Bibliographie sélective OHADA

A presente tese objetiva discutir a colocação dogmática da colaboração entre agentes econômicos nos contratos empresariais. Mediante uma revisão da literatura jurídica, coadjuvada por aportes conceituais da economia, identificou-se a colaboração como uma operação econômica pela qual um agente econômico disponibiliza um ativo específico a outro agente que o explora no âmbito de um projeto comercial comum. Essa operação econômica se estrutura juridicamente em um sinalagma indireto, com obrigações instrumentais e obrigações finais ligadas por um vínculo de complementaridade programada ou equacionada para atingir o fim comum almejado. Esse vínculo permite caracterizar o contrato de colaboração como um tipo contratual geral, cujo fundamento é o instituto da causa do contrato e não o princípio da boa-fé objetiva. O contrato de colaboração merece então receber regime jurídico próprio, ainda por ser dogmaticamente construído, oferecendo o presente estudo um contributo representado por dois efeitos específicos: 1) o reconhecimento do dever de colaboração, dever secundário, no interesse da prestação, distinto do dever de cooperação, dever lateral ou anexo, decorrente do princípio da boa-fé objetiva; 2) a demonstração do poder de controle do contrato, prerrogativa conferida a um dos parceiros contratuais, com vistas à consecução do projeto comum. A tese é finalizada com a exposição de duas questões técnicas, com remissão a estudos doutrinários e análises jurisprudenciais em que se discutem os dois efeitos jurídicos assinalados ao contrato de colaboração, bem como um caso prático, que ilustra a estrutura e o regime jurídico do tipo contratual geral exposto ao longo da pesquisa.

Résumé : L’objectif de ce papier est d’évaluer l’effet du capital humain dans la relation qui existe entre l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et la croissance économique dans les pays de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC). Pour y arriver, des estimations économétriques ont été faîtes en utilisant la Méthode des Moments Généralisés (MMG) en panel dynamique des six pays de la zone sur la période allant de 1996 à 2016. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le capital humain n’exerce aucune influence sur la relation  entre l’IDE et la croissance économique dans le cas des pays de la CEMAC, et que la quasi-totalité de ces pays font plutôt face à un problème de la qualité du capital humain. Au regard de ces résultats, des recommandations ont été faites pour une amélioration de la capacité d’absorption des technologies avancées issues des flux entrants d’IDE par les pays hôtes à travers un capital humain au potentiel optimal pour la promotion d’une croissance économique de long-terme dans la zone Mots clés : Capital humain, Investissement Direct Etranger, croissance économique, CEMAC, MMG. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of human capital in the relationship that exist between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) countries. To achieve this objective, econometric analyses of the panel data of the six countries for the period 1996 to 2016 have been carried out using the Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM). The result obtained from the analyses show that human capital has no influence on the relationship between FDI and economic growth in the case EMCCA countries, and that instead they face the problem of the quality of human resources. Based on the findings recommendations were made on how to improve the absorptive capacity of advanced technology deriving from FDI by hosts’ countries through human capital of optimal potential for the promotion of long-term economic growth in the zone.Keys words: human capital, foreign direct investment, economic growth, CEMAC, GMM

Depuis 2016, le Maroc est devenu le premier investisseur intra-africain. Une telle amplification de ses IDE envers l’Afrique reflète des motivations stratégiques outre-économiques que ne cesse de rappeler les plus hautes instances dirigeantes du royaume. Concomitamment à cela, la diplomatie africaine du Maroc a été remarquablement entreprenante et ce depuis 2013, et plus particulièrement dans le cadre de sa demande de réintégration réussie à l’union africaine, suivie par une seconde demande d’admission au sein de la CEDEAO qui s’est soldée également par un accord de principe favorable. À cet effet, nous nous sommes penchés sur des considérations d’ordre stratégique en mettant au diapason les caractéristiques inhérentes des investissements marocains en Afrique par rapport à une multitude d’enjeux. Dit autrement, nous avons délimité la ventilation stratégique des investissements marocains à la base d’une considération tridimensionnelle, se basant en l’occurrence sur le motif d’ordre économique, l’intérêt géopolitique outre la motivation tendancielle relativement à la prédation économique mondiale dont est victime le continent.

