Bibliographie sélective OHADA

The study investigated the impact of exchange rate depreciation on import demand in Nigeria from 1986 to 2021. The data used was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was adopted in the investigation. Multiple regression analysis was employed, in which Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model as the method of analysis was utilized in the research. The ARDL model evaluates short-run and long-run interactions among the specified variables. The unit root tests conducted using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) revealed that the time series variables used were stationary at level and the first difference, but none of the variables was stationary at the second difference. The ARDL – Bound test analysis revealed the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria within the period of the study. The coefficient of error correction mechanism was statistically significant and also negatively signed. The results equally found that exchange rate depreciation is statistically not significant and negatively impacted on import demand in Nigeria in the short-run. However, in the long-run, exchange rate depreciation is negatively impacted to import demand and statistically significant. Causal relationship does exist between exchange rate depreciation and import demand in Nigeria with causation running from import demand to exchange rate depreciation. On the basis of the findings, the researcher made the following recommendations among others: Government should consider inward looking to strengthen the imports substitution policies that ensure massive production of goods and services.

This work explored the dynamics of Nigeria-China relations from the political and economic points of view between 1999-2023. The primary concern of this paper is to discern the extent Nigeria-China relations is mutually beneficial and how Nigeria can stand to gain more if the relationship is properly aligned to Nigeria’s national interest. The central argument of this work is that Nigeria stands to gain more from China than from the West bearing in mind the fact that over one hundred years of Africa’s relationship with the West has been largely exploitative and disadvantageous. In this regard, the research employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary sources relied on first-hand information gathered from the Chinese Embassy as well as key actors within the Nigeria External Affairs Ministry and Key Informant Interviews on experts in Nigeria-China relations. The secondary sources relied on already existing information from libraries, text books, journals and the internet. The theoretical framework employed is the Complex Interdependence Theory. The conclusion drawn from this work is that Nigeria-China relations have not fully developed to the extent of being more beneficial to Nigeria economically and politically. What currently subsists is that China is gaining economically more in terms of trade to Nigeria’s disadvantage. However, politically and socio-culturally, the two countries are mutually benefiting due to various diplomatic protocols and cultural exchanges. The study recommended among others that Nigeria must strive to develop her techno-industrial export-oriented base to ensure more symmetric beneficial relationship with China.

This study investigates the impact of the arbitration cases under the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) scheme on cross-border direct investment in the form of merger and acquisition deals. The initiation of ISDS claims has significant and negative effects on direct investment from the claimant home country to the developing or weak-institution responding country. Indirect expropriation claims often have stronger effects than direct expropriation claims. The investor-win arbitration cases produce a significant substantiation effect by reducing merger flows, while the state-win cases produce an acquittal effect that encourages the subsequent capital inflow to the respondent state. Both effects are more striking in weak-institution or less developed target countries. We also detect some spillover effects of ISDS arbitration.

This study extensively explored the potential of digitalization in The Gambia Revenue Authority's tax administration, amidst concerns over the practical application of digital tools and their underutilization, which have hindered the realization of improved revenue mobilization and efficient tax processes in The Gambia. The research, adopting a mixed method design, aimed to understand the intricate relationship between digitalization and tax administration in The Gambia. With specific objectives, including identifying driving factors, examining effects, and evaluating the correlation with GRA's performance, the study adopted quantitative and qualitative analyses. Similarly, the study population is two thousand, one hundred and eighty-eight (2188). Using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula, out of 2188 population of the study, three hundred and twenty seven (327) were selected as the sample size. This encompassed individuals drawn from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, GRA staff, and corporate taxpayers using a stratified and proportionate-to-size sampling approach. Hypotheses analysis revealed a statistically significant and positive effect of digitalization on tax administration, indicating improved efficiency and GRA effectiveness. Also, Spearman's rank-order correlation affirmed a positive relationship between digitalization and tax administration. Furthermore, qualitative insights from stakeholder interviews highlighted drivers such as international financial body stipulations, modernization imperatives, trust-building, accurate record-keeping, and alignment with global standards. Recommendations include training programs for GRA staff, public awareness campaigns, and enhancing user experiences for e-payment systems, among others.

