accounted for around 89% of the overall variation in GDP. Fintech variable subscriptions have a positive impact on Tanzania’s economic growth. Thus, unemployment in Tanzania may be alleviated by the growing sector of financial technology. Fintech has involved many people from all over the world, including Tanzania, and has had a positive impact on both the national economy and per capita growth. Since TTCL and ZANTEL have witnessed a sharp decline in subscriptions, the government, as a fixed-wired broadband service provider, must take the necessary steps to increase the subscriptions.

Paying taxes is essential to attaining sustainable economic growth and national economic independence, hence tax evasion is a concern for the economies of both wealthy and developing countries. This study examined how tax payer attitudes, particularly in the Singida Tax Region, affect tax evasion in Tanzanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study employed a survey method in which data collection comprised both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A multiple regression model was employed in combination with a descriptive study approach to ascertain the outcomes. 145 SMEs taxpayers made up the study's as a sample size. The findings demonstrate that, among SMEs in the Singida Region, peer influence, tax awareness, tax morale, and tax evasion have statistically significant relationships with the taxpayer's attitude. This association is supported by statistics. Consequently, the United Republic of Tanzanian government needs to consider how taxpayer attitudes including peer pressure, tax knowledge, and morale affect tax evasion. This will contribute to the goal of reducing tax avoidance by all taxpayers, including SMEs Taxpayers.

This study examines the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on regional trade in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Technologies (DT) sector across 43 African countries from 2014 to 2021. Employing the augmented gravity model and confidence-level estimations, it highlights AfCFTA's mediating role in enabling ICT&DT trade on the continent. Using hierarchical regression analysis of a panel dataset comprising 5,160 observations, the findings imply that trade openness and productive capacities not only facilitate trade in the ICT&DT sector but also result in positive spillover effects across various economic sectors. This study contributes to the international business literature by refining the application of the gravity model to capture the need for sector-specific analyses to unpack institutional dynamics and dis-enablers of trade. It identifies AfCFTA as a pivotal yet underexplored element in the global trade landscape, highlighting its potential as Africa seeks a more prominent role on the global stage. The research stresses the significance of digital empowerment and policy reforms to maximise the benefits of regional integration under AfCFTA.

The international terms of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book (reprinted and amended in 2022) state that, when the contractor is a joint venture (JV), all members are jointly and severally liable to the employer. These terms also establish certain procedural rules—the most important ones being the submission to the employer of the JV undertaking and the appointment of a leader. However, these international terms do not provide for substantive rules pertaining to the plurality of the JV members. These require reference to the applicable law that governs the construction contract. The applicable law can be domestic law, such as Qatari law, or an international soft law, such as the Unidroit Principles. Comparing these two possibly applicable laws, it becomes evident that there are no significant differences between the two regarding the substantive rules concerning a plurality of obligors. Furthermore, it is argued that the majority of these substantive legal rules, whether national or international, are inoperative in a construction contract incorporating the international terms of the FIDIC Red Book.

This article examines the implementation of the Mining, Agricultural and Construction (MAC) Equipment Protocol under the Cape Town Convention in Africa, focusing on enhancing economic growth and sustainable development through improved access to financing for high-value mobile equipment. Africa’s economic development is significantly hindered by inadequate infrastructure, which escalates transaction costs and limits access to international markets. Investment in modern infrastructure, particularly in the mining, agricultural, and construction sectors, is typically expensive for many businesses in the African region. The MAC Protocol aims to address these challenges by providing a uniform legal framework that supports the financing of MAC equipment. The Convention and the MAC Protocol facilitate access to affordable capital and reduce risks for financiers who take international interests in MAC equipment, promoting economic activities in Africa. The article highlights the legal protections offered by the MAC Protocol, ensuring rights against third-party claims and enhancing the enforceability of international interests. The adoption of the MAC Protocol by African States could significantly impact their ability to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by making modern, cost-efficient equipment more accessible, thus boosting productivity and economic diversification. The article advocates for adopting the MAC Protocol, emphasizing its potential to enhance foreign investment in the mining, agriculture, and construction sectors, stimulating economic development in Africa. This strategic move will propel African countries towards greater economic resilience and integration into the global economy. The article also critically analyses and illustrates the several declaration mechanisms available to countries adopting the MAC Protocol, accompanied by a guidance note to sensitize lawmakers when signing and/or ratifying or acceding to the Cape Town Convention and the MAC Protocol.

