Bibliographie sélective OHADA

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a possibilidade de caracterizar determinados bens da companhia como tendo natureza de bem comum, à luz das premissas metodológicas propostas pelo novo estruturalismo jurídico e partindo do conceito de bem comum desenvolvido por Elinor Ostrom. Diante do entendimento pela possibilidade dessa identificação em casos restritos, apresenta-se uma proposta de regulação para tais bens, que são referidos como commons empresariais, o que demanda o enfrentamento das estruturas propriedade e empresa - enquanto atividade empresarial - de acordo com a premissa metodológica apresentada. A partir de uma lente inspirada nas reflexões de Direito e Economia, defende-se que a propriedade deve ser entendida como uma forma de internalização de externalidades e composta por feixes de direitos de propriedade (bundle of rights), ao passo que a atividade empresarial deve ser entendida como um instrumento para maximização de eficiência distributiva, em um posicionamento que se entende alinhado com os preceitos do institucionalismo organizativo, sendo que o preenchimento desse objetivo é identificado com o conceito de melhor interesse da companhia. Diante dessas considerações discutese a forma de internalização de titulares de interesses afetados pela destinação desses commons empresariais, o que deve ser feito sempre visando, justamente, ao melhor interesse da companhia. Nesse contexto defende-se que soluções autorregulatórias (voluntárias e compulsórias) seriam os instrumentos adequados para a promoção desse objetivo, sendo o contrato associativo plurilateral, visto como um método de organização de interesses, a forma jurídica adequada para tanto.

La notion de « modèle » n’a jamais été définie en droit français des sociétés. Le législateur n’utilise pas cette notion, la jurisprudence non plus. Les travaux doctrinaux permettent toutefois de considérer que le terme de « modèle » suppose la réunion de deux critères cumulatifs : l’existence d’une référence et l’imitation de cette référence. De ce point de vue, les traits du « modèle » sont bien présents en droit des sociétés. L’objet de cette étude consiste à s’interroger sur l’applicabilité de la notion de modèle à la société par action simplifiée (SAS). À première vue, le régime juridique de la SAS conduit à en douter. En effet, lors de l’élaboration du régime juridique de la SAS, le législateur a utilisé la technique de la législation par référence qui consiste à se référer explicitement au régime juridique de la SA. Ce dernier a ainsi constitué un modèle pour la SAS. Le rattachement de ces deux régimes pose actuellement un certain nombre de difficultés pour la vie de la SAS qui était initialement conçue comme une société distincte des autres formes sociétaires du fait de sa souplesse. En d’autres termes, alors que la SAS renferme des atouts incontestables liés à sa flexibilité et pourrait, de ce fait, être une référence pour l’élaboration d’autres formes sociétaires, le rattachement de son régime juridique à celui de la SA constitue à l’heure actuelle un obstacle à l’affirmation de la SAS comme modèle. Afin de résoudre cette difficulté, une approche plus créative du régime de la SAS permet de proposer une solution : détacher législativement le régime de la SAS de celui de la SA. L’autonomisation du régime juridique de la SAS constitue alors la condition essentielle qui permettra à la SAS de s’affirmer comme modèle, au sein du système juridique français comme au-delà des frontières nationales.

« Les entreprises de conviction », ce vocable apparemment baroque désigne pourtant un élément classique de l’univers des organisations : une entreprise. Et ce, depuis sa définition jurisprudentielle tant par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme que par la Cour d’appel de Paris et la Cour de cassation, dans une cause médiatiquement surexposée : l’affaire Baby Loup.Ces entreprises de conviction sont encore peu étudiées en sciences de gestion, non faute de matière à réflexion. En effet, au vu des termes de ladite définition « entités au sein desquelles sont expressément prônées une idéologie, une morale, une philosophie ou une politique, autrement dit, l’objet essentiel de l’activité de ces entreprises est la défense et la promotion d’une doctrine ou d’une éthique », la notion même d'entreprise est réinterrogée.C'est pourquoi, à partir d’une question centrale simple « Qu’est-ce une entreprise de conviction et quel est son apport dans l’ordre des connaissances ?», une réflexion historico-théorique a été proposée, aboutissant à restituer son apparition et son existence comme phénomène de création humaine, avec un ancrage éthico-religieux. Et ce, sous des traits et des caractéristiques que l’on a pu confronter aux réalités observées sur des terrains divers.