Most transactions that leave an imprint on the environment and communities are organized by commercial contracts. However, little is known about the way in which parties reflect sustainable development in contractual clauses. How can parties to international contracts commit to respect sustainable development goals? What are the possible degrees of commitment? Which contractual mechanisms can apply to the monitoring of compliance? How does one establish a link between the failure to meet sustainable development goals and the contractual liability or termination of contract? This article identifies contractual clauses relating to sustainable development and analyses these clauses through the lens of the 2016 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Drawing inspiration from open access contracts, the analysis will demonstrate that Article 1.8 of the PICC, precluding inconsistent behaviour, and Articles 5.1.4 and 5.1.5, on the duty of best efforts and the obligation to achieve a specific result, as well as the provisions on liability, can assist contract drafters, judges, and arbitrators in drafting and interpreting such clauses.

Although the forging of an efficient system for enforcement of security interest is one of the central expectations of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems, the results hardly give reason for satisfaction. As the reforms tend to be supported and influenced by various international organizations’ projects (especially the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), most out-of-court methods of enforcement of security interests have played a central role. Yet due to civil law’s general hostility towards self-help as such, either the introduction of the concept has been rejected or the local limited-reach kin have been merely ‘paper tigers’. Similarly, although security interests on several types of collateral (accounts, investment property) or on the workhorse of the English financial system—the floating charge—have also been enforced extrajudicially (save the exceptions), little attention has been attributed to these enforcement modalities. The same applies to strict foreclosure in civil law systems still being prohibited, or restricted, and thus rarely resorted to, due to the inherited hostility towards the doctrine of lex commissoria. Rethinking local laws on preliminary and temporary court orders to match them with such globally known ex parte preliminary measures as the English Mareva Injunction or the French Saisie Conservatoire, which allow creditors to swiftly freeze debtors’ assets and thus substitute self-help repossession, has also been given short shrift. The enforcement segment, consequently, remains the Achilles’ heel of secured transaction law reforms in civil law systems. This article desires to contribute to reform literature by addressing these deficiencies and by offering tested, fully or partially fitting, functional equivalents of self-help repossession.

Le secteur informel, qualifié souvent de véritable moteur de la construction des villes et de l’animation de la vie urbaine en Afrique, a fait l’objet de nombreuses études dans lesquelles était décriée sa principale caractéristique, à savoir le fait qu’elle évolue en marge du cadre formel – légal et réglementaire – d’exercice des activités économiques. Fort de ce constat, le législateur de l’Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) a entrepris une réforme afin d’attirer les acteurs de ce secteur vers une formalisation progressive. Ainsi, l’entreprenant a connu son entrée dans l’espace OHADA à travers la réforme de l’AUDCG opérée le 15 décembre 2010 à Lomé (Togo). L’un des objectifs assignés à cette réforme était la facilitation de la création d’entreprises individuelles et surtout l’incitation des entrepreneurs du secteur informel à un minimum de formalisation. Le statut de l’entreprenant devrait jouer ce rôle et être, ainsi, l’outil juridique efficace et indispensable de l’appréhension de l’économie informelle dans l’espace OHADA. Cette mission difficile assignée à ce statut est aujourd’hui loin d’être atteinte. L’ineffectivité de la contribution du statut de l’entreprenant à la structuration juridique et à la formalisation des petites et moyennes entreprises qui exercent leurs activités dans un secteur informel dans l’espace OHADA mérite d’être soulevée après plus d’une décennie d’inefficacité au regard de l’objectif fixé au départ. À travers une approche épistémologique constructive, cet essai vise à retracer les difficultés concrètes de la mise en œuvre du statut de l’entreprenant dans l’espace OHADA et à proposer des pistes d’amélioration.

