Bibliographie sélective OHADA

This research uses a comparative approach to explore the role and liability of internet service providers in South Africa. The research aims to analyse and compare the role and liability of internet service providers for crimes and civil infractions committed by content providers and/or internet users. Against this aim, the researcher argues that internet service providers, as intermediaries, are ideally placed to monitor and control illicit content provision and/or internet use by the end user. The research focuses on South Africa, China, Ireland, and Nigeria. The research interrogated legislative control and queried the fitness for purpose of these mechanisms for internet service providers and the lacunae created by a rapidly expanding digital world comparatively. The research points out recurrent controversial and problematic concerns that affect both the internet service provider and the consumer. The researcher further explores challenges in applying legal imperatives to internet service providers that affect their end users. The comparative analysis assists in indicating how internet service providers operate in practice and their control (or lack thereof) by various legal frameworks. The researcher makes recommendations and offers solutions to assist with the future role and development of internet service providers and their impact on the end-user and criminal justice system.

The study explores the reaction of stock markets to anticipated or unexpected rating announcements by the market in a crisis context by conducting an empirical study on the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) stock market over the period from December 2010 to August 2022. The results show that the crisis context support the anticipation of bad ratings and neutral ratings as opposed to good ratings. These results validate the asymmetry in investor reaction to announcements of anticipated rating downgrades compared with announcements of upgrades in times of crisis. This reaction highlights the irrational behave of investors in times of crisis. In fact, when investors detect a risk concerning the financial situation of a stock, they anticipate a downgrade and react quickly, even before the official announcement of the downgrade, by selling their shares on masse. This action will cause the share price to fall. Similarly, the market’s weak reaction to early good announcements is explained by the fact that this type of announcement does not provide them with any unknown information to guide their financial decisions.

This research is driven by the rapid spread of fintech, and its contributions to Tanzania’s economic growth. This study uses quantitative quarterly time series data from Tanzania from 2008 to 2022. The Augmented Dicky Fuler (ADF) is used for the stationarity test, Johansen Cointegrations for the hypothesis and Cointegrations test, VAR and VECM for testing both short-run and long-run causality relationships, and Granger Causality for testing variable causality. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model is used for parameter estimation, modelling and significance testing. The results show that the model is statistically significant and the independent variables in the regression accounted for around 89% of the overall variation in GDP. Fintech variable subscriptions have a positive impact on Tanzania’s economic growth. Thus, unemployment in Tanzania may be alleviated by the growing sector of financial technology. Fintech has involved many people from all over the world, including Tanzania, and has had a positive impact on both the national economy and per capita growth. Since TTCL and ZANTEL have witnessed a sharp decline in subscriptions, the government, as a fixed-wired broadband service provider, must take the necessary steps to increase the subscriptions.

Paying taxes is essential to attaining sustainable economic growth and national economic independence, hence tax evasion is a concern for the economies of both wealthy and developing countries. This study examined how tax payer attitudes, particularly in the Singida Tax Region, affect tax evasion in Tanzanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). This study employed a survey method in which data collection comprised both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. A multiple regression model was employed in combination with a descriptive study approach to ascertain the outcomes. 145 SMEs taxpayers made up the study's as a sample size. The findings demonstrate that, among SMEs in the Singida Region, peer influence, tax awareness, tax morale, and tax evasion have statistically significant relationships with the taxpayer's attitude. This association is supported by statistics. Consequently, the United Republic of Tanzanian government needs to consider how taxpayer attitudes including peer pressure, tax knowledge, and morale affect tax evasion. This will contribute to the goal of reducing tax avoidance by all taxpayers, including SMEs Taxpayers.

Rules of origin play a pivotal role in free trade agreements. Apart from serving as a tool to distinguish goods by determining the nationality of a product, rules of origin have the capacity to increase trade relations or deter it. Of course, it is the hope of any viable state to increase profitable trading relations, and if rules of origin can help with that, it becomes expedient to fully understand how these rules of origin operate. In Africa, we see rules of origin being implemented amongst the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), but this has come with many struggles. In fact, low intra-African trade can be narrowed down to complex rules of origin regimes deployed in regional agreements in Africa. As of date, the major RECs have each implemented different rules of origin, leading to the co-existence of conflicting rules of origin across Africa. This non-uniformity in the rules of origin regimes in Africa has resulted in low continental trade in Africa. As such, these RECs have not yielded the expected increase in intra-African trade. With the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which currently doubles as the latest and largest FTA in Africa, it is expected that better rules of origin will be deployed to mitigate the existing intra-African trade deficits. This thesis thus deploys a doctrinal approach in determining whether AfCFTA’s rules of origin are positioned to achieve greater intra-African trade. Consequently, this thesis uncovers some lapses in AfCFTA’s rules of origin and calls for harmonization of all the rules of origin in Africa and recommends a possible amendment to Article 19 of the Agreement establishing AfCFTA to accommodate the intended harmonization.