En France et dans l’espace OHADA, la cession de droits sociaux est une opération économique considérablement pratiquée dans des milliers de sociétés commerciales. Pourtant, la loi ne prévoit pas un cadre formellement dédié à son régime juridique. Face à ce vide juridique, la jurisprudence, la doctrine et les praticiens tentent de lui appliquer des régimes juridiques préexistants, mais forcément inadaptés. C’est ainsi que l’on assiste tout naturellement à une appropriation civiliste de l’opération qui est considérée aujourd’hui comme un acte civil. Or, elle a tout le caractère d’un acte fondamentalement commercial. C’est pourquoi la présente étude propose une approche qui priorise sa commercialité.

L’exercice d’une activité économique est un parcours semé d’obstacles. En témoigne le nombre de liquidations judiciaires clôturées pour insuffisance d’actif. On dénombre pour l’année 2018 en France, 37 214 liquidations judiciaires contre 16 359 redressements judiciaires. Pareillement, dans l’espace OHADA, malgré l’inexistence d’étude permettant de quantifier le nombre de défaillances de sociétés, on sait que les liquidations judiciaires restent importantes et problématiques. Beaucoup de sociétés meurent sans même qu’ait été ouverte une procédure collective, surtout celles évoluant dans le secteur informel. Cette situation n’est pas sans conséquence sur la situation des créanciers chirographaires qui ne disposent d’aucune garantie réelle ou personnelle. Or, le statut de créancier chirographaire ne résulte pas, le plus souvent, d’un choix du créancier concerné. C’est une situation qui s’impose à lui, notamment pour des raisons liées au coût de la prise d’une garantie. Cette situation est d’autant plus inquiétante que le créancier chirographaire impayé risque de devenir, à son tour, un débiteur en difficulté. Il est donc important de chercher un moyen de le protéger. Le premier moyen pour ce faire est d’éviter qu’il soit confronté à une situation d’impayé ce qui passe par des actions préventives visant à prévenir, pour les éviter, les difficultés de ses débiteurs. Les mécanismes de prévention des difficultés doivent à cet égard être aménagés pour une meilleure implication des créanciers chirographaires dans le traitement précoce des difficultés de la société. Par ailleurs, parce que la prévention n’empêche pas la survenance des difficultés, il est important de chercher comment préserver les créanciers chirographaires lorsqu’une procédure collective est malgré tout ouverte. La souscription d’une assurance peut alors être envisagée.