Les entreprises se doivent de respecter le cadre juridique en matière de santé et sécurité au travail. Ce cadre, même s’il est fondé sur une logique de prévention des risques professionnels, est du fait de sa complexité, difficile à maîtriser pour un employeur.La première étape de notre travail de recherche a été de révéler ce cadre juridique en le décortiquant, en en expliquant les subtilités et en le confrontant à la réalité du terrain. De plus, dans de nombreux cas, les employeurs ne découvrent le cadre juridique qu’au moment de l’engagement de leur responsabilité. Nous avons alors réfléchi à comment proposer aux employeurs des solutions effectives afin de les aider à mieux le respecter et par la même, à développer la prévention des risques professionnels au bénéfice des travailleurs.Ainsi, la seconde étape de notre travail de recherche a consisté à mettre à disposition des employeurs un guide de bonnes pratiques composé de deux types d’éléments : Une sélection après analyse, des solutions mises en œuvre par la négociation collective, pouvant avoir un effet réel et tangible en matière de prévention des risques professionnels et ainsi correspondre au critère d’effectivité posé par la jurisprudence, Des dispositifs leur permettant d’autoévaluer leur niveau de respect des obligations générales ainsi que particulières en matière de santé et sécurité au travail et de les satisfaire à l’aide de fiches de mise en conformité.

La grève est un droit fondamental du travailleur. Il est d’une importance capitale dans la vie de ces derniers. Ces dernières années, on assiste à une recrudescence du phénomène. C’est le signe d’une prise de conscience effective et collective des travailleurs. Or, tel qu’il apparait réglementé dans notre droit, le droit de grève, malgré sa consécration constitutionnelle, fait face à de nombreux pesanteurs qui empêchent sa mise en œuvre aisée et rend son exercice presqu’illusoire. Le constat est le même, que l’on se situe dans le secteur privé ou dans le secteur public. Si on n’y prend garde, le droit de grève court inéluctablement vers sa disparition prochaine. Aussi, des mesures concrètes doivent être prises. Celles-ci passent par une réforme globale du droit de grève et un changement de vision politique qui vont la dépouiller de tous les obstacles qui plombent son exercice. Son avenir en dépend ainsi que l’efficacité de son action.

The idea that a contract should affect other people than the parties has seemingly always been a provocative notion. A contract binds the contracting parties – and only them – together in a legal relationship, and yet according to contemporary law a contract can have various legal effects for third parties, i.e. non-parties. The parties can conclude a contract for the benefit of a third party, and third parties can be affected by the contracts of others pursuant to both statutory law and uncodified general principles of law. The legal theme of contractual third party effects involves both theoretical and practical challenges. This doctoral dissertation addresses a number of these challenges, by examining (mainly) Swedish and Nordic private law sources. The study explores third party contracts and direct claims, as well as the relationship between these two legal figures, by placing them in a historical and theoretical context and by performing a series of contextualizing readings of sources revealing developments in both case law and legal scholarship. The research is based on a legal scientific methodology, enriched by theoretical and methodological imports pillaged from the classical teachings and contemporary scholarship on rhetoric. The result can be characterized as a form of rhetorically infused, topically oriented, hermeneutic study of contemporary legal discourse on third party effects of contract.

Profili introduttivi. La nascita ed evoluzione dell'arbitrato internazionale in materia di investimenti: gli accordi precedenti ai BITs. L'arbitrato ICSID. La giurisdizione del centro: l'articolo 25 della convenzione ICSID. Il riconoscimento del lodo arbitrale straniero. L'esecuzione dei lodi arbitrali e l'impatto su di essi della sentenza Achmea. Considerazioni preliminari sul caso Achmea.