The glaring lack of employment opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to the conclusion of special employment contracts, includin…

The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights recently published a general comment interpreting article 7(d) of the so-called Maputo Protocol.…

Based on bank-level data from 29 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2005 and 2019, we apply panel fixed effects (FE) and two-step system GMM estimators to investigate whether increased cross-border banking affects domestic banking sector stability. We find significant evidence that the stability of banks in host countries declines with an increased presence of foreign banks—and the impact is more pronounced on banks that are small and less efficient. The stability impact of foreign banks is also found to depend on the quality of governance institutional factors in the host country. The findings shed some important insights on the downside of financial liberalisation policy in developing countries and the need for increased cross-border collaboration between home and host supervisory authorities in the SSA region—especially in jurisdictions where the foreign bank affiliates are systemically important. The domestic supervisory authorities thus need to effectively manage the inherent trade-off between reaping the benefits from international financial integration while effectively safeguarding domestic banking systems against cross-border contagion and fragility.

L’Objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre la portée de la mutation comptable sur la production d’une information financière de qualité. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour une posture épistémologique interpretativiste adossée sur une démarche qualitative inductive. A l’aide d’un guide d’entretien, nous avons réalisé les entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dix (10) gestionnaires financiers des entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Les données collectées, ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu et automatisée à l’aide du logiciel Nvivo 10. Il ressort de ces analyses que la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA contribuerait à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’information financière dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo. Ce qui interpelle les gestionnaires des entreprises publiques d’une part et le conseil permanent de la comptabilité au Congo d’autre part de veiller véritablement à l’applicabilité stricte du SYSCOHADA pour une information financière de qualité. Car la mutation comptable PCGC/OHADA s’implémente avec beaucoup des difficultés dans les entreprises publiques en RD Congo surtout lors des travaux d’inventaires.  

This article explores the terms “BRI dispute” and “BRI jurisprudence”. It undertakes a practical and theoretical analysis that considers whether “BRI disputes” have distinct and visible characteristics and are capable of being identified in a legal sense. This is important since practitioners – arbitration centres and law firms – use the term broadly and without specific criteria. By exploring the customary usage and the approach of legal scholars to the term, presenting examples of “BRI disputes” and examining their unique features, and constructing a theoretical approach (utilizing the concepts of ratione materiae, ratione loci, ratione temporis, and ratione personae; and considering the jurisprudence of the ICSID), this article moves from a broad to a narrow analysis to develop both a definition and a system of registration of “BRI disputes” for use by academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

The purpose of the Competition Act 89 of 1998 as amended (the Competition Act) is, among others, to promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy as well as to provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices. In line with this purpose, the Competition Act provides that a dominant firm is prohibited from engaging in price discrimination if such conduct will likely substantially prevent or lessen competition, which would be to the detriment of consumers. Notably, the Competition Act has established various bodies to regulate competition and act against any conduct prohibited by this Act in South Africa. These bodies include the Competition Commission, the Competition Tribunal, and the Competition Appeal Court. Notwithstanding the prohibition of price discrimination, the Competition Act does not expressly provide adequate enforcement tools for competition authorities to combat uncompetitive practices in the digital era. Moreover, the Competition Act does not expressly grant these statutory bodies clear roles and mandates on providing consumers with adequate and suitable redress when they have been victims of algorithmic price discrimination. With recent technological developments, electronic commerce (e-commerce), and digital transformation, consumers have become vulnerable to various challenges such as excessive pricing, data breaches and algorithmic pricing. The online and digital markets are characterised by complex transactions, innovative technologies and business practices which expose all consumers, including vulnerable consumers, to different risks. As such, the role of the competition authorities needs to be recalibrated to enhance consumer protection on the pricing of goods and services. To this end this paper seeks to investigate the role and ambit of the powers of these competition authorities in the regulation of price discrimination in the context of digital transformation and the digital economy. This is done to assess whether the competition authorities have the necessary tools of enforcement to ensure that markets are competitive and to combat uncompetitive conduct in the digital economy and online markets.