Résumé : L’apport en industrie est l’un des apports qu’une personne physique ou morale peut mettre dans une société à côté de la forme numéraire et de celui en nature. L’article 416 du code civil algérien qui le prévoit ne donne aucune définition à ce type d’apport, pas plus que le code de commerce. L’apport en industrie constitue un atout précieux pour les sociétés, puisqu’il recouvre les connaissances techniques et professionnelles, l’activité, le savoir faire et la notoriété. Ce type d’apport présente des caractéristiques spécifiques et soumis à un régime juridique particulier. Il peut être réalisé dans certains types de sociétés notamment au sein des sociétés de personnes : telles que la société en nom collectif(CNC), la société à commandité simple(SCS) et la société en participation(SP).Son introduction au sein des SARL a vu le jour à partir de 2015, suite aux modifications apportées au code de commerce algérien. Néanmoins, il reste interdit dans les sociétés par actions et les sociétés en commandité par action du fait qu’il ne rentre pas dans la formation du capital social , contrairement à l’apport en numéraire et celui en nature, il ne peut en aucun cas faire objet d’une exécution forcée par les créanciers des dites sociétés .L’apport en industrie permet de valoriser le capital humain en plus du capital financier, mais celui-ci reste lié à la personne de l’apporteur par son caractère d’intuitu-personae, il ne peut être transmissible ni cessible. Abstract: Industry contribution is a contribution made by a natural person or legal entity when setting-up the company, in addition to cash considerations and in-kind contributions. Article 416 of the Algerian Civil Code, which provides for the possibility of bringing industry contribution, does not give any definition to this type of contribution, any more than the Commercial Code, although industry contribution represents an important and significant asset for trading companies as it represents technical and professional knowledge, know-how and reputation. Industry contribution has certain characteristics that are distinct from cash considerations and in-kind contributions and is subject to a legal regime specific to the same. As far as the area of industry contribution is concerned, it occurs usually in partnerships such as general partnerships, limited partnerships and joint venture companies. This type of contribution has been implicated in limited liability companies from 2015, following the amendments of the Algerian Commercial Code. Nevertheless, it remains prohibited in investment companies, especially shareholding companies and joint stock companies, as they do not contribute to the formation of the company's share capital, in contrast to cash consideration and in-kind contribution, and it is not subject to specific performance by the creditors of these companies. Although industry contribution allows the development of human capital in addition to financial capital, it remains inherent in the shareholder's person, and thus, it can neither be transferable nor assignable. ملخص: تمثل الحصة من عمل في تلك المساهمة التي يقدمها الشخص الطبيعي أو الاعتباري عند تأسيس الشركة، إلى جانب المساهمة النقدية والعينية. لم تتناول المادة 416 من القانون المدني الجزائري التي نصت على إمكانية الإسهام بحصة من عمل على تعريف هذا النوع من المساهمة ولا حتى القانون التجاري، رغم ما تمثله الحصة من عمل من رصيد هام و معتبر للشركات التجارية، باعتبارها تمثل المعرفة التقنية و المهنية، النشاط ،الخبرة والسمعة. تتمتع الحصة من عمل بخصائص محددة و مميزة عن الحصة النقدية و العينية، وتخضع لنظام قانوني خاص بها. أما عن مجال المساهمة بالحصة من عمل، فعادة ما يكون في شركات الأشخاص كشركة التضامن، شركة التوصية البسيطة و شركة المحاصة. لقد تم إقحام المساهمة بهذا النوع من الحصة في الشركات ذات المسؤولية المحدودة ابتداء من2015، ولكن لا تزال هذه الحصة محظورة في شركات الأموال، لاسيما شركات المساهمة و شركات التوصية بالأسهم، باعتبارها لا تساهم في تكوين الرأس المال الاجتماعي للشركة خلافا للحصة النقدية و العينية، كما أنها لا تخضع للتنفيذ العيني من طرف دائني هذه الشركات. فبالرغم من أن الحصة من عمل تسمح بتطوير رأس المال البشري بالإضافة إلى رأس المال المالي، إلا أنها تبقى لصيقة بشخصية المساهم ، فهي لا تنتقل و لا يمكن التنازل عنها

Dès l’adoption en 1997 de l’AUSC, le caractère d’ordre public des règles qui y sont éditées a été au cœur de maintes interrogations de la part des praticiens et de la doctrine. L'ensemble des dispositions de cet acte uniforme resté étaient déclarées d'ordre public par le législateur qui faisait ainsi un choix difficile à comprendre en ce qu’il s’inscrit totalement aux antipodes de la dynamique contemporaine. En effet, l’une des évolutions notables du droit des sociétés à la fin du 20e siècle est la tendance vers un droit souple dans laquelle la volonté des associés occupe une place de choix. On s'attend alors légitimement à une réforme de I'AUSC qui promeuve le recours dans la réglementation de leurs sociétés. Pourtant, depuis l'adoption de ladite réforme en Janvier 2014, la doctrine n'est pas unanime sur la portée du choix du législateur Ohada d'orienter le droit des sociétés dans le sens de la contractualisation. Ainsi, pendant que certains voient dans la réforme, un triomphe de la liberté contractuelle, d'autres n'y voient qu’une apparente consécration de l'autonomie de la volonté qui ne cacherait qu’un même droit rigide exclusivement constitué de règles d'ordre public. En tant que tel, il était opportun d’évaluer la portée du phénomène contractuel dans le droit des sociétés de l’Ohada et d’apprécier l’efficacité des mécanismes qui y concourent. Ainsi, en partant d’une analyse substantielle du droit positif, la présente étude a révélé un réel recul de l'ordre public sociétaire et un profond assouplissement du régime juridique des formes sociales jusque-là connues pour leur caractère institutionnel avéré.

In this chapter, I ask whether shares in corporations ought to command more attention within theories of property. Contemporary liberal property theorists typically take land (and sometimes goods) as the basic case of property. Shares tend to be left out of these accounts or treated as imitations or mutations of the basic case. Economists, for their part, have transformed the idea of ownership: ‘owner’ refers to the ultimate beneficiary of the value of assets. Shares are treated as a central case of property by those who take this approach. Shareholders are taken to own the corporation insofar as they are the ultimate beneficiaries of its value. In this chapter, I concede shares do not fit within the traditional property framework. This does not mean, however, that the traditional idea of property is obsolete and that a new property framework is in order.