International trade law is at a turning point, and the rules as we know them are being broken, rewritten, and reshaped at all levels. At the same time that institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) face significant change and a global pandemic challenges the rules of the market, Africa’s new mega-regional trade agreement, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), is emerging as a promising framework for redesigning international economic law. As this Article will argue, the AfCFTA presents a new normative approach to trade and development that is positioned to rewrite the rules in a more inclusive and equitable way and, over time, possibly affect global trade well beyond the African continent.Historically, trade and development have been linked through the framework of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D), which has been a central feature of the WTO and is increasingly shaping regional trade agreements (RTAs) as well. Although the connection between trade and development is more important than ever before, traditional S&D is not positioned to deliver on broader priorities of social and economic development in the current international climate. Fortunately, as this Article will argue, Africa’s approach under the new AfCFTA sets the stage for a needed refresh of S&D. While the AfCFTA incorporates traditional aspects of S&D, it also includes elements of a forward-looking, rules-based approach to further economic and social development, advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This new dimension of S&D holds great potential for promoting integration through trade, representing the needs of a diverse group of countries in the rulemaking process, and reshaping international economic law more broadly to generate positive development outcomes. This Article begins with an assessment of the AfCFTA as an alternative model for trade and development law, evaluating the agreement in the historical and evolving context of S&D and examining its role in shaping a new normative approach to S&D. The AfCFTA, we argue, represents a shift from using S&D as a largely defensive trade approach to one that positions S&D as an affirmative tool for achieving sustainable development through the design and implementation of the rules of trade themselves, while still maintaining flexibility for countries that need it. This new approach may finally replace the old trade paradigm of the ”haves and have nots” with a system in which trade rules can be designed to benefit all. Although the AfCFTA is still at an early stage and will have to overcome formidable challenges, this Article provides an initial assessment of the AfCFTA’s proactive new model in the context of the substantive areas of law identified as next-stage (Phase II) negotiating priorities: intellectual property rights (IPR), investment, and competition law. The Article’s comparative assessment draws upon the laws of African nations, African and international RTAs, and other proposals for international legal reform. Finally, the Article looks to the future, positing that the AfCFTA could be the best legal instrument available to break the stalemate in international rulemaking, design new trade law approaches to pressing issues like global health and food security, and close the loop between trade rules and development goals, including the seventeen SDGs. As the AfCFTA is rolled out and implemented, it could have a profound impact on trade and development law, reshaping the rules for Africa and perhaps the world as well.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication impactent largement de nombreuses branches du droit. Le droit des obligations n’y fait pas exception et de nombreux contrats sont désormais conclus en ligne, quel que soit le terminal utilisé. Le recours à ce moyen de communication n’est pas sans influence sur la perfection du contrat, en particulier sur les modes d’expression de la volonté dans l’univers numérique. En effet, ce dernier offre de vastes perspectives en termes d’instantanéité, d’immatérialité et d’automatisation de l’expression du consentement contractuel, conduisant à s’interroger sur la validité des contrats formés par voie électronique. L’observation des pratiques qui se sont installées sur l’internet permet de mesurer aujourd’hui le net impact du numérique sur l’expression du consentement contractuel, c’est-à-dire sur les volontés des internautes cocontractants, ainsi que sur le mécanisme de rencontre de celles-ci. Les volontés individuelles se sont ainsi vues soumises à un processus constitué d’une série d’étapes obligatoires, supposées limiter les cas dans lesquels la perfection de la convention interviendrait par erreur. Ce découpage ouvre toutefois la voie à l’automatisation de l’expression des volontés et de leur rencontre, annonçant alors l’ère de contrats conclus voire exécutés en un trait de temps grâce aux récentes avancées de l’intelligence artificielle appliquée au domaine juridique. La traditionnelle dichotomie entre formation et exécution du contrat révèle alors ses limites, et la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté, envisagée comme seul fondement de la force obligatoire du contrat, se heurte à l’apparition de modes inédits d’expression du consentement.

This chapter identifies major categories of situations, events and institutions in which or through which questions of international investment law have been dealt with before African courts. The chapter is selective in nature and aims at showing tendencies instead of exhaustivity. A noteworthy tendency that becomes apparent through the chapter’s analysis is that the prevailing narrative of bypassing African courts and tribunals seems declining in importance as an increasing number of national investment law instruments foresee African judicial and arbitral institutions for the settlement of investment disputes.

This article engages with the recently adopted agreement for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in the area of services. While services trade had heretofore stood at the queue of African trade pacts, the AfCFTA breaks new grounds by negotiating goods and services concurrently, signalling a paradigm shift and a commitment to a deeper integration of the continent. Upon Members’ implementation of the Protocol on Trade in Services, whose aim is to establish a single market in services, the region will be the largest economic integration agreement ever concluded since the birth of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper sets out to analyse the provisions of the Protocol and how they contribute to achieving the objective of attaining a single market where services (alongside goods, people and capital) move unrestricted.