The revised uniform act governing the rights of commercial companies and economic interest groups did not create extra-statutory conventions. These existed well before its adoption. The OHADA legislator, wanting to prioritize the security of conventional relationships and the promotion of investments on African territory, proceeded to modify its uniform act of 1997 by adopting extra-statutory conventions. However, faced with the thorny question of the necessary respect for the principle of contractual freedom and the articulation between extra-statutory agreements, the provisions of the uniform act and the statutes, he finally ducked. Thus, he attempted to subtly embrace extra-statutory conventions through article 2-1 of his revised uniform act on commercial companies which came into force on January 30, 2014. Through his approach, he seems to want in an uncertain manner rectify an initial error or at least fill a legal void present in its old uniform act. It now establishes the supremacy of the legal provisions of the uniform act and the statutes over extra-statutory agreements and sets the legal requirements imposed on shareholders for the validity of their agreements. The review of  theoretical and empirical literature made to article 2 of the uniform act on commercial companies, the OHADA legislator has not succeeded in removing the doubt on the determination of the law applicable to extra-statutory agreements, these still remain gorverned, to a large extent, by provisions relating to contract law. However, the reform is not without interest in the Senegalese business environment, it strengthens the already existing system for securing business and promoting investments. L’acte uniforme révisé portant droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique n’a pas créé les conventions extra-statutaires. Celles-ci existent bien avant son adoption. Le législateur OHADA, en voulant privilégier la sécurité des rapports conventionnels et la promotion des investissements sur le territoire africain, a procédé à la modification de son acte uniforme de 1997 en adoptant les conventions extra-statutaires. Toutefois, devant l’épineuse question du nécessaire respect du principe de la liberté contractuelle et de l’articulation entre les accords extra-statutaires, les dispositions de l’acte uniforme et les statuts, il s’est finalement esquivé. Ainsi, il a tenté d’épouser subtilement les conventions extra-statutaires à travers l’article 2-1 de son acte uniforme révisé sur les sociétés commerciales entré en vigueur le 30 janvier 2014. À travers sa démarche, il semble vouloir de façon incertaine rectifier une erreur de départ ou du moins combler un vide juridique présent dans son acte uniforme ancien. Il consacre désormais la suprématie des dispositions légales de l’acte uniforme et des statuts sur les accords extra-statutaires et fixe les exigences légales qui s’imposent aux actionnaires pour la validité de leurs conventions. La revue de littérature théorique et empirique a permis de constater que malgré les modifications apportées à l’article 2 de l’acte uniforme sur les sociétés commerciales, le législateur OHADA n’a pas réussi à lever le doute sur la détermination du droit applicable aux conventions extra-statutaires, celles-ci restent encore régies, dans une large mesure, par des dispositions relevant du droit des contrats. Néanmoins, la réforme n’est pas sans intérêt dans l’environnement sénégalais des affaires, elle vient renforcer le dispositif déjà présent de sécurisation des affaires et de promotion des investissements.