Companies are legal persons and as much part of commercial traffic as the natural persons owning and controlling them. Compared to one another, companies and natural persons nevertheless have very different legal abilities and characteristics. It is therefore not unexpected that they are treated differently for purposes of the law of taxation. As a result it may often be more beneficial to have the profits generated by a business enterprise taxed in a company rather than in the hands of a natural person, especially in instances where a shareholder would be commercially indifferent to whether those profits are generated in a company or not. By using the separate legal personality of a company shareholders may often perpetrate an abuse of that separate legal personality. Such abuse of legal personality can also take place when legal personality is employed primarily for tax reasons. While a limited form of abuse of the corporate veil is tolerated, whether the use of separate legal personality for tax reasons amounts to an abuse thereof beyond what is permitted in South Africa can be determined in terms of three tests. These tests are the traditional “piercing of the corporate veil” judgments forming part of the common law, section 20(9) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 and the General Anti-Avoidance Rules (“GAARs”) (and other specific provisions) in the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. This dissertation considers when any of these various tests will dictate that the separate personality of a company be ignored (or “pierced”) for purposes of taxes levied in terms of the Income Tax Act. Through critical analysis of both the South African rules on piercing as applied for tax purposes as well as the circumstances under which selected other jurisdictions provide for piercing for tax reasons the dissertation formulates what best practice and desired policy for piercing for tax reasons are.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT :This dissertation assesses the regulation of takeovers and mergers and the institutions created to enforce the law, from a comparative perspective. It uses South Africa as its point of departure and takes the laws of Delaware in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia into account. The dissertation indicates that numerous takeover provisions in South Africa are poorly formulated, making them difficult to interpret and apply. Accordingly, the dissertation recommends amendment and improvement of certain Takeover Provisions. Special emphasis is placed on the mandatory offer requirement. The dissertation critically and comparatively analyses this requirement and especially its impacts on the market for corporate control, efficient usage of capital, corporate governance and (in South Africa) Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment. It appears from the literature explored that the mandatory offer requirement originated from the Perlman case in the United States as an expression of the equal opportunity rule. According to the equal opportunity rule, the controlling stake of a company is enriched with a premium of control, which must be shared with other shareholders when there is a change of the controlling shareholder. Shareholders must be given an equal opportunity to share in this control premium. Hence, a mandatory offer must be made to the remaining shareholders of the company by the new controlling shareholder at a price at which control was bought. Perlman case was decided in the United States of America during 1955. It is contended in the dissertation, that the mandatory offer requirement in section 123 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (“the Act”), can ultimately be traced back to this case. Researchers have criticised the mandatory offer requirement in a number of respects. It has been pointed out that the rationale for the decision in the Perlman case was not clear and applied in limited circumstances. Other scholars point out that the case was not a final decider on the sharing of the control premium due to later judicial pronouncements that differed with that case. Despite these commentaries, it appears that the case became a basis for imposing and enforcing this most debated rule in takeover and merger law. The dissertation concludes that the sharing of a premium of control, as envisaged by the mandatory offer requirement, is not enforced in the state of Delaware. It further concludes that in the UK, the mandatory offer rule forms the cornerstone of enforcement of the equal opportunity rule, but that widely dispersed shareholding ameliorates it negative consequences in that jurisdiction. The dissertation favours the Australian approach. That jurisdiction does not require a mandatory offer similar to that in section 123 of the Act, but, Australian Takeover Provisions, unlike their South African equivalent, have been tailor-made for Australian market conditions. The dissertation accordingly concludes that the mandatory offer requirement in section 123 of the Act in its current form is not appropriate for South Africa.

