Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Araştırmamız bugüne kadar ülkemizde İslam hukukçularınca doktora düzeyinde girilmemiş ve değerlendirilmemiş bir mesele olan İslam hukuku açısından elektronik ticareti konu edinmiştir. Bu manada ilk bölümde İslam hukuku açısından ticaret hukuku kavramlarına kısa bir değini yapılmış ve bununla ilgili çok temel bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde İslam hukuku açısından e-ticaret incelenmiş, E-ticaretin İslam hukuk kavramlarıyla nasıl anlaşılabileceğine ve anlatılabileceğine dair görüş ve tespitlerimiz sunulmuştur. Elektronik ortamda akitleşme, irade beyanı gibi yeni durumların analizi yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise fıkhî hükümleri açısından e-ticaret incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde de e-ticarette yeni ortaya çıkan durumlar, kavramlar ve olgular incelenmiştir. Fıkhî açıdan hangi kavramlarla açıklanacağı hususunda kanaatlerimiz sunulmuştur. İkinci bölüm değerlendirme ve analiz ağırlıklı iken üçüncü bölümde daha çok pratik sonuçları açısından durum incelenmiş, bu hususta literatüre girmesi gerektiğini düşündüğümüz yeni kavramlar ve tasnifler de zikredilmiştir. Son olarak da mevcut modern yasalarda e-ticaretin nasıl ele alındığı gösterilmiş, İslam hukuku açısından nasıl değerlendirilebileceğine dair görüşlerimiz arz edilmiştir. This work is about electronic commerce in İslamic law which has not been studied or evaluated by anyone with such a scale until now. In this sense, at the first section, the concepts of commerce law have been mentioned briefly by the view of Islamic law, and has been given basic knowledge. At the second section, E-commerce regarding to concepts of Islamic law has been examined. Our opinions and detections about it like how this is must be understood with the notions of Islamic law have been presented. The conceptual analysis of new situations such as contracting, declaration of intention, on the İnternet has been done. At the last section, e-commerce regarding rules of Islamic law has been examined. In this section, new situations and concepts that just emerged have been examined. Our opinions have been presented. As the second section weighted with assessment and analysis, at the third section, the case has been examined rather practically. New concepts and categorizations that must be added to the literature have been mentioned.

The present study aims at analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) by examining most thoroughly the different interpretations of its text on the light of several western legal traditions. This analysis of the implications of such different interpretations will give rise to a discussion on the level of interpenetration among different legal systems. This, in turn, leads to an analysis of the impact of the conditions imposed by the Convention on its interpretation, which is considered a selfcontained autonomous ruling within the text of the Convention. As can be seen from a historical overview of the matter, the pursuit of unified regulations governing the international purchase and sale of goods is precisely the result of trade practices and of the consolidation of customary laws and principles. This thesis is thus based on the dynamics of this unifying process. The analysis will focus on its innovative feature of a consonant interpretation; an important structural element which may determine the success or failure of the text of the Convention when observed in different legal environments. It will be taken into consideration the role of the relation between governments and their institutions established with International Organizations, as well as that of the need for predictability when signing international agreements. Therefore, elements such as sovereignty and globalization are essential for a proper understanding of the impacts of this Convention in international law, namely, international trade laws

We develop a conceptual model of contracts as regulatory instruments in over-the-counter (OTC) financial markets. The model is informed by the functional understanding of financial regulation as addressing problems of counterparty risk, liquidity, information and systemic risk and structural understanding of regulation as a process of standard-setting, monitoring and enforcement. The justification of conceptualization contracts as regulatory instruments is found in the nature of the political economy considerations that inform the definition of certain contracts used in OTC financial markets. While many scholars rely on conceptualization of the said contracts as boilerplate, we argue that there exist important qualitative differences between boilerplate and regulatory contracts, which we link to a broader spectrum of interests taken into account in their definition in the process of standard-setting. The model and its application to loan and derivatives markets help to highlight the impact of governance features of the organization developing the contract and the regulatory competition to which the organization is exposed on the scope of the regulatory function. We also use a number of indicators and attributions to examine the effectiveness of regulatory contracts. While the contractual model displays some weaknesses in terms of both standard-setting (conflicts of interest) and enforcement (reliance on delegation) compared to its better established counterpart – the organizational model associated with exchanges – the contractual model helps to account for important self-regulatory features of OTC financial markets and offers suggestions as to how the structure of OTC financial markets can be improved.