The traditional perception that trade-finance instruments are less susceptible to the risk of money laundering has changed due to the increasing threat of trade-based money laundering (TBML). In the process of facilitating trade-finance transactions, financial institutions may be entrapped in the dangers of TBML and be abused for criminal gains. In this regard, the institutions play a significant role in ensuring that only legitimate trade is facilitated through trade finance without being tainted by TBML. Despite that, vulnerabilities for the vice have been discovered in the trade-finance sector. This study employs a macro-comparative approach in examining how selected jurisdictions respond to the problem of TBML in trade-finance instruments. It analyses the vulnerabilities of documentary credits, documentary collections, demand guarantees and standby letters of credit to the potential risk of TBML. The thesis compares the response of the South African AML regime with that of the English, the US and Singapore AML regimes to the threat of TBML in the selected trade-finance instruments. The study reveals, inter alia, that there is not much difference between the South African AML regime and the AML regimes of the comparative jurisdictions in terms of the legislative response to the challenge of TBML in trade-finance transactions. However, the difference is apparent when it comes to the varied institutional responses to the problem within the jurisdictions considered in this thesis. While South African AML authorities have not made any official pronouncement against TBML in trade finance, those from other comparative jurisdictions have done so. The latter have also gone a step further to produce best practice reports on TBML for banks and other financial institutions involved in trade-finance transactions to enable the institutions to prepare for the challenge. However, similar to the South African position, there has not been any legislative change in the comparative jurisdictions to provide for TBML in specific terms. This means that these jurisdictions also deal with TBML using current AML legislation, which was designed originally for cash-based money-laundering operations. Therefore, the institutions and laws under the South African AML regime are relevant in the combatting of TBML. However, they may require some modifications to appropriately counter the challenge. The study makes various policy and best practice recommendations to strengthen the South African AML regime against TBML in trade-finance transactions.

This study examines the impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on regional trade in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Digital Technologies (DT) sector across 43 African countries from 2014 to 2021. Employing the augmented gravity model and confidence-level estimations, it highlights AfCFTA's mediating role in enabling ICT&DT trade on the continent. Using hierarchical regression analysis of a panel dataset comprising 5,160 observations, the findings imply that trade openness and productive capacities not only facilitate trade in the ICT&DT sector but also result in positive spillover effects across various economic sectors. This study contributes to the international business literature by refining the application of the gravity model to capture the need for sector-specific analyses to unpack institutional dynamics and dis-enablers of trade. It identifies AfCFTA as a pivotal yet underexplored element in the global trade landscape, highlighting its potential as Africa seeks a more prominent role on the global stage. The research stresses the significance of digital empowerment and policy reforms to maximise the benefits of regional integration under AfCFTA.

The international terms of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book (reprinted and amended in 2022) state that, when the contractor is a joint venture (JV), all members are jointly and severally liable to the employer. These terms also establish certain procedural rules—the most important ones being the submission to the employer of the JV undertaking and the appointment of a leader. However, these international terms do not provide for substantive rules pertaining to the plurality of the JV members. These require reference to the applicable law that governs the construction contract. The applicable law can be domestic law, such as Qatari law, or an international soft law, such as the Unidroit Principles. Comparing these two possibly applicable laws, it becomes evident that there are no significant differences between the two regarding the substantive rules concerning a plurality of obligors. Furthermore, it is argued that the majority of these substantive legal rules, whether national or international, are inoperative in a construction contract incorporating the international terms of the FIDIC Red Book.