The Competition Act 89 of 1998 applies equally to all firms with regard to anti-competitive behaviour regardless whether it is privately or publicly owned. Therefore it applies to stateowned enterprises (SOEs) if their actions fall short of the Act. There is however one aspect relating to SOEs which is not covered by the application of the Competition Act but may have a significant impact on free and fair competition and can be of big concern for private competitors of SOEs. Since discriminatory policies during Apartheid have created a huge inequality gap in post-Apartheid South Africa, the government has to be actively involved in the economy to address the inequality. Therefore the government uses SOEs as vehicles to achieve its developmental goals. As a result SOEs in South Africa which are active market participants may always rely on the financial support of the state. They may do so purely because of their crucial governmental mandates regardless of financial mismanagement, poor corporate governance and deep seated corruption in almost every SOE. Even though the fundamental need for the existence of SOEs in South Africa is acknowledge, it is argued that state financial aid could qualify as a state-initiated constraint on competition in South Africa as it creates an uneven playing field between SOEs and their private competitors, which is always skewed in favour of the SOEs. It may create warped incentives and SOEs may not compete efficiently if they know that they are protected by a state sponsored safety net. This dissertation asks the question whether the time has not arrived in South Africa for state aid to SOEs to be subjected to a certain degree of scrutiny in order to bring about a level playing field between SOEs and their private competitors. It is recognised that privatisation of SOEs is not always the better option as it could threaten the delivery of basic services and goods to poorer South Africans. Hence, the dissertation investigates whether a state aid control model, based on the European Union state aid rules, is not perhaps a solution to address the potential distortion of free and fair competition by state financial aid. It proposes a customised state aid control regime for South Africa which provides for an active role by the competition authorities in state aid decisions and it presents draft legislation which could be used as a basis for the implementation in South Africa of a regulated system of state financial aid to SOEs (and even private enterprises where applicable).

La réflexion sur les fonctions pénales du paiement au Cameroun présente un double intérêt. En effet, ce mode d’exécution de l’obligation quel que soit l’objet apparaît d’une part comme un moyen d’arrêt des poursuites non encore engagées notamment devant certaines administrations spécialisées et devant un agent verbalisateur lorsque l’infracteur exécute l’obligation de paiement. En outre, il permet d’arrêter les poursuites déjà engagées. Il en est ainsi du paiement intervenu dans le cadre de la transaction et de la restitution du corps du délit. D’autre part, le paiement apparaît comme un mode d’exécution de la peine. Cette exécution peut être volontaire dans le cadre du paiement des dommages et intérêts et du paiement des amendes et frais de justice ; ou forcée. L’exécution forcée prive le condamné de sa liberté d’aller et venir. The reflection on the criminal functions of payment in Cameroon presents a double interest. Indeed, this mode of execution of the obligation whatever the object appears on the one hand as a means of stopping the prosecutions not yet initiated in particular before certain specialized administrations and before a reporting agent when the offender executes the 'payment obligation. In addition, it makes it possible to stop the proceedings already initiated. This is the case with the payment made in the context of the transaction and the restitution of the body of the crime. On the other hand, payment appears as a mode of execution of the sentence. This execution may be voluntary in the context of the payment of damages and the payment of fines and court costs; or forced. The forced execution deprives the condemned of his freedom to come and go.

L’assurance pour le compte de qui il appartiendra en abrégée assurance pour compte ou clause pour compte est une modalité de transfert de la qualité d’assuré au tiers. Ce tiers qui est devenu assuré pour compte connait une situation normale. Il peut accepter ou refuser la clause pour compte Il peut connaître aussi et surtout une situation anormale. Celle-ci est créée non seulement par le législateur, mais également par le souscripteur et l’assureur fictif ou en difficulté. The insurance on behalf for another or insurance for another or clause for another is a method of transfer of the quality of ensured to the third party. This third party who became the assured person faces the normal situation. He can accept or refuse the clause for another. he can also face an uncomfortable situation. This one is created not only by the legislator, but also by the subscriber and the fictitious insurer or in difficulty.

The last few years have been marked by the increase in power of IFRS international accounting standards. From the full or partial adoption to the gradual convergence, many countries have displayed a strong preference for these standards. Meanwhile, the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS standard) in the context of developing countries is not trivial. We are witnessing an unprecedented clash between the authors who support the interest of these standards for developing countries, and those who conversely demonstrate that these norms are not well adapted to the context of those countries. Falling within this problematic, this thesis analyses the issues and determinants of the convergence of the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) accounting system towards IFRS international accounting standards in view of the reforms introduced by the last revision. From a sample of 10 companies, among which two local firms, two international firms, three publicly traded companies, and three not listed other companies, we show that the current convergence towards international accounting standards follows an effect of coercitive and mimetic isomorphism. In so doing, the timely implementation of these standards in the context of Cameroon is contingent with a number of structural and environmental factors that call their pertinence into question.