Au cours des dernières décennies, les restructurations d'entreprises ont connu une transformation majeure. En plus des restructurations ponctuelles, de type « crise » dans des secteurs de l'économie en déclin, il est possible de constater des restructurations de type « permanent » dont l'objectif principal est la quête de profit et l'augmentation de la productivité de l'entreprise. Perçus comme nuisibles à la rentabilité des entreprises, la syndicalisation, la négociation collective et les moyens de pression, poussent ainsi certaines entreprises à se restructurer. Les restructurations d'entreprises, produit de l'exercice de la liberté d'entreprendre, impliquent des conséquences importantes sur l'emploi des travailleurs, en plus d'affecter à bien des égards leur liberté d'association. Dans cette perspective, il est pertinent de s'interroger sur l'articulation entre la liberté d'entreprendre et la liberté d'association dans le contexte de restructurations d'entreprises. Les différentes théories du droit s'accordent quant à l'importance de la cohérence du système juridique tant à l'interne qu'à l'externe. L'essentiel de notre analyse repose, en conséquence, sur un souci de cohérence du système juridique lors de l'affrontement des libertés d'entreprendre et d'association dans le cadre de restructurations d'entreprises, par le biais, entre autre, de l'étude de la juridicité et de la normativité de ces principes du droit. D'une part, la liberté d'association est un principe du droit à statut constitutionnel, d'ordre public et qui occupe une place importante en droit international. D'autre part, la liberté d'entreprendre est un principe du droit implicite, dont les fondements et la mise en œuvre demeurent ambigus. Pourtant notre étude démontre que la jurisprudence accorde une interprétation restrictive à la liberté d'association et large à la liberté d'entreprendre. Cette réalité accorde à la liberté d'entreprendre une mainmise sur la liberté d'association, particulièrement dans les cas de restructurations d'entreprises. Il n'y a qu'à citer comme exemple le droit de cesser de faire affaire même pour des motifs socialement condamnables, énoncé à plusieurs reprises par la Cour suprême du Canada. Le principe de cohérence du système juridique devrait nous amener à une interprétation plus large de la liberté d'association afin de respecter la hiérarchie des droits et d'autres principes généraux du droit, tels que l'égalité, la dignité et la bonne foi, et ce, même si cette interprétation a parfois pour effet de restreindre la liberté d'entreprendre dans le contexte de restructurations d'entreprises.

In this article I adopt a comparative law approach to illustrate the coexistence of various models governing the sale of goods, and their classification on the basis of two main characteristics: the transfer of property and the opposition certainty/flexibility. I use this approach to analyse the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. 1 Then I examine how theCISG influenced several national systems and can influence future attempts at regional harmonisation. I conclude with the reasons that in my opinion make the CISG a good model for the sale of goods (prestige, equilibrium and derogability), and with the desirable future developments.

Sovereign Wealth Funds have been the new 'rising star' of the global economy for a few years. Host States have reacted to their rise cautiously and have quite frequently cited 'national security' as a justification for maintaining an absolute degree of freedom in regulating their entry into their markets. This thesis is arguing that a substantial proportion of regulatory concerns that surround the operation of SWFs are actually not of a national security nature—at least as perceived by the relevant instruments regulating investment in International Economic Law. As a consequence, the current regulatory framework screening SWFs investments a priori is both legally and normatively problematic and, in fact, it constitutes a form of protectionism. As an alternative, this thesis suggests that SWFs ought to be primarily regulated after their entry into Host States' markets. In that context, a proper conceptualisation of the principle of non-discrimination that takes into account the 'regulatory unlikeness' between SWFs and other market suppliers/investors will allow the Host States to properly regulate them after their entry into their markets. Such a conceptualisation – contrary to usual analyses – draws heavily from International Investment law in order to interpret the relevant provisions of the GATS.

En droit de l’Organisation pour l’harmonisation du droit des affaires en Afrique (OHADA), la création du groupement d’intérêt économique (GIE) représente une opportunité laissée aux entreprises de mettre en commun leurs moyens pour accroître leurs activités économiques. Mais paradoxalement, le GIE n’est pas très utilisé par ses destinataires. Il fait ainsi l’objet d’un silence des acteurs qui conduit à s’interroger sur son attractivité. Il apparaît à l’analyse que l’un des attraits du GIE est voulu par la loi, mais qu’il est fortement compromis. En effet, les membres disposent d’une très grande liberté dans la constitution et le fonctionnement du GIE. Cette liberté n’a de limites que dans quelques règles impératives tournées vers la protection des tiers, notamment l’inopposabilité aux tiers des clauses limitatives des pouvoirs de l’adminsitrateur ou des administrateurs et la responsabilité indéfinie et solidaire des membres par rapport aux dettes du GIE. C’est cette responsabilité indéfinie et solidaire des membres relativement aux dettes du GIE qui compromet sérieusement l’attractivité de ce dernier. Il est cependant possible de rendre le GIE plus attractif par l’utilisation des conventions qui permettent à ses membres d’accorder des avantages particuliers aux nouveaux membres par contrat et aussi d’exclure la solidarité aux dettes par des accords avec les tiers contractants. Ces conventions pourraient assurer la sécurité du crédit par le recours aux garanties.