Parce qu’il contrevient à un droit fondamental de l’associé, qui est le droit de demeurer dans la société, le mécanisme de l’exclusion est beaucoup combattu. L’intérêt individuel de l’associé prendrait ainsi le dessus sur l’intérêt social pour empêcher toute forme d’exclusion. Toutefois, face à la modernisation croissante du droit des sociétés, l’intérêt l’individuel de l’associé peut être amené à céder devant l’intérêt social, voire l’intérêt général, pour mettre à l’écart le membre qui gêne la survie de l’entité, soit par ses agissements, soit en raison de la perte de l’une de ses qualités essentielles, soit enfin en raison de la situation dans laquelle il se trouve. La validité des clauses d’exclusion, qu’elles soient statutaires ou extrastatutaires, est donc de plus en plus admise par la jurisprudence et aujourd’hui, le législateur OHADA ne fait plus l’impasse sur la technique, qu’il admet expressément dans le texte de l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d’intérêt économique. Privilégiant, certes, la survie de l’entreprise, l’étude montre que l’admission du mécanisme de l’exclusion, malgré la grande controverse dont elle fait l’objet ne va pas jusqu’à sacrifier fondamentalement les droits de l’exclu, qui restent globalement aménagés à travers le respect de ses droits de défense et le remboursement de ses droits patrimoniaux.

"Bu çalışmada finansal tabloların işlevleri, çeşitleri, düzenlenmesi ve tutulmasından kaynaklanan hukuksal sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Finansal tablolar, işletmenin finansal durumunun ve finansal performansının biçimlendirilmiş sunumudur. Bu tablolar aracılığıyla, şirketin finansal durumu hakkında bilgilendirme yapılmaktadır. Finansal tablolar, özellikle yabancı yatırımcının şirketlere güvenip yatırım kararı alması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Türk Ticaret Kanunu'nun (TTK) genel gerekçesi beşinci paragrafında, uluslararası piyasaların bir parçası olmak hedefi ortaya konulmuştur. Hedefe ulaşmak için, finansal tabloların uluslararası standartlara göre düzenlenmesi gerekliliğine yer verilmiştir. Hedefe ulaşmada yeterli düzenleme yapılması konusunda Kamu Gözetimi, Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu görevlendirilmiştir. Kurum tarafından yapılan düzenlemeler, uluslararası muhasebe standartlarının çevirisinden ibaret olup, yeterli değildir. TTK ile muhasebe uygulaması arasında köprü kurulamamıştır. Ticaret ve vergi hukuku alanında yer alan düzenlemeler kapsamında iki ayrı uygulama yürütülmektedir. Finansal tabloların işletmenin finansal durumunu, finansal performansını ve nakit akışlarını gerçeğe uygun olarak sunması gereklidir. Kural olarak standartlara uygunluk, bilgilerin gerçeğe uygun şekilde açıklanması için yeterlidir; ancak bu uygunluk gerçek durumunu yansıtmıyorsa standartlar uygulanmayabilecektir. Finansal tablolar bilanço, döneme ait kar veya zarar ve diğer kapsamlı gelir tablosu, özkaynak değişim tablosu, nakit akış tablosu, önemli muhasebe politikalarını ve diğer açıklayıcı bilgileri içeren dipnotlardan oluşur. Bilanço, işletmenin hazırlandığı tarih itibariyle varlık, yükümlülük ve özkaynaklarını gösteren finansal tablodur. İşletmenin sahip olduğu her türlü malvarlığı unsuru veya katlandığı her sorumluluk bilançoda muhasebeleştirilemez. Bunun için standartlarda sayılan koşulları taşımaları gerekmektedir. Bilanço dışındaki diğer finansal tablolar, ya bilançonun hazırlanması açısından birer araçtır ya da bilançonun tamamlayıcısıdır. Tabloların içeriğinde yer alan bilgilerin birbiriyle ilişkisi, bunların bir bütün olarak değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Finansal tabloların tutulmasının yönetim kurulu, denetim ve genel kurul açısından hukuki sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Yönetim kurulu finansal tabloları hazırlar ve genel kurula sunar. Bununla birlikte, denetim finansal tablolar esas alınarak yapılacaktır. Buna bağlı olarak, denetçi şirket hakkında denetim raporunu oluşturacaktır. Genel kurul, denetimden geçmiş finansal tablolara dayanarak şirkete ve yönetim kuruluna ilişkin kararlar alacaktır. In this study, the legal results arising from the functions, types, regulation and retention of the financial statements are examined. Financial statements are a structured representation of the financial position and financial performance of an entity. These tables provide information on the financial position of the company. Financial statements are especially significant for foreign investors to trust companies and make investment decisions. In this context, the fifth paragraph of the general justification of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) aims to be a part of international markets. In order to reach the target, it is necessary to arrange the financial statements according to international standards. The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority has been appointed to ensure adequate regulation to reach the target. The regulations made by the institution consist of translation of international accounting standards and are not sufficient. No bridge could be established between the TCC and the accounting practice. Within the scope of the regulations in the field of trade and tax law, two different applications are carried out. Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. As a rule, compliance with standards is sufficient for the information to be truthfully disclosed; however, if this compliance does not reflect the actual situation of the company, the standards may not apply. The financial statements comprises balance sheet, a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period, a statement of changes in equity, a statement of cash flow, notes, comprising significant accounting policies and other explanatory information. The balance sheet is the financial statement showing the assets, liabilities and equity of the entity. Any asset that the entity owns or any liability that it endures cannot be recognized in the balance sheet. For this, they must meet the requirements listed in the standards. Other financial statements, other than the balance sheet, are either tools for the preparation of the balance sheet or complementary to the balance sheet. For this reason, the relationship between the information contained in the content of the tables suggests that they should be evaluated as a whole. The holding of the financial statements has legal consequences for the board of directors, auditing and general assembly. The Board of Directors shall prepare the financial statements and present them to the General Assembly. However, the audit will be performed on the basis of financial statements. Accordingly, the auditor will establish an audit report on the company. The General Assembly shall take decisions regarding the company and the board of directors on the basis of audited financial statements."