Les TIC marquent une rupture technologique et parfois axiologique qui, comparée aux précédentes révolutions industrielles, a opéré un bouleversement de nos habitudes, y compris dans l’ensemble des branches du droit. Le droit des affaires OHADA n’a pas échappé à ce phénomène qui s’est subtilement introduit dans le champ très sinueux des sociétés commerciales au point d’impacter leur mode de fonctionnement, de gestion et surtout de prise de décisions. En effet, depuis l’avènement du numérique participatif et interactif, les associés ont davantage un accès permanent et éclairé à la vie sociétaire à telle enseigne qu’il émerge une sorte de gouvernance numérique, éthique et pérenne qui contribue au renforcement de la performance des entreprises et participe au développement durable des Etats.

Droit reconnu au créancier de retenir un objet qu’il est pourtant tenu de restituer, jusqu’à ce qu’il ait été payé de tout ce que son débiteur lui doit, le droit de rétention est considéré comme une sûreté de très grande simplicité. Par le biais de cette livraison, l’auteur propose une analyse de la mise en œuvre du droit de rétention de l’Acte uniforme portant organisation des sûretés de 2010.

On 23 November 2017, OHADA member states adopted the Uniform Act on Mediation. The Act lays down rules relating to mediation of disputes which, if successful, ends in a settlement agreement. Settlement agreements that are not freely respected by the parties will have no effect unless they are forcefully executed. Forceful execution is made with the help of a court or notably public who are empowered to insert an executory formula on the agreement after verification of its regularity. These local authorities involved in the enforcement process rely on domestic laws of member states which vary from state to state. This has the effect of tainting the harmonization process intended by the OHADA lawmaker and may be inimical to investors. This raises the problem of the suitability of the Act to dispute settlement as regards enforcement of settlement agreements. With the help of qualitative and comparative analysis, this article brings to limelight the intricacies of the enforcement of settlement agreements underOHADA. It concludes that enforcement of settlement agreements is rendered simple and rapid but faces serious drawbacks which could be alleviated by setting up OHADA mediation institution to oversee the entire mediation process, besides other recommendations.

Cet article examine le traitement que le code des investissements de la République démocratique du Congo garantit aux investisseurs étrangers qui choisissent ce pays comme destination de leurs investissements. L’étude examine d’abord la portée dudit code en articulant son analyse sur sa philosophie afin de dégager les motivations du législateur et les objectifs que ce dernier lui a assignés. L’examen du champ d’application du code met l’accent sur sa portée ratione personae, ratione materiae et ratione loci. La réflexion explore ensuite les principaux mécanismes de traitement des investissements en démontrant que le code consacre un traitement non discriminatoire envers les investisseurs étrangers et qu’il adhère à l’orthodoxie des normes classiques de protection des investissements. L’étude analyse par ailleurs les incitatifs fiscaux et douaniers que le code concède aux investisseurs étrangers afin d’accroître la compétitivité de la destination congolaise parmi les investisseurs exportateurs de capitaux. Après analyse, l’étude conclut qu’en dépit de ses imperfections que nos analyses ont permis de mettre en lumière, le code des investissements de 2002 offre aux investisseurs étrangers un traitement globalement satisfaisant.

L’acte uniforme originel sur les procédures collectives avait prévu une procédure préventive, le règlement préventif, au bénéfice des débiteurs qui traversent des difficultés sérieuses. La nécessité de la consécration d’une procédure à la fois amiable et préventive s’est imposée. C’est désormais chose faite depuis la révision de 2015. Le législateur a ainsi consacré les procédures de conciliation et de médiation à l’article 2-1 de l’Acte uniforme sur les procédures collectives d’apurement du passif (AUPC). Si pour la mise en œuvre de la première, il faut se référer à l’AUPC, la deuxième est règlementée dans l’Acte uniforme sur la médiation (AUM). Nous proposons donc dans cette étude, à la suite de la présentation de ces procédures amiables comme modes anticipatifs et efficaces de sauvetage d’entreprises, des pistes de réflexion afin de rendre effectif le recours à cet arsenal juridique.