This article examines the implementation of the Mining, Agricultural and Construction (MAC) Equipment Protocol under the Cape Town Convention in Africa, focusing on enhancing economic growth and sustainable development through improved access to financing for high-value mobile equipment. Africa’s economic development is significantly hindered by inadequate infrastructure, which escalates transaction costs and limits access to international markets. Investment in modern infrastructure, particularly in the mining, agricultural, and construction sectors, is typically expensive for many businesses in the African region. The MAC Protocol aims to address these challenges by providing a uniform legal framework that supports the financing of MAC equipment. The Convention and the MAC Protocol facilitate access to affordable capital and reduce risks for financiers who take international interests in MAC equipment, promoting economic activities in Africa. The article highlights the legal protections offered by the MAC Protocol, ensuring rights against third-party claims and enhancing the enforceability of international interests. The adoption of the MAC Protocol by African States could significantly impact their ability to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by making modern, cost-efficient equipment more accessible, thus boosting productivity and economic diversification. The article advocates for adopting the MAC Protocol, emphasizing its potential to enhance foreign investment in the mining, agriculture, and construction sectors, stimulating economic development in Africa. This strategic move will propel African countries towards greater economic resilience and integration into the global economy. The article also critically analyses and illustrates the several declaration mechanisms available to countries adopting the MAC Protocol, accompanied by a guidance note to sensitize lawmakers when signing and/or ratifying or acceding to the Cape Town Convention and the MAC Protocol.

In contemporary times, the issue of human and labour rights violations has gained significant momentum, rendering it imperative for international organisations, states, and businesses to address this critical concern. It is widely acknowledged that while multinational enterprises can aid in achieving economic growth by investing directly overseas and raising the standard of living for the residents of host nations, their business operations may also result in abuse of human and labour rights. The United Nations (UN) Charter was drafted to set forth obligations for individual states, yet businesses do not bear international legal obligations. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights was adopted to implement the substantive contents of human rights referred to in the UN Charter in the general way. The preamble of the Universal Declaration refers to all organs of society, but, at the time of its adoption, businesses were not considered among such organs. It was inconceivable that business organisations would become so economically powerful within a few decades that they would pose a significant risk to human and labour rights, which would not be easily regulated under the national law of their host nations. It is the hypothesis of this study that numerous multinational enterprises (MNEs) violate core human and core labour rights, and that the existing regulatory framework does not adequately regulate them. To prove this hypothesis, this thesis will adopt a two phased approach. Firstly, a careful case law and literature review will reveal the inadequate regulation of MNEs. Evidence suggests that MNEs are guilty of flagrant labour standards and human rights violations. As a result of globalisation, MNEs have gained stronger international influence, and they are able to move their businesses to countries with low cost of labour and less regulations. This phenomenon weakens the governments of host nations as they are keen to promote foreign direct investment in order to reduce unemployment and to ensure economic growth. As a result, the host nations are encouraged to set laws that will attract MNEs at the expense of human and core labour rights. As result, MNEs are not held accountable in respect of their violation of human and labour rights. Secondly, this thesis will assess the efficacy of the regulatory instruments developed by the international community in response to the mentioned problem. This aspect is covered in Chapter 3 to 7 of this thesis. The strategies include the public and private hard law and soft law mechanisms developed at international level as well as campaigns by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Based on evidence, this thesis will conclude that a soft law approach is not fully effective. As such, Chapter 8 of this thesis proposes the introduction of some hard law measures to improve the existing soft law instruments to augment the existing legislative frameworks of the host countries. In particular, the thesis recommends regulatory reforms, which will empower the International Labour Organisation to intervene to prevent the labour rights violations by MNEs and where such violations occur, to at least provide effective remedies to vulnerable employees. This thesis constitutes a theoretical study, which attempts to provide suggestions regarding the implementation of realistic measures, which if implemented, may contribute to the attainment of decent work for all men and women who are engaged in work for MNEs.