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L’objet de cette étude est d’analyser l’impact des caractéristiques de l’organisation comptable sur la qualité de l’information comptable et financière produite par les PME. Une analyse de régression logistique binaire, une régression linéaire simple et un test de khi-deux sur les données recueillies par administration du questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon de73 PME constitué par choix raisonné permettent, d’une part, de constater que les PME camerounaises mettent en place une organisation comptable aux fins de produire non seulement des informations comptables obligatoires, mais également des informations comptables destinées à leur propre usage. D’autre part, les conclusions empiriques de cette étude renseignent que le recours à un prestataire dans le cadre d’une externalisation de la fonction comptable et le degré d’informatisation de l’activité comptable influencent positivement et significativement la qualité de la production comptable et financière des PME. A contrario, la féminisation de la fonction comptable se trouve être une des caractéristiques de l’organisation comptable sans influence sur la qualité du produit comptable et financier des PME. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the characteristics of the accounting organization on the quality of the accounting and financial information produced by SMEs. A binary logistic regression analysis, a simple linear regression and a chi-square test on the data collected by administering a questionnaire from a sample of 73 SMEs constituted by reasoned choice allow, on the one hand, to observe that the SMEs Cameroonians are setting up an accounting organization in order to produce not only mandatory accounting information, but also accounting information intended for their own use. On the other hand, the empirical conclusions of this study show that the use of a service provider in the context of an outsourcing of the accounting function and the degree of computerization of the accounting activity positively and significantly influence the quality of accounting production. and finance for SMEs. Conversely, the feminization of the accounting function is found to be one of the characteristics of the accounting organization without influencing the quality of the accounting and financial product of SMEs.

On 1 July 2017, the Commission of the European Union (Commission) announced that investor state dispute settlement (ISDS) was dead. Apart from the fundamental public distrust of ISDS, its rejection by the European Union (EU) is a symptom of several underlying causes, the foremost of which is the need to protect the autonomy of the EU legal order and its right to regulate public policy objectives, as well as to avoid jurisdictional conflicts. With this backdrop EU state aid law, which enjoys public policy status, has emerged as a major example of the conflict between investor protection and the right to regulate. As state aid law imposes measures on the EU Member States that conflict with these states’ international obligations to foreign investors under bilateral investment treaties (BITs), they have become subject to claims and substantial liabilities. This dilemma can arise in any setting that involves the EU or one or more of its Member States. It also includes relations with non-EU countries, as the web of international investment agreements (IIAs) operates, in different forms, on an international scale. Therefore, this dilemma and the EU’s responses to it is analysed through the different forms in which EU state aid law appears, dependent on the EU investment policy aspect utilised as a platform for analysis. Utilising a doctrinal analysis by studying, discussing and analysing the impact of EU state aid law on the EU Member States’ BITs and EU Trade Agreements, this dissertation provides an insight into the function and logic behind international treaties involving the EU’s competition and investment policy. This is done by utilising the research question: How does the European Union (EU) state aid law affect the future of EU investment policy in a global context? Further, this thesis puts forward three arguments in which EU state aid law is affecting the future of EU investment policy in a global context. First, state aid law applies in the EU’s incorporation of clauses promoting fair competition and state aid policy in international trade agreements. Second, state aid law and policy has contributed to recent EU internal development, which led the EU Member States to terminate their bilateral agreements with each other (intra-EU BITs) by the end of 2019. Third, the EU has been working towards replacing the existing BITs between the EU’s Member States and third countries (extra-EU BITs) with the EU’s own trade agreements, which are aligned with EU legislation. Essentially, this thesis golden thread is a debate on who gets to decide on the scope of state aid law now and in the future. In other words, is it the EU that sets the borders and the status of state aid law and policy law regarding investment protection or the international investment tribunals by their legal practice? Hence, this thesis offers a glimpse of a conceivable future of EU investment policy in a global context. An analysis of the relevant literature, and observation of recent policy changes on its subject matter, as reflected in the Commission’s policy documents, the EU’s international agreements and declarations by the Member States, leads to the findings of this dissertation. A conflict situation that originated from legal conflicts within the EU, the EU experience of investment protection and state aid regarding intra-EU BITs, provided some lessons to learn for the EU organs. These lessons learned have found expression on a global scale. By incorporating fair competition and state aid policy in international trade the EU is reasserting that it is the EU that decides on state aid law and policy law regarding investment protection. Indeed, the EU is attempting to tame investment protection in such a way that fair competition and investment protection can peacefully coexist in international trade. Ultimately, the interplay of state aid and the EU’s investment policy within the internal market reflects on the external trade relations of both the Member States and the EU through this practice. Thus, state aid law affects and will continue to affect the future of EU investment policy in a global context.