L’objectif de cet article consiste à identifier les pratiques de management stratégiques basées sur la stratégie de coopétition entre agriculteurs qui cohabitent dans les sociétés coopératives agricole (SCA) togolaises. Peu de recherches s'intéressent en effet, aux facteurs qui poussent les entreprises relevant de l’économie sociale et solidaire à recourir aux pratiques de coopétition. En outre, les travaux s'avèrent rares quant aux formes de coopétition adoptées par ce type d'organisations notamment agricoles dans les pays du sud. Il s’agit donc d’apporter un éclairage sur les pratiques de coopétition adoptées dans le contexte spécifique du Togo. La méthode de recherche qualitative a été adoptée. Cette approche a permis de rencontrer trente-deux agriculteurs. Les entretiens se sont déroulés auprès de treize SCA situées en région maritime. L’analyse thématique des discours met en exergue trois thèmes à partir des interventions recueillies. Les résultats montrent que la pratique de coopétition dans les SCA se traduit par une approche concurrentielle de différenciation et une approche de coopération fondée sur l’apprentissage organisationnel.

The contemporary international system is dominated by international trade. Therefore, it is the fundamental and critical aspect of international economic relations. The study investigated the how African states participate in common bilateral and multilateral trade relations. Its core objective is to study whether trade barriers have been made less cumbersome among the participating countries in African continental region. Common trade and international trade justify the essence of globalization. The wave of globalization has necessitated the flux of multilateralism and bilateralism among the participating nations in the international trade. Methodologically, the study adopted comparative theory of international trade. Its method of data collection is documentary method and analyzed through interpretive studies. As the international trade continues to take the centre stage in the international economic relations; States continue to engage in multilateral and bilateral trade relations. The operations of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Multi-national Corporations (MNCs) as non-state actors also engage in multilateral and bilateral agreements with the host states. Several agreements led to the establishment of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) remains conspicuous products of multilateralism and bilateralism in the international trade in the recent time. African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) is a multilateral agreement enacted by fifty-four members of the African Union (AU) in 2019 to boost trade relations among them. Its core benefit is to facilitate free trade and removal of trade barriers in the region Therefore, this study is set to examine the advantages and impacts of AFCFTA and other multilateral and bilateral agreements in Africa and the world at large.

The Uniform Act relating to General Commercial Law of the Organisation for Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (hereinafter referred to as the OHADA Uniform Act) establishes a commercial sale regime applicable to any trader (natural or legal person), including any commercial companies whose place of business or registered office is located in the territory of a party to the Treaty on the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa. In this study we propose to analyse the non-performance of commercial sale agreements, focused on its termination regime, by reflecting on the right of termination, the termination by judicial means, its grounds, exemption from liability and the effects of termination. The economic and legal relevance of the commercial sale contract justifies the opportunity to reflect on how legal standardisation process has been achieved overall, particularly with regard to termination regimes. Both OHADA Uniform Act and the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 (CISG) were conceived as unification mechanisms to circumvent the constraints and legal uncertainty associated with cross-border trade. Therefore, this analysis aims to assess how OHADA rules embody the long process of evolution in French law, as well as the influence of the CISG.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee pilferage of pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The study is anchored on the rational choice theory in order to understand the connection between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. The researcher adopted a mixed research method involving survey research and historical research designs. The population of this study is 8,595 staff. This comprises all employees of Promasidor Nigeria Ltd, Nigeria Bottling Company (Coca Cola), Cadbury Nigeria Plc, and Guiness Nigeria Plc. The sample size of the study was 400 determined using Rakesh Sample size formula. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, while secondary data were collected from related works on pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies. Data collected from questionnaire were analyzed using absolute frequencies and simple percentages, while data from secondary sources were analyzed using relational-content analysis. Among other things, it was found that the higher the level of pilferage, the lower the level of security of employees in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State. Among other things, it was recommended that given that there is relationship between pilferage and security in beverage manufacturing companies in Lagos State, beverage manufacturing companies in the state should ensure that stealing is drastically reduced in their various organizations through employment, training and proper motivation of staff who must be full-time staff. This would largely make the employees committed to work and shun pilferage.

This research empirically examined the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1994-2021. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates long-run and short-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally showed that both company income tax and value added tax were statistically significant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both shot-run and long-run periods; whereas personal income tax was statistically insignificant and positively related to economic growth in Nigeria in both short-run and long-run. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended tax authorities responsible for tax administration should upgrade the tax database to capture all potential tax-payers in order to broaden tax income.