Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Depuis plusieurs années, on remarque une ruée sur les terres cultivables en Afrique. Ce déferlement peut s’expliquer par diverses raisons, telles que la recherche de nouvelles rentabilités à la suite de la crise financière actuelle, l’accroissement de l’investissement agricole pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire, l’encouragement de l’agrocarburant, etc. Toutefois, le phénomène n’est pas sans conséquence sur le bien-être des paysans locaux. Ces derniers, généralement réunis autour de sociétés coopératives, peuvent défendre leurs intérêts à travers diverses formes d’actions. À cet effet, le mouvement coopératif peut jouer un rôle important dans la lutte contre le phénomène de l’accaparement des terres en Afrique. For several years, an important rush for farmland is noticeable in Africa. This surge can be explained by various reasons, such as the search for new profits as a result of the current financial crisis, the increasing of investment in agriculture to ensure food security, the promotion of agro-fuel etc. However, the phenomenon is not without consequences for the well-being of local farmers. These latter, usually gathered around cooperative societies, can defend their interests through various forms of action. To this end, the cooperative movement can play an important role in the fight against the phenomenon of land grabbing in Africa.

İnternet, bünyesi gereği pek çok temel hak ve özgürlükle bağlantılıdır. Bu da İnternet'i pek çok açıdan incelemeyi gerektirmektedir. Bu yönüyle de İnternet'e erişim hakkının kendine özgü (sui generis) niteliğe sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Çalışmamızda, İnternet'e erişim yasakları temel hak ve özgürlükler ışığında incelenirken, hakkın kendine özgü yapısı Anayasa'daki düşünceyi ifade, bilim ve sanat, basın, bilgi edinme ve bilgiye ulaşma, haberleşme ve eğitim özgürlükleri açısından konuya ilişkin AİHM, ABD-YM, AYM, Yargıtay kararları da analiz edilerek, İnternet sitelerinin nitelik farkları da gözetilerek, ceza, anayasa, idare hukuku; MK 24 ve 25'teki kişiliğin korunması, 5651 Sayılı Kanun, ihtiyati tedbirler, Ticaret Hukuku boyutlarıyla ve devletin genel kuramı ışığında, istatistiki veriler ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk düzenlemeleriyle bilrikte detaylıca incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca İnternet üzerinde denetim ve yaptırım yetkisi olan Telekominikasyon İletişim Başkanlığı (TİB), Erişim Sağlayıcıları Birliği (ESB) de karşılaştırmalı hukuktaki örnekleriyle kıyaslamalı olarak incelenmiştir. Anahtar Sözcükler: 5651 Sayılı Kanun, erişim yasakları, erişim yasağı, TİB, ESB. Due to the structure of the internet, is related to many basic rights and freedoms. In many ways the internet requires this review. In this respect, the distinctive right of access to the internet (sui generis), it can be said that the character has. In our study, the prohibition of access to the internet is examined in the light of fundamental rights and freedoms, while the peculiar expression of the right in the Constitution, structure, science and art, press, information, and access to information, in terms of freedom of communication and education on the issue, the court in U.S.-YM, the Constitutional Court, the decisions of the Supreme Court by analyzing the quality of the internet site considering the differences, criminal, constitutional, and administrative law; MK 24 and 25 on protection of personality, Law No. 5651, the precautionary measures, in the light of general theory of law and state commercial, statistical data have been studied in detail and Comparative Law in conjunction with the Regulations. The study also who has the authority to control and sanction over the Internet, the telecommunication communication presidency (TIB), Access providers Association (ESB) was investigated also in comparison with the examples in Comparative Law. Keywords : Law No. 5651, access bans, ban access, TIB, ESB