Bu çalışma İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Özel Hukuk Doktora Tezi olarak hazırlanmıştır. Tezin konusunu anonim şirketlerde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme imtiyazı oluşturmaktadır. 6012 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile imtiyazlara ilişkin yeni bir düzen getirilmiş, ayrıca yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı normatif düzenlemeye kavuşturulmuş ve belirli gruplar ile azlığa temsil edilme hakkı tanınabileceği hükme bağlanmıştır. Tez kapsamında ilk olarak imtiyaz kavramı ve imtiyazlara ilişkin temel ilkeler incelenmiştir. Takip eden bölümde yönetim kurulunda temsil edilme hakkı irdelenmiştir. Tezde en önemli amaç, temsil edilme hakkını etraflıca incelemek ve temsil edilme hakkıyla imtiyazlar arasında kurulan köprüyü tanıtmak olmuştur. Bu itibarla, bir imtiyaz olarak nitelendirilen temsil edilme hakkının, diğer imtiyazlardan ayrılan özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca temsil edilme hakkının tanınabileceği zümreler ile tanındığı her bir zümre özelinde hakkın hukuki niteliğine yönelik tespitlerde bulunulmuş ve öğretide pek tartışılmamış olan temsilci üyenin niteliği ele alınmıştır. Devamında temsil edilme hakkına dair yöntemler incelenmiş ve çeşitli esas sözleşme hükümleri yorumlanmıştır. Tezde karşılaşılan hukuki sorunların işlevsel bir menfaat hukukçuluğu çerçevesinde yanıtlanmasını hedefleyen bir yöntem benimsenmiştir. Yorum yapılırken amaçsal yorum metodu kullanılmış, saptanan hukuki sorunlar için de lege lata çözüm önerilerinde bulunmaya gayret edilmiştir. This paper is prepared as Istanbul Bilgi University Faculty of Law Private Law PH.D. Dissertation. Subject of the dissertation is the privilege to be represented in the board of directors of joint stock companies. Turkish Commercial Code numbered 6102 introduced a paradigm shift in relation to the privileges, regulated the right to be represented in the board of directors and set forth that such right may be granted to certain groups and minority. Firstly, privilege concept and principles surrounding the privileges have been examined in the dissertation. Following section focuses on the right to be represented in the board of directors. The substantial purpose of the dissertation is to introduce the right to be represented and the correlation between such right and privileges. Thus, the differences between the right to be represented which is a privilege and other privileges have been set forth. Further, determinations have been made on classes that may be granted with the right to be represented and legal qualifications of the right by taking into consideration each class that may be granted with such right, and characteristics of the representative, a subject so far that has not been examined in detail by doctrine, have been discussed. Methods of right to be represented are examined and miscellaneous articles of association provisions are interpreted in this regard. The method adopted in the dissertation aims to respond to the legal problems within the frame of taking into consideration the interests of the shareholders. The teleological interpretation methodology has been used for interpretations and proposals of de lege lata solutions to the legal problems have been endeavored.

Un article de la revue Revue du notariat, diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.