Il est un fait peu contestable que le développement durable, en tant que sujet d’actualité mondiale, prend une place de plus en plus centrale des discussions ayant cours dans un monde de plus en plus industrialisé et globalisé. Dans cette nouvelle ère où les défis environnementaux, économiques, sociaux, culturels ou encore climatiques se multiplient et se complexifient, il devient de plus en plus primordial d’axer les réflexions internationales vers un meilleur équilibre des croissances de chacun, le tout, en tenant compte des enjeux de durabilité. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le présent mémoire, axé sur la mise en lumière de l’importance des enjeux environnementaux et de transparence à travers les procédures et les jurisprudences de l’arbitrage du Centre international pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI). Le présent argumentaire visera donc à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les défis auxquels le CIRDI est confronté dans l’intégration des principes de développement durable et de transparence, notamment, dans ses décisions, à travers les implications des normes internationales sur le comportement des États et des investisseurs. Ce mémoire s'adresse ainsi principalement à ceux qui s'intéressent aux développements du droit international des investissements et de la durabilité des conséquences que ce dernier permet. Il vise aussi à contribuer au débat en proposant des recommandations concrètes permettant un alignement optimal des pratiques du CIRDI avec celles d’autres organes d’arbitrage nationaux et internationaux et avec les exigences de transparence et de durabilité.

Tant par l’ampleur que le caractère pérenne de leurs conséquences sur la vie des différentes parties prenantes, les erreurs judiciaires suscitent l’indignation autant des régulateurs que des journalistes et de l’opinion publique. Assurer une prise de décision correcte dans le contexte judiciaire nécessite des balises institutionnelles visant, d’une part, à permettre une présentation complète de toute la preuve pertinente devant le juge des faits et, d’autre part, à limiter les erreurs d’appréciation de cette preuve. Notre thèse s’intéresse aux sources d’erreurs d’origine humaine qui limitent une correcte appréciation de la preuve dans le contexte judiciaire qui sont les moins susceptibles d’être mis en évidence par voie de contrôle juridictionnel (d’appel) et qui peuvent justifier la mise en place de balises institutionnelles additionnelles à celles existantes. Tout d’abord, une revue de littérature critique en criminologie et en sciences sociales sur les sources d’erreurs qui entachent généralement la rationalité des jugements (chapitre 1) indique que les décisions rendues dans le contexte judiciaire sont vulnérables à la fois aux biais et « bruits » à toutes les étapes d’un procès. Ensuite, nous nous intéresserons en particulier aux problèmes de compréhension et d’interprétation propres aux preuves scientifiques, comprenant les expertises ainsi que celles obtenues par des outils statistiques, actuariels et technologiques (chapitre 2). En effet, la science apparaît à première vue comme un « auxiliaire de justice » précieux par l’introduction de l’expertise dans les procès. Or, la production en justice d’une preuve forensique doit passer par un travail d’exégèse et de traduction de l’expert forensique au juge ou aux jurés. Tout au long de ce processus, la myopie métacognitive des experts forensiques, le mécanisme du procès contradictoire, l’aménagement des salles d’audience et la manière dont l’information est présentée, ainsi que les difficultés de compréhension de la preuve forensique par les décideurs, pourraient constituer autant d’aléas et de risques de dérive ébranlant la rationalité supposée de ce travail collectif qu’est la tenue d’un procès afin de faire émerger la vérité… judiciaire. Considérant que le contrôle juridictionnel des erreurs de faits par les juges d’instance s’avère assez limité au Canada (chapitre 3), nous proposons en dernier lieu (chapitre 4) quelques pistes de réforme afin de mieux rationaliser l’appréciation de la preuve par les décideurs de faits. Tout d’abord, il y a lieu d’ajouter quelques garanties d’ordre procédural et certaines inférences spécifiquement interdites pour limiter l’occurrence de biais cognitifs en général. Nous nous sommes inspirés ensuite de la formule bayésienne ainsi que la Déclaration de Sydney relative à la science forensique, pour proposer une démarche permettant de « rationaliser » le processus d’appréciation de la preuve afin de limiter les erreurs de compréhension sur la portée et les limites de la preuve d’expert. La formule bayésienne souligne en effet la nécessité de distinguer la probabilité des effets (qui relève des experts), de la probabilité des causes (du ressort exclusif du juge au procès). L’évaluation de ces deux probabilités ne se chevauche pas et fait appel à des considérations distinctes. Dans cette évaluation, la prise en compte du contexte et d’éléments circonstanciels s’avère à double tranchant en ce qu’elle peut à la fois être pertinente pour orienter l’investigation (aider à la génération de nouvelles pistes, hypothèses ou explications alternatives) que constitutive de biais. Le potentiel de biais s’accentue dans les cas de figure plus ambigus ou dont la preuve reste essentiellement circonstancielle. Nous suggérons finalement l’institution du rôle de « critique d’experts » qui peut agir en véritable auxiliaire de justice devant la cour ou en amont, comme auditeur indépendant, pour mieux contrôler l’intégrité du processus forensique et la manière dont la preuve scientifique est présentée devant les tribunaux.

Le juge est le maillon fort de la chaine judiciaire qui a reçu le pouvoir d’appliquer la règle de droit. En tant qu’érudit du droit, le juge connait diverses situations juridiques litigieuses qui font appel à l’interprétation d’un matériau assez vaste. Dans ce matériau, l’application du droit international demeure un enjeu majeur pour l’office du juge. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai en ce qui concerne le droit international humanitaire, qui est très spécifique. Au regard des circonstances politiques, économiques et des conditions professionnelles qui encadre l’office du juge africain, l’intérêt transparait à travers cette formule : quelles sont les postures du juge africain dans l’application du droit international humanitaire ? Une telle interrogation évoque la question de la réception des règles internationales dans les ordres juridiques internes, mais aussi leur appropriation par les acteurs chargés de leur mise en œuvre. Cette interrogation permet de relever les efforts au regard de la présence des facteurs inhibiteurs en Afrique surtout. Ces efforts, quoique toujours insuffisants, s’inscrivent indéniablement dans une dynamique de promotion et de consolidation du droit international humanitaire. Juge promoteur, juge consolidateur sont les postures observées en Afrique dans les affaires relatives à l’application du droit international humanitaire, mais toujours dans une camisole d’insuffisance. The judge is the strong link in the judicial chain, empowered to apply the rule of law. As a legal scholar, the judge is familiar with a variety of contentious legal situations that call for the interpretation of a vast body of rules. Within this legal corpus, the application of international law remains a major challenge for the judge’s office. This is all the more true in the case of international humanitarian law, which is highly specific. In view of the political and economic circumstances and the professional conditions that govern the office of the African judge, the question arises: what are the African judge’s attitudes to the application of international humanitarian law? Such a question raises the issue of how international rules are received by domestic legal systems, and how they are appropriated by the actors responsible for implementing them. This question helps to highlight the efforts being made in view of the presence of inhibiting factors, especially in Africa. These efforts, though still insufficient, are undeniably part of a dynamic to promote and consolidate international humanitarian law. Judge-promoter, judge-consolidator are the postures observed in Africa in cases relating to the application of international humanitarian law, but always in a straitjacket of inadequacy.

La reconnaissance simultanée des compétences judiciaires à la Cour commune de justice et d’arbitrage et à la cour de la Communauté de l’Afrique de l’Est agit comme obstacle à la réussite de l’intégration économique des pays appartenant simultanément à ces deux communautés, qui constitue pourtant un préalable fondamental en vue de leur développement. Suite à cette situation, les investisseurs pourraient se trouver dans une situation telle que des litiges tombent sous le champ d’application tant du droit de l’OHADA que de celui de la Communauté de l’Afrique de l’Est et appeler ainsi à la compétence tant de la CCJA que de la cour de justice de la CAE. Ce télescopage peut véritablement être à l'origine d'une insécurité juridique. Toutefois, pour vider les problèmes de cohabitation, la mise en œuvre d’une juridiction régionale compétente pour les affaires découlant de la mise en œuvre des Traités d’intégration régionale en Afrique serait importante. La CCJA présente dans ce sens des mérites qui peuvent être capitalisés.

The glaring lack of employment opportunities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has led to the conclusion of special employment contracts, includin…

The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights recently published a general comment interpreting article 7(d) of the so-called Maputo Protocol.…

Based on bank-level data from 29 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2005 and 2019, we apply panel fixed effects (FE) and two-step system GMM estimators to investigate whether increased cross-border banking affects domestic banking sector stability. We find significant evidence that the stability of banks in host countries declines with an increased presence of foreign banks—and the impact is more pronounced on banks that are small and less efficient. The stability impact of foreign banks is also found to depend on the quality of governance institutional factors in the host country. The findings shed some important insights on the downside of financial liberalisation policy in developing countries and the need for increased cross-border collaboration between home and host supervisory authorities in the SSA region—especially in jurisdictions where the foreign bank affiliates are systemically important. The domestic supervisory authorities thus need to effectively manage the inherent trade-off between reaping the benefits from international financial integration while effectively safeguarding domestic banking systems against cross-border contagion and fragility.