La simplification des procédures dans le système extrajudiciaire de la consommation a été une porte d’entrée favorable à la création des comités de recours en droit camerounais de la consommation. Depuis 2011, la vocation première, c’est le règlement des différends relatifs à la protection du consommateur. Au-delà d’une décennie de la consécration, il semble improbable de dire que le consommateur se satisfait de l’existence juridique d’une instance extrajudiciaire nettement taillée à son profit. Le questionnement rend fondamental de savoir si les comités de recours sont effectifs dans le système de règlement de la consommation au Cameroun ? Y répondre n’est pas sans équivoque. Pour cause, l’effectivité des comités de recours semble inachevée. Si une consécration est effective au plan formel, on note plutôt une timide expression de ceux-ci au plan matériel. L’élimination des obstacles à la pleine effectivité des comités de recours s’avère alors inévitable pour plus d’efficacité dans le règlement de la consommation au Cameroun. Dès lors, usant essentiellement de la méthode juridique dans son versant analytique du droit positif de la consommation, l’étude met en relief une constatation de l’effectivité des comités de recours à travers la consécration du mécanisme institutionnel et la spécification de la procédure devant l’instance. Elle observe, en revanche, que la concrétisation des comités de recours reste allégorique et invite à surmonter quelques entraves à l’efficacité de ceux-ci dans le règlement des différends de la consommation au Cameroun.

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are supposed to raise the value relevance of accounting information and thus ensure its usefulness for users. Most of the studies on the relevance of IFRS-based accounting information were conducted in countries that had previous accounting standards before the adoption of IFRS. However, the relevance of accounting information is influenced by the accounting traditions inherited from previous practices. This study provides distinctive evidence on the relevance of IFRS accounting information by examining the association between accounting information prepared by Palestinian companies and share prices. Palestine represents a pure IFRS environment since IFRS is its first financial reporting framework. The study estimates the impact of accounting information, including book value of equity per share, earnings per share, and operating cash flow per share, on the market value of the share. Totally, the results show that the accounting numbers prepared by Palestinian companies are relevant. Precisely, earnings per share and book value of equity per share are the important variables in determining the share market value. Notwithstanding, no significant impact of operating cash flow per share has been observed. Moreover, evidence supporting the existence of conformity and predictive relevance is obtained, but the overall predictive relevance is higher. To enhance the relevance of IFRS information, this paper recommends local regulators and policymakers to work on improving the readiness of the Palestinian environment to fully benefit from the adoption of IFRS. On the other hand, the International Accounting Standards Board should adequately consider the circumstances prevailing in underdeveloped countries when issuing its standards. For future research, larger samples from several countries with different prevailing factors should provide insights into the mechanisms of the relationship between book and market values.

Over the last decade, corporate governance has become crucial to solving agency problems and achieving objectives for organisational sustainability . At the heart of this governance, internal audit is recognised as an essential control mechanism for improving business performance. In the face of digitalisation, internal audit must adapt, presenting new challenges and opportunities. This paper explores the impact of digitalisation on the effectiveness of internal audit as a governance mechanism, developing a conceptual model through an extensive literature review.

Beyond the thorny, even insoluble question of the definition of a region and the definition of the criteria that should make it possible to apprehend the polymorphism of rio s, the raison d’être of these organizations, their mode of operation and their activities are at the heart of the debate on “international governance”. For many authors, the advent of RIO s has often been seen as a challenge to the state monopoly in the international legal order and a redefinition of the relationship between these particular organizations and states. It is this relational dynamic between the States and the RIO s that this contribution aims to describe and analyse. The aim is to examine the originality and specificity of the relationship between the RIO s and the States, compared to the latter’s relationship with the ‘classic/universal’ ios, which would reveal something about the very nature of regional organizations.