At the heart of this thesis is the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), an innovative concept deep-rooted in the globalisation phenomenon. The notion of CSR entails the much-debated duty of businesses, not only to comply with international and local standards in terms of, inter alia, labour rights and working conditions, human rights and environmental protection, but also to be at the forefront of voluntary and uplifting actions geared toward addressing societal issues and concerns. For corporations, it is about moving from the traditional approach of business as an activity with the sole purpose of realising profit towards acknowledging the need to integrate societal and environmental issues and concerns into their business purposes. The thesis examines selected multinational corporations’ (MNC) approaches to CSR as contained in their codes of conduct, in an effort to reach a comprehensive understanding of the purpose, interest and practices of businesses engaging in CSR activities. Particular attention is given to the analysis of labour orientated measures implemented by selected MNCs as they undertake to voluntarily act as proponents of the theory of the necessity of socially responsible businesses. The aim is to comparatively assess the legal dimension and the relevance, in different countries, of these MNC CSR commitments. The first part of the thesis is theoretical and has the purpose to present a comprehensive analysis of CSR against the current legal framework, at a global scale and within the context of selected countries. The thesis will explore the notion of CSR in order to present its definition and characteristics, briefly retrace its history, differentiate it from related and/or similar concepts, and finally assess the extent of its introduction and adaptation into various national and international institutional frameworks. Even though initially addressing the issue of CSR in the current legal framework as a whole, the scope of the thesis will ultimately be reduced to focus only on labour-related aspects of CSR. The aim of the thesis is to assess MNC’s CSR commitments, and subsequently highlight the interaction between CSR, labour and employment legal frameworks (at national and international level) and the effective implementation of labour rights and working conditions as observed in the context of different countries. More importantly, the thesis will also include a comparative analysis of CSR principles included in selected MNC codes of conduct, in order to assess the extent of their compliance with national labour legislation, international labour standards, as well as the standards and principles set by national and international CSR instruments and institutions. The purpose of such an exercise is to thoroughly assess the impact of a national context - in terms of national legal, economic, social and industrial framework - on the legal dimension, and the relevance of MNCs CSR commitments. A crucial argument developed in the thesis refers to the fact that MNC codes of conduct may have the potential to impact on labour rights and working conditions of a MNC across the different countries into which the MNC operates. Finally, considering the fact that as a topic CSR is a potentially controversial subject, it is necessary to point out, from the onset, that the thesis engages with the subject from a critical perspective. The approach therefore entails critically analysing and discussing MNC commitments and practices as observed in different countries, so as to be able to ascertain and comprehend the impact of a national context on the content, the relevance and the legal dimension of MNC codes of conducts

Le juriste a coutume de dire que lorsque la chose est jugée, la vérité est dite. Le juge doit néanmoins crédibiliser sa décision en usant des moyens de droit mis à sa disposition non seulement pour objectivement révéler cette vérité, mais aussi pour imposer l’exécution de la décision rendue. Encore faudrait-il cependant distinguer selon que cette vérité est provisoire ou définitive. Le premier cas concerne la décision ayant acquis une simple autorité de chose jugée. Il suffit alors d’exercer la voie de recours appropriée pour que la décision soit contestée et son exécution éventuellement suspendue. Désormais, ce qui tenait lieu de vérité est mis entre parenthèse. La vérité est plutôt définitive dans le cas où, au-delà d’une simple autorité, la chose jugée a acquis une véritable force. Si cette affirmation ne peut être contestée, elle doit cependant être nuancée dans la mesure où même une décision investie de la force de chose jugée peut encore être remise en cause. Finalement, la décision du juge est une vérité judiciaire qui, pourquoi pas, est peut-être loin d’être la vérité. The legal person usually says that when a thing is judged, the truth is said. The judge should nevertheless give credibility to his decision using the law tools put at his disposal, not only to objectively reveal this truth, but also to enforce the implementation of the decision. But it should be necessary however to distinguish if this truth is temporary or final. The first case concerns a decision which has acquired the single authority of res judicata. Simply applying the appropriate way of appeal can cause that decision to be challenged and possibly suspended. Henceforth, what was truth is put in brackets. The truth is rather final where, beyond a single authority, res judicata has acquired a real force. If this assertion cannot be challenged, it must however be qualified insofar as even a decision appointing the force of res judicata may still be questioned. Finally, the decision of the judge is a judicial truth which, why not, is perhaps far from the truth.

Çalışmamız, 6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nda ilk kez düzenlenen anonim ortaklıkta şirkete borçlanma yasağını konu edinmektedir. Anılan yasak, pay sahipleri için TTK m. 358'de, pay sahibi olmayan yönetim kurulu üyeleri içinse TTK m. 395'te düzenlenmiştir. Her iki hüküm de Türk hukukuna özgüdür ve Kanun'da yalnızca ana hatları ile düzenlenmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, düzenlemelerin kapsamı, istisnaların sınırı ve yasağa aykırılığın sonuçları incelenmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. [...] The subject matter of this thesis is the prohibition to be indebted to the company in the form of a joint stock partnership, which has been regulated in the Turkish Commercial Code for the first time. Said prohibition is regulated in the article 358 of TCC for shareholders and in the article 395 for the board of directors who are not a shareholder. Both provisions are unique to Turkish law and introduced with their essential points only. Therefore in this thesis, the scope, limitation of exceptions and the consequences of the breach of the prohibition are analysed and assessed.

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The objective of this thesis is to critically analyse synthetic securitisation schemes in South African law as synthetic collateralised debt obligations using primarily credit default swaps (CDSs). This transpires from the perspective of primarily company law, and secondarily securities law and the law of contract. It includes a contextualised study of these schemes with regards to their origins, their significance regarding the recent financial crisis, and their rationales micro-economic influence and Basel capital requirements. Not only are the participants, such as parties acting in a primary role and secondary role and special-purpose institutions, studied, but also the obligations between these parties, such as the CDS contract, and the meaning of commercial paper, the legal nature of credit-linked notes, the business of a bank, and the influence of recent case law. It also includes a consideration of synthetic securitisation schemes in terms of the Collective Investment Schemes Control Act 45 of 2002. Furthermore, the role of systemic risk and moral hazard is explained, as well as the interaction between synthetic securitisation schemes, credit rating agencies and the function of risk management. The CDS is compared with insurance contracts, and a discussion of the 2014 International Swaps and Derivatives Association Credit Derivative Definitions is incorporated. For legal comparison, the South African model is compared with Canadian law and its unfunded credit derivatives in the light of recent regulation, and compared to German law and its prevalence of funded credit derivatives. Finally, suggestions are made as to the future of synthetic securitisation schemes.

The paper will be focused on examining the debt relief options available for consumer debtors in South Africa. This paper will look at the relationship between the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. Further, it will examine the relationship between the provisions of section 74 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 32 of 1944. The paper will conclude by looking at debt relief options available for consumer debtors in the United States of America and in England and Wales and will make comparative comments and recommendations on how we can adopt some provisions into our own insolvency system.

“Banks are neither private attorneys general nor bounty hunters, armed with a roving commission to seek out defaulting homeowners and take away their homes in satisfaction of some other bank’s deed of trust.” This Article examines the judicial treatment of mortgage assignments across various jurisdictions in the foreclosure context. Although some courts do permit debtors to challenge suspicious or problematic assignments, most have ignored such problems and denied standing to debtors attempting to assert assignment-based defenses. This is particularly surprising given the widespread and well-documented problems with foreclosure “robo-litigation,” including backdated documents, fraudulent notarizations, and unauthorized signatures. Despite the abuse of process by foreclosing entities, courts have permitted foreclosures to continue unabated and, in some instances, have even precluded the possibility of discovery to debtors seeking to ensure that title and assignments are legally valid. Judicial ambivalence about formal compliance by mortgage assignors and assignees in the foreclosure context is somewhat ironic given most courts’ routine enforcement of instruments against debtors who do not formally comply with all contractual terms. Current adjudicative approaches to mortgage assignment are seemingly disconnected from the devastating reality of the home mortgage crisis and its causes. Moreover, there are several rationales that would support a more robust enforcement of technical compliance with assignment procedures, including the need for procedural equity, title certainty, and public records integrity. Thus, as evidence exists that banks are still making many of the same problematic mistakes regarding transfer documentation, courts can perform an essential monitoring role as an important spur towards reform. Although it would not address all of the underlying causes of the housing crisis, an adjudicative approach that liberally permits challenges to mortgage assignments would encourage lenders and servicers to be more circumspect in their foreclosure processes.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى استعراض تجربة الجزائر في مجال جذب الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر من خلال الإشارة إلى جهودها المبذولة في سبيل تهيئة المناخ الاستثمار لامتلاكها مجموعة من مؤهلات واتخاذها العديد من مزايا التي تأهلها على استقطابه ، إلا أنها مازالت رغم ذلك تصنف ضمن المراتب الأخيرة من طرف الهيئات الدولية نظرا لوجود عدة عوامل تحد في مجملها من تدفق الاستثمارات الأجنبية إليها، لهذا خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى محاولة استعراض مجموعة من الآليات الكفيلة بتهيئة مناخ الاستثمار في الجزائر وجعله يتمتع بالاستقرار والجاذبية على جميع المستويات، وبناء تصور متكامل لعوامل جذب الاستثمار الاجنبي في الجزائر للفترة 1980-2012 ، لمعرفة أثرها على تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر واقتراح معالجات مناسبة لها بما ينعكس بالإيجاب عليها مستقبلا.

Cette thèse sur travaux porte sur la recherche des fondements normatifs possibles de la Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE). C’est une analyse approfondie de la notion de norme, de ses fonctions en tant qu’outil de gestion, de ses limites en dehors de toute éthique. Le sujet est traité de manière transdisciplinaire : l’apport théorique des sciences de gestion s’appuie sur l’étude empirique du droit, comme révélateur des utopies, réalisables ou non, en matière de RSE. les responsabilités dites éthiques sont-elles une nouvelle idéologie, une espèce de rêve social qui ne se soucie guère des étapes réelles dans la construction d'une nouvelle société, ou un nouveau pouvoir de la connaissance, un projet d'organisation politique, fondée sur l'axiologie des droits de l'Homme? L’étude de la place du droit au sein de la RSE est un moyen de revisiter de nombreuses théories des organisations, notamment sur la gouvernance, les parties prenantes, la démocratie, le développement durable, le risque, la responsabilité. Elle conclut à la nécessité du respect préalable du droit dans la création et l'utilisation des outils de gestion. L'objet de la recherche, à la croisée des chemins entre les sciences de gestion et les sciences juridiques, autorise néanmoins une réflexion critique sur la flexibilité de la règle de droit et la régulation par les normes, devenues de plus en plus souples et floues, causes d’une privatisation du système économique global. Prenant la mesure des mutations normatives dans la gouvernance mondiale, cette thèse propose de surmonter le défi de l’internormativité, par une nouvelle éthique de la responsabilité. L’idée, en France, serait de concevoir la responsabilité sociale des entreprises comme la fiction juridique de l’entreprise citoyenne. Une véritable extension de responsabilité préventive serait à la charge des sociétés personnes morales dans le cadre de leur sphère d’influence.

La dynamique du droit des procédures collectives tient dans l’antinomie de ses fondements : liberté individuelle, intérêt général. Ces fondements subjectif et objectif expliquent la dichotomie des finalités du Droit positif des procédures collectives : paiement des créanciers, sauvetage de l’entreprise défaillante. Les législations contemporaines s’ordonnent autour de ces deux objectifs en érigeant des systèmes juridiques ayant une dominante soit contractuelle, soit institutionnelle. C’est le cas respectivement du droit OHADA et du droit Français qui sont l’objet de notre étude. Notre propos est que si l’antinomie des fondements aboutit à une dualité de systèmes juridiques de faillite, elle n’empêche pas une convergence des législations. Globalement, l’observation révèle que la dichotomie des objectifs des lois de faillite tend à s’estomper pendant la phase préparatoire du sauvetage, plus précisément dans les effets de l’ouverture de la procédure de sauvetage sur les créanciers. On peut ainsi observer, à ce stade de la procédure, une quasi-similitude des législations OHADA et française ; bien que les finalités du sauvetage soient divergentes, les techniques juridiques adoptées vis-à-vis des créanciers sont mutatis mutandis identiques. Identité qui témoigne de leur universalité, donc de leur efficacité. En revanche, l’irréductibilité des conceptions subjective et objective reparaît à l’étape de la solution de la faillite. Celle-ci révèle les véritables préoccupations du législateur lorsqu’il institue des procédures de redressement de l’entreprise. La solution aboutit à la mise en œuvre de mécanismes qui, soit organisent l’expression collective des créanciers par voie démocratique (loi de la majorité), soit inhibent la participation de ceux-ci au profit de l’autorité judiciaire. La sauvegarde de l’entreprise est donc, ou une question d’intérêt collectif des créanciers, ou une question d’intérêt général. Cette divergence dans la solution du sauvetage en droits OHADA et français est le témoin de l’antinomie dialectique des fondements des « lois de faillite ».

L’office du juge est organisé par le Code de procédure civile au sein des principes directeurs : le juge est tenu de trancher le litige en droit et qu’il dispose, pour ce faire, de la faculté du relevé d’office de moyens de droit. Cette mission soulève une difficulté particulière en droit de la consommation, et notamment au regard du droit des clauses abusives et du crédit à la consommation : ces domaines impliquent la prise en compte du déséquilibre contractuel dû à la faiblesse du consommateur. L’office du juge est confronté à la nécessité de protéger cette « partie faible », ce qui pose la question de savoir si le juge dispose ou non de la faculté du relevé d’office. La difficulté de la réponse à y apporter ouvre une riche controverse (Partie 1) ; le législateur, au gré des réformes, et le juge, au gré des revirements, vont enrichir cette dernière pour finalement aboutir à une consécration du relevé d’office du juge (Partie 2).Le juge national avait d’abord clairement désapprouvé l’exercice du relevé d’office au nom de la notion d’ordre public de protection. La controverse était finalement soumise à l’appréciation du juge communautaire qui avait permis une consécration de la faculté du relevé d’office. Poussé par la jurisprudence communautaire, le législateur français avait fini par s’aligner sur cette exigence. Puis c’est une nouvelle impulsion de la jurisprudence communautaire qui va à nouveau remettre en cause le droit interne par la consécration d’une obligation du relevé d’office pour le juge. La nouvelle loi « Hamon » du 17 mars 2014 et la jurisprudence interne récente ne témoignent pas d’une réelle satisfaction des exigences posées par le droit communautaire.Il faut saisir, de l’ensemble de cette construction laborieuse de la jurisprudence et de la législation interne, la difficulté que pose la question du relevé d’office du juge en droit de la consommation, qui appelle de prochaines